Overview of the Research within ADOPT

Prof. Fredrik Laurell Laser Physics Group, Applied Physics Department, KTH

Followed by short research talks: Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Mohamed Bourennane

Functional Optical materials, Carlota Canalias Nanophotonics, Jan Linnros

Nanophotonic devices, Min Qiu

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Research within ADOPT

Outline

What is photonics? Our research areas

Output, highlights, impact Research philosophy and strategies

What will the future bring?

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What is Photonics?

The science of Photonics deals with generation and handling*of light

*emission, transmission, modulation, processing ,switching, detection and sensing

Photons are neither particles nor waves — they have both particle and wave nature

Photonics covers all technical applications of light over the whole spectrum from ultraviolet to the far-infrared

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In the Century of the Photon

21st Century – the Century of the Photon

Photonics is everywhere

Mastering of the photon relies on scientific progress and innovation in: optics, material science, electrical engineering, nanotechnology, physics and chemistry

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Photonics - Key to Societal Development

Photonics is a Key Enabling Technology of Europe as acknowledged by the European Commision in 2009

One of the most important industries for the future with a substanitial leverage effect on European economy, workforce and welfare

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Research Groups and Areas

Quantum optics and quantum information G. Björk, M. Bourennane,

Near-field optics Ultrafast spectroscopy, scanning optical microscopy S. Marcinkevicius

Nanophotonic devices L. Thylén, S. Lourdudoss,

photonic crystals, metamaterials, Si-photonics B. Jaskorzynska, M. Qiu,

Functional optical materials F. Laurell, V. Pasiskevicius

non-linear optics, quantum dots, magneto-optic J. Linnros, A. Grishin,

materials, plasmonics, special glass and fibers W. Margulis

Quantum optics

Invisibility cloak PhC waveguide Resonator filters My-fab work Down-conversion 6

Quantum Optics and Quantum Information

Quantum Optics and Quantum Information – optics on the single photon level Quantum mechanics, fundamental physics – entanglement, polarization, angular momentum

Research areas • Quantum computing – the classical cryptographer’s nightmare the physical chemist’s dream

• Quantum cryptography – provably safe – how to make repeaters?

• Quantum metrology – Heisenberg rules, but classical noise limits (e.g. shot noise) can be surpassed

?

Third-order polarization of three-photon state 7

Functional Optical Materials

Functional Optical materials - materials tailored for a function

Research areas • Nano and microengineered nonlinear materials • Novel laser materials and structures (semiconductor, solid-state, fiber, organic) • Quantum dot and carbon nanotube modulators • III-V semiconductor growth on Silicon for improved Solar cells

GaAs Nanopillar arrays for solar cells

InP growth on Silicon Multistep quadratic cascading in 2D domain tailored ferroelectric crystal

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Nanophotonics

Nanophotonics -science of light - matter interaction where the dimensions are smaller than the wavelength of light.

Research areas Silicon photonics and photonic integration Quantum dots Plasmonics and Metamaterial-based nanophotonic devices Device nanofabrication technology and characterization

Si-based photonic crystal Hybrid plasmonic couplers/splitters

2 μm

2 μm

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Near-field Optics

Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy - beating the diffraction limit in optics

Allows measurement of light transmission, reflection, scattering and luminescence on the nanoscale, with sub-wavelength resolution

Gives information on optical, electronic, vibronic and magnetic properties of a material

300 nm

x, m

y,

m

0 4 80

4

8

284.7

287.5

Luminescence from UV LED substrate 10

Output - Input

Peer reviewed Papers and Invited talks Approximately 350 papers in 5 years and > 150 invited talks

Prizes, awards Edlund’s prize - Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 3 Göran Gustafsson prizes for young researchers 2 Göran Gustafsson prizes for senior researchers 2 SSF Future Research Leaders (5 yrs) VR Senior Research Fellowship (3 for 6 yrs) 1 EU Intra-European Marie Curie Fellowship 3 VR Young researchers 4 OSA Fellows, 1 EPS fellow, 2 SPIE Fellows

Major research grants (presently running) Special VR grant (Quantum information, 10 MSEK, 5 yrs, 2013) SSF (Nanopores, 19.8 MSEK, 5 yrs, 2009) KAW project, (33 SEK, 4 yrs, 2012) Individual VR grants to almost all senior scientists in the center 7 EU grants

4 start-ups Epiclarus AB, BOPO AB, Tandem Sun AB, Eclipse Optics AB

Special VR Grant: 10MSEK M. Bourennane

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High Profile Results

M. Qiu et al, “High performance optical absorbers based on plasmonic metamaterial”, Appl. Phys. Lett., 96:251104, 2010. ESI highly cited paper (Web of K 146 citations)

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Findings with Large Impact

• A lab-in-the-fiber technology for biological, medical and chemical research and applications

• Identification of degradation mechanism in UV LEDs CEO of Sensor Electronic Technology Inc. said the following: “Dr. Marcinkevicius provided understanding of AlGaN-based deep UV LEDs Leading to record powers of 30 mW and lifetime exceeding 5,000 hours. These are by far the best results reported for sub-300 nm devices ever.”

