Overview:. Overview: n Morphology Overview: –The subfield of linguistics that studies words and...

Overview:Overview:

Overview:Overview:

MorphologyMorphology

Overview:Overview:

MorphologyMorphology– The subfield of linguistics that studies The subfield of linguistics that studies

words and their relationships to other words and their relationships to other words.words.

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– MorphemeMorpheme

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– MorphemeMorpheme The smallest unit of meaningThe smallest unit of meaning

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Phonetics and PhonologyPhonetics and Phonology

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Phonetics and PhonologyPhonetics and Phonology– Study the sounds and sound Study the sounds and sound

production of human speechproduction of human speech

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production of human speechproduction of human speech– phonemephoneme

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production of human speechproduction of human speech– phonemephoneme

unit of soundunit of sound

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SyntaxSyntax

Overview:Overview:

SyntaxSyntax– the inherent natural grammar of any the inherent natural grammar of any

human language.human language.

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SyntaxSyntax– the inherent natural grammar of any the inherent natural grammar of any

human language.human language.– Syntacticians study how the natural Syntacticians study how the natural

grammar works in relation to grammar works in relation to meaningmeaning

SemanticsSemantics

SemanticsSemantics

Studies the meaning and Studies the meaning and denotation of languagedenotation of language

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaningLinguistic meaning– Speaker meaningSpeaker meaning

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaningLinguistic meaning

Procrastinate means “to put things off”Procrastinate means “to put things off”

– Speaker meaningSpeaker meaning

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaningLinguistic meaning

Procrastinate means “to put things off”Procrastinate means “to put things off”

– Speaker meaningSpeaker meaning In saying “It’s getting late,” she meant In saying “It’s getting late,” she meant

that we should leavethat we should leave

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– The meaning of words can change The meaning of words can change

from region to region, from speaker from region to region, from speaker to speaker, and circumstance to to speaker, and circumstance to circumstance.circumstance.

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– The meaning of words can change The meaning of words can change

from region to region, from speaker from region to region, from speaker to speaker, and circumstance to to speaker, and circumstance to circumstance.circumstance.

– Monroe County, PA English:Monroe County, PA English: I slipped downtown today noon and got I slipped downtown today noon and got

my ardick fast in a door.my ardick fast in a door.

SemanticsSemantics Meaning:Meaning:

– The meaning of words can change from The meaning of words can change from region to region, from speaker to speaker, region to region, from speaker to speaker, and circumstance to circumstance.and circumstance to circumstance.

– Monroe County, PA English:Monroe County, PA English: I slipped downtown today noon and got my I slipped downtown today noon and got my

ardick fast in a door.ardick fast in a door.

– When Bill says he’s ready, he always When Bill says he’s ready, he always means he’s ready to go home.means he’s ready to go home.


– The meaning of words can change from The meaning of words can change from region to region, from speaker to speaker, region to region, from speaker to speaker, and circumstance to circumstance.and circumstance to circumstance.

– Monroe County, PA English:Monroe County, PA English: I slipped downtown today noon and got my I slipped downtown today noon and got my

ardick fast in a door.ardick fast in a door.

– When Bill says he’s ready, he always When Bill says he’s ready, he always means he’s ready to go home.means he’s ready to go home.

– He’s a real dogHe’s a real dog

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaning can be broken Linguistic meaning can be broken

down this way:down this way: Language meaningLanguage meaning

– Dialect meaningDialect meaning Social meaningSocial meaning Regional meaningRegional meaning

Idiolect meaningIdiolect meaning

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaning can be broken Linguistic meaning can be broken

down this way:down this way: Speaker meaningSpeaker meaning

– LiteralLiteral– Non-literalNon-literal

IronyIrony SarcasmSarcasm MetaphorMetaphor

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Speaker meaning: He is a real dogSpeaker meaning: He is a real dog

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Speaker meaning: He is a real dogSpeaker meaning: He is a real dog– Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Speaker meaning: He is a real dogSpeaker meaning: He is a real dog– Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.Literal: He’s a German Shepherd.– Non-LiteralNon-Literal

Irony: After all the guessing, the Irony: After all the guessing, the scientists revealed that he is a real dog, scientists revealed that he is a real dog, not a robot.not a robot.

