Overview One of the wonders of modern times Longest undersea section of tunnel in the world £12...
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![Page 1: Overview One of the wonders of modern times Longest undersea section of tunnel in the world £12 Billion Cost 35 million passenger vehicles transported.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649d095503460f949db836/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Overview One of the wonders of modern times Longest undersea section of tunnel in the world £12 Billion Cost 35 million passenger vehicles transported.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649d095503460f949db836/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OverviewOne of the wonders of modern timesLongest undersea section of tunnel in the world£12 Billion Cost35 million passenger vehicles transported so far
![Page 3: Overview One of the wonders of modern times Longest undersea section of tunnel in the world £12 Billion Cost 35 million passenger vehicles transported.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649d095503460f949db836/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
HistoryFirst idea 1802Attempts to survey the seabed in mid 19th centuryWork on current tunnel began in mid 1986Tunnels met December 1990
![Page 4: Overview One of the wonders of modern times Longest undersea section of tunnel in the world £12 Billion Cost 35 million passenger vehicles transported.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649d095503460f949db836/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Geological HistoryIce AgeCreation of the English ChannelGeology is key to the success of the project
![Page 5: Overview One of the wonders of modern times Longest undersea section of tunnel in the world £12 Billion Cost 35 million passenger vehicles transported.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649d095503460f949db836/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Acquiring The Geological DataBoreholesGeophysical SurveySeismic Analysis
![Page 6: Overview One of the wonders of modern times Longest undersea section of tunnel in the world £12 Billion Cost 35 million passenger vehicles transported.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649d095503460f949db836/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Detailed GeologyThe compositionLayers of ChalkPermeability
DescriptionAverage
ThicknessTypical Intact
UCS (Mpa)Middle Chalk 85
Lower Chalk
Grey Chalk 5 7.5Upper Chalk Marl 20 8.5Lower Chalk Marl 8 3.5Basal Chalk Marl 4 7.5glaucontic Marl 2.5 13Zone 6A(Upper) 4 8Zone 6A(Lower) 4 3.5Gault Clay(Upper) 17 2
Gault Clay 45 2Lower Greensand 50
![Page 7: Overview One of the wonders of modern times Longest undersea section of tunnel in the world £12 Billion Cost 35 million passenger vehicles transported.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649d095503460f949db836/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs)French TBMsEarth Pressure Balanced Machines (EPBMs)High water pressure in the Folded and Faulted chalk
UK TBMsDouble shieldedBetter tunnelling condition
![Page 8: Overview One of the wonders of modern times Longest undersea section of tunnel in the world £12 Billion Cost 35 million passenger vehicles transported.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649d095503460f949db836/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Tunnel Lining81.9 km of liningsPrecast ConcreteSpherodial Graphite Cast Iron
![Page 9: Overview One of the wonders of modern times Longest undersea section of tunnel in the world £12 Billion Cost 35 million passenger vehicles transported.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649d095503460f949db836/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Problems EncounteredMarch 1988:Water inflow on UK’s side2 miles stretch – 9 monthsUse of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron (SGI) liningPre-grouting the ground in front