• High efficiency tandem solar cell on silicon for mass production

• Novel laser concepts (VBG, CNT, cascaded X2 and Q-dot based) • A technology to grow III-V semiconductors on Si - The route to all-integrated computer chips

Si substrate Si subcell (1.1 eV)

Subcell 1.4eV Subcell 1.8eV

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Examples of Public Recognition

Public events The smallest optical disk resonator Progress in Research and Technology in Sweden 2012 Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences On Radio, TV Internet and press

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkz4MPdGdiQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jES1c2z5kxM

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Research Strategy and Philosophy

Balance between fundamental and applied research

Bonus for curiousity, wild ideas and risk taking!

Synergy of coming together – common labs/ unique facilities/ know-how

Focus on younger faculty

International exchange and visits

Visiting scientists

International conferences and meetings

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The Center for Swedish Photonics

Recognized as a internationally important research entity

New faculty with ERC grants etc.

Competence and technology from Core areas should contribute to

Societal development Leverage Swedish Photonics industry, including spin-offs

Research direction Stay in core fields Bio photonics - life science photonics Photonics for Energy THz photonics

Outlook – a Bright Light Future

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Quantum Optics and Quantum Information

Prof. Mohamed Bourennane

Quantum Information and Quantum Optics, Stockholm University

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Quantum Information

Quantum superposition

Single-photon polarization state

Application: Unconditionally secure cryptography Quantum Key Distribution

Nobel prize 2012

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Quantum Information

Entanglement - Quantum correlations

Correlation between measurement outcomes – stronger than any classical correlation

Two-photon polarization entangled state:

Spontaneous parametric down conversion

V

H

Bell Inequality test 19

Multiparty quantum secure communication Decoherence free encoding

Six-photon polarization entangled state

1 2

5 4 6

3

Multipartite Entanglement

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Synthetization of any two-modes state by Single-photon states and coincidence

Application: super phase resolution

Quantum Interference and quantum state synthesis

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Noise Model for four qubits state: Lossless depolarizing noise. Two types of errors: bit-flip and phase change

E: Entangled, BE: Bound entangled, S: Separable

Information channels are noisy: Noisy quantum channels

Bound entangled: non-distillable entanglement

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Quantum-enabled secure communication Quantum secret sharing

Correlation between the preparation settings &

measurements outcomes of the users.

In many financial transactions several partners must co-operate

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Functional Optical Materials

Assoc. prof. Carlota Canalias

Laser Physics Group, Applied Physics Department, KTH

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Functional Optical Materials

Semiconductor photonic structures

Structured fibers and glasses

Nonlinear optical ferroelectric devices

Magneto-optical devices

Metamaterials

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Semiconductor Photonic Nanostructures

Light sources based on semiconductors

Unique optical properties due to size/geometry Increased/New functionality High efficiency

PI Srinivasan Anand 26

Nano Lett. 11, 4805 (2011); Opt. Mater. Express 2, 1671 (2012); Adv. Funct. Mater. doi: 10.1002/adfm.20120220 ; Nanotechnology 24, 225301 (2013); Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 212106 (2013); Nano Lett. 13, 3581(2013)

Surface and material quality Dimension control Low cost

Top-down approaches Self-assembly Colloidal lithography

Semiconductor Photonic Nanostructures

PI Srinivasan Anand 27

420 nm SHG light

Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Response

250 nm diameter nanopillar // BULK nonlinearity dominates

150 nm diameter nanopillar // SURFACE nonlinearity dominates

PIs Srinivasan Anand & Marcin Swillo Nano Lett. 12, pp 820–826 (2012)

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Ferroelectrics and Nonlinear Optics

Ps

Applications • Frequency conversion • Spectral management

Opt Mater Express 1, 201 (2011) Opt Mater Express 3, 1444 (2013) Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 101103 (2009) Appl. Phys. Lett., 98, 161113 (2011) Opt. Express 21, 30453 (2013)

LiTaO3

LiNbO3

KTiOPO4

RbKTiOPO4

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Nanostructured Ferroelectrics

Novel devices with sub-µm ferroelectric domains Mirrorless Optical Parametric Oscillator Backward Second Harmonic Generator Electrically-controlled Bragg Reflectors

810 nm

405 nm

Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 051108 (2011) Phys. Rev. A 84, 023825 (2011) J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 29 (2012)

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Nanostructured Ferroelectrics