SemanticsSemantics


Irony: After all the guessing, the scientists Irony: After all the guessing, the scientists revealed that he is a real dog, not a robot.revealed that he is a real dog, not a robot.

Sarcasm: He is a real dog, but not much Sarcasm: He is a real dog, but not much of one - how much of a dog can a of one - how much of a dog can a chihuahua be?chihuahua be?

SemanticsSemantics


Irony: After all the guessing, the scientists Irony: After all the guessing, the scientists revealed that he is a real dog, not a robot.revealed that he is a real dog, not a robot.

Sarcasm: He is a real dog, but not much of Sarcasm: He is a real dog, but not much of one - how much of a dog can a chihuahua one - how much of a dog can a chihuahua be?be?

Metaphor: Bill behaves like a real dog.Metaphor: Bill behaves like a real dog.

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaning:Linguistic meaning:

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Linguistic meaning:Linguistic meaning:– Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very

doggish waydoggish way

SemanticsSemantics


doggish waydoggish way– Language meaning:Language meaning:

SemanticsSemantics



A dog is a canine mammal with four legs A dog is a canine mammal with four legs and a wet cold nose when in good health.and a wet cold nose when in good health.

SemanticsSemantics



A dog is a canine mammal with four legs A dog is a canine mammal with four legs and a wet cold nose when in good health.and a wet cold nose when in good health.

Regional: He had to put his dogs up after Regional: He had to put his dogs up after a long day’s work.a long day’s work.


– Linguistic meaning:Linguistic meaning:– Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very doggish Idiolect meaning: Bill acts in a very doggish

wayway– Language meaning:Language meaning:

A dog is a canine mammal with four legs and a A dog is a canine mammal with four legs and a wet cold nose when in good health.wet cold nose when in good health.

Regional: He had to put his dogs up after a long Regional: He had to put his dogs up after a long day’s work.day’s work.

Social: Columbo was dogging his suspect all week Social: Columbo was dogging his suspect all week long (among detectives, police)long (among detectives, police)

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– TheoriesTheories

SemanticsSemantics


Denotational meaning (D)Denotational meaning (D)– Dog denotes canine animalDog denotes canine animal

SemanticsSemantics


Denotational meaning (D)Denotational meaning (D)– Dog denotes canine animaDog denotes canine anima

Mentalist meaningMentalist meaning– idea based, but what happens when two ideas idea based, but what happens when two ideas

denote the same meaning?denote the same meaning?

SemanticsSemantics




denote the same meaning?denote the same meaning? Meaning as imagesMeaning as images

SemanticsSemantics





– Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo?Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo?

SemanticsSemantics





– Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo?Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo? Meaning as conceptsMeaning as concepts


– TheoriesTheories Denotational meaning (D)Denotational meaning (D)

– Dog denotes canine animaDog denotes canine anima Mentalist meaningMentalist meaning

– idea based, but what happens when two ideas idea based, but what happens when two ideas denote the same meaning?denote the same meaning?

Meaning as imagesMeaning as images– Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo?Fine for dog or cat, but for French or Navajo?

Meaning as conceptsMeaning as concepts– based on the “sense” the speaker has of meaningbased on the “sense” the speaker has of meaning

SemanticsSemantics


The Use Theory of meaning (U)The Use Theory of meaning (U)

SemanticsSemantics


The Use Theory of meaning (U)The Use Theory of meaning (U)– meaning is determined by use, the least meaning is determined by use, the least

problematic of the theoriesproblematic of the theories

SemanticsSemantics


The Use Theory of meaning (U)The Use Theory of meaning (U)– meaning is determined by use, the least meaning is determined by use, the least

problematic of the theoriesproblematic of the theories However, researchers don’t really have a However, researchers don’t really have a

good handle on what meaning is...good handle on what meaning is...