Opt. Express 21, 1395 (2013) Optical Mat. Express, 1, 1319 (2011) Appl. Phys Lett. 103, 252905 (2013) Adv. Materials 26, 293(2014)

Domain-dynamics control Self-organized domain-grating formation

Chemical patterning Modulation of the linear and nonlinear refractive index

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Nanophotonics

Prof. Jan Linnros Material and Nano Physics, KTH

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Silicon quantum dots: Fabrication and single-dot spectroscopy

Research objectives:

• Physics of light emission -> single-dot spectroscopy (avoiding inhomogenous broadening) • Fabrication of Si nanocrystals for applications in: - Bio molecule labelling - Phosphor for solid state lighting

CdSe nanocrystals (in solution)

Porous silicon wafer

3 nm 8 nm Indirect Direct

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Single Si quantum dots by lithography

Fabrication

1. electron-beam lithography

2. plasma etching

3. oxidation (self limiting)

4. PL?

5. repeat 3 & 4.....

after etching oxide etched 2nd oxidation SEM images

Si quantum dot??

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Photoluminescence setup

CCD camera -100oC

sample

Single photon counter (APD) darkcounts 1 /s

spectrometer

motorized translation

Photoluminescence image

Photoluminescence spectra – 300 K

A

B C

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On/Off Blinking

Si CdSe Si

work by Benjamin Bruhn Nano Letters 11, 5574, 2011 J. Phys. Chem. C, 2014

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PL lifetime/rise – single Si nanocrystal

I P D QE

QE ~ 9 %

Room temperature

work by Fatemeh Sangghaleh Nanotechnology 24, 225204, 2013 Proc. SPIE Vol. 8766 876607-1, 2013

slope -> slope -> lifetime absorption cross section

Quantum efficiency (QE) can be extracted from:

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Chemical synthesis of Si nanocrystals

HSQ – hydrogen silsesquioxane

Thermal annealing 1h 1000°C, 95% Ar+ 5% H2

Chemical release of Si nanocrystals

Very narrow photo- luminescence linewidth!

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Si nanocrystals – in vivo labelling

Human cell: red-silicon nanocrystals green- the actin structure of the cell

• Nontoxic

• Biocompatible

• Biodegradable

• Cheap

Anna Fucikova

Confocal imaging of a cell – series of different focal depths

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100 nm

Thank you for your attention!

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Nanophotonic devices

Prof. Min Qiu Optics and Photonics, KTH

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Nanophotonics in general

Nanophotonics will have a major impact on:

1. Sensors

2. Data & telecom

3. Data storage

4. Flat panel displays

5. Imaging

6. Instrumentation

7. LEDs and lighting

8. Optical interconnect

9. Photovoltaics

Roadmap for nanophotonics http://www.ist-mona.org/

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Nanophotonic devices

Nanophotonics are technologies where the flow of optical-frequency electromagnetic radiation is engineered in dimensions, or with function-enabling feature-sizes, smaller than the vacuum wavelength. Silicon photonics and photonic integration Plasmonics and Metamaterial-based nanophotonic devices Quantum dots Device nanofabrication technology and characterization

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Silicon photonics and plasmonics on silicon platform

Lech Wosinski, Lars Thylen, Min Qiu

Arrayed Waveguide Gratings

Hybrid plasmonic resonator

• For ultra-compact photonic integration • Important for computer interconnects for future

inter- and intra-core communication

Opt Express 21, 20041 (2013), APL 100, 241105 (2012), Opt. Lett. 35, 1290 (2010)

Plasmonic–Silicon waveguide coupler

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Plasmonic nanophotonic devices: resonators and filters

Non-blocking microring 4x4 routerh

One of the world smallest optical disk resonator: R= 0.525µm

Lech Wosinski, Lars Thylén, Min Qiu

Whispering gallery mode nanodisk resonator based on layered metal-dielectric waveguide

The disk radius can be as small as 61 nm, for a resonant wavelength of 1550 nm.

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Plasmonic light absorber

SPP

高 高 高 高

热红外成像

热光伏电池

太阳能电池

热红外成像

光热调制

发光光源

Thermophotovoltaic

Infrared imaging

Lighting

Thermal control

Light absorption in plasmonics and metamaterials

Plasmonic devices are typically lossy. However, it can be utlized as plasmonic resonance can also significantly enhance light absorption.

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Plasmonic light absorber: Colorful gold

J. Hao et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 251104 (2010): ESI highly cite paper

Min Yan, Min Qiu

Tuning the absorption: tuning the color

M. Yan et al 2014 J. Opt. 16 025002: Paper of the week

Lithography-free broadband visible light absorber

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Plasmonic light absorbers for nanopatterning

Min Yan, Min Qiu ACS Nano 2012-6-2550, Nanoscale 2014-6-1756

Light absorption generates heat

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