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– PropertiesProperties

SemanticsSemantics


Ambiguity: He found a bat.Ambiguity: He found a bat.

SemanticsSemantics


Ambiguity: He found a bat.Ambiguity: He found a bat. Polysemy: What a beautiful table! She Polysemy: What a beautiful table! She

tabled the motion.tabled the motion.

SemanticsSemantics


Ambiguity: He found a bat.Ambiguity: He found a bat. Polysemy: What a beautiful table! She Polysemy: What a beautiful table! She

tabled the motion.tabled the motion. Anomaly: gradually plummet; colorless Anomaly: gradually plummet; colorless

green idea; dream diagonally; the sun green idea; dream diagonally; the sun was blue around us; the sound of silencewas blue around us; the sound of silence

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Relations:Relations:

SemanticsSemantics


synonymy: car, automobile, vehiclesynonymy: car, automobile, vehicle

SemanticsSemantics


synonymy: car, automobile, vehiclesynonymy: car, automobile, vehicle meaning inclusion: the meaning of kill meaning inclusion: the meaning of kill

includes the meaning of deadincludes the meaning of dead

SemanticsSemantics



includes the meaning of deadincludes the meaning of dead overlap: father, uncle, bull and stallion all overlap: father, uncle, bull and stallion all

include the meaning of maleinclude the meaning of male

SemanticsSemantics



includes the meaning of deadincludes the meaning of dead overlap: father, uncle, bull and stallion all overlap: father, uncle, bull and stallion all

include the meaning of maleinclude the meaning of male antonymy: small and large share the antonymy: small and large share the

meaning of size, but differ in degree.meaning of size, but differ in degree.

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– These properties and relations can be These properties and relations can be

extended to sentences:extended to sentences:

SemanticsSemantics


extended to sentences:extended to sentences:– Synonymy:Synonymy:

SemanticsSemantics



His pants were too small.His pants were too small. His pants were not big enough.His pants were not big enough.

SemanticsSemantics




– Ambiguity:Ambiguity:

SemanticsSemantics




– Ambiguity:Ambiguity: She visited a little girl’s school.She visited a little girl’s school.

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have communicative Sentences also have communicative

potential.potential.

SemanticsSemantics


potential.potential. Declarative: The dog is mean.Declarative: The dog is mean.

SemanticsSemantics


potential.potential. Declarative: The dog is mean.Declarative: The dog is mean. Imperative: Kick the little mean dog!Imperative: Kick the little mean dog!

SemanticsSemantics


potential.potential. Declarative: The dog is mean.Declarative: The dog is mean. Imperative: Kick the little mean dog!Imperative: Kick the little mean dog! Interrogative: Where is the little mean Interrogative: Where is the little mean

dog?dog?

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– Sentences also have truth properties Sentences also have truth properties

and relations...and relations...

SemanticsSemantics


and relations…and relations… If a sentence contradicts itself, it is If a sentence contradicts itself, it is

understood to be falseunderstood to be false

SemanticsSemantics


and relations…and relations… If a sentence contradicts itself, it is If a sentence contradicts itself, it is

understood to be falseunderstood to be false If John is sick and Mary is sick, John is not If John is sick and Mary is sick, John is not

sick.sick.

SemanticsSemantics


and relations…and relations… Sentences may have some Sentences may have some

presuppositionpresupposition

SemanticsSemantics



presuppositionpresupposition– The present king of France is bald.The present king of France is bald.– The present king of France is not baldThe present king of France is not bald

SemanticsSemantics



presuppositionpresupposition– The present king of France is bald.The present king of France is bald.– The present king of France is not baldThe present king of France is not bald– There is a present king of France.There is a present king of France.

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– What is the goal of semantic theory?What is the goal of semantic theory?

SemanticsSemantics

Meaning:Meaning:– What is the goal of semantic theory?What is the goal of semantic theory?

Essentially to prove and test meaning.Essentially to prove and test meaning.

Overview:. Overview: n Morphology Overview: –The subfield of linguistics that studies words and...

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