Overview of the Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment · Scientist: Bruce Anderson and Science Team...
Transcript of Overview of the Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment · Scientist: Bruce Anderson and Science Team...
Jan 8, 2010 - 1 Bruce Anderson, NASA LaRC
Overview of the Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment
Bruce Anderson Science Directorate
NASA Langley Research Center
Jan 8, 2010 - 2 Bruce Anderson, NASA LaRC
• Aircraft emit reactive gases and large numbers of black carbon and volatile aerosol particles; aircraft traffic expected to double over next 20 years
• Particle and gas emissions can effect climate (clouds, ozone) and local air quality
• Airports located in EPA non-attainment areas must assess environmental impacts before expanding
• New certification standards being considered by SAE—detailed observations needed to guide method development
• Europeans considering placing tighter controls on emissions including limits on number of particles emitted
• Better understanding of AC emissions needed for assessing effects
Motivation for Emissions Research
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• Total Hydrocarbons (THC) can be dominated by background methane
• Smoke Number not representative of anything physical
• Measurements from exit plane—ignores plume chemistry/condensation
• Speciated hydrocarbon and detailed particle data needed for
broad range engines, power settings, and ambient conditions to
enable chemical and climate model assessments
Mode Power Setting
Time minutes
Fuel flow kg/s
THC g/kg
CO g/kg
NOx g/kg
Smoke Number
Take-off 100% 0.7 0.38 0.22 0.77 19.6 1 Climb Out 85% 2.2 0.31 0.26 0.97 16.6 0.01 Approach 30% 4 0.11 0.66 3.93 7.1 0.01
Idle 7% 26 0.05 3.85 23.8 3.5 0.01
Engine Certification Data Not Much Use ICAO Archive Data for Typical Engine Cycle
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EXCAVATE-2002
JETS/APEX2-2005
APEX1-2004
APEX3-2005
APEX1-2004 These experiments produced an extensive emissions data base, but many
questions regarding, sampling, measurements and plume chemistry remain
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Growing Impetus to develop Alternative Fuels
• Almost 60% of US oil is imported—will increase to 70% by 2025
• Large fraction of imported oil comes from unfriendly/unstable nations—leaves us vulnerable to embargoes and terrorist threats
• Worldwide demand is increasing—fuel prices have doubled in two years, causing large increases in transportation costs
• Increasing domestic oil production may come at a high environmental price (ANWAR, offshore, etc.)
• Fossil fuels are non-renewable, cause increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations
Fuel costs are now the largest expense in civil aviation—increasing and fluctuating prices are causing an economic crisis in the industry
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AAFEX Objectives
1) Examine the effects of alternative fuels on engine performance and emissions
2) Investigate the factors that control volatile aerosol formation and growth in aging aircraft exhaust plumes
3) Establish aircraft APU emission characteristics and examine their dependence on fuel composition
4) Evaluate new instruments and sampling techniques
5) Inter-compare measurements from different groups to establish expected range of variation between test venues
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Summary of AAFEX Test Plan Location: NASA Dryden Aircraft Operation Facility
Dates: January 20 – February 3, 2009
Sponsors: NASA, Air Force, EPA, FAA
Scientist: Bruce Anderson and Science Team
Engineer: Robert Howard, AEDC
Manager: Dan Bulzan, NASA GRC
Operations: Frank Cutler and Mike Bereda, NASA DFRC
Aircraft: DC-8 with CFM-56 engines
Fuels: 1--Standard JP-8 2--Shell Fischer-Tropsch Fuel from Natural Gas (FT1) 3--50/50 JP-8/FT1 blend 4--Sasol Fischer-Tropsch fuel from Coal (FT2) 5--50/50 JP-8/FT2 blend
Runtime: 13 engine tests, ~35 total runtime
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Investigators Organization POC Measurements
AEDC Robert Howard Smoke Number
ARI/Harvard Rick Miake-Lye, Scott Herndon Aerosols and Gases
Carnegie Melon Allen Robinson Aerosols
EPA John Kinsey Aerosols
Missouri S&T Phil Whitefield, Don Hagen Aerosols
Montana State Berk Knighton Hydrocarbons, HAPS
NASA GRC Dan Bulzan Aircraft Parameters
NASA GRC Changlie Wey Certification gases, Soot
NASA LaRC B. Anderson and A. Beyersdorf Certification gases, Soot
Penn State Randy Vander Wal Soot Morphology
Pratt and Whitney Anuj Bhargava Measurement Comparisons
UCSD Terri Jackson Sulfate Isotopes
UTRC David Liscinsky Aerosols
WPAFB Edwin Corporan Aerosols and Gases
Will Dodds (GE), Anuj Bharava (PW) and Steve Baughcum made critical contrib tions to planning operations and data interpretation
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5 10 15 20 25 30 Time-->
C11
C12
C10 C9
C8
Shell Fischer-Tropsch Kerosene 0% Aromatics, 0 ppm Sulfur
Con
cent
rati
on
5 10 15 20 25 30 0
C11 C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17 C18
C10
C9
C8
C7
C19
Standard JP-8 Jet Fuel 19% Aromatics, 1150 ppm Sulfur
Carbon Spectra for AAFEX Fuels
Chromatographic Column Elution Time ->
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TEST Parameter JP-8
FT1 Natural
Gas FT1 Blend FT2 Coal FT2 Blend Sulfur (ppm) 1148 19 699 22 658
Aromatics (%vol) 18.6 0 8 0.6 9.1 Flash Point deg C 46 41 43 42 46
API Gravity 41.9 60.2 50.5 54 47.9 Freezing Point deg C -50 -54 -60 <-80 -60
Viscosity 4.7 2.6 3.3 3.6 4.1 Cetane Index 41 58 46 51 45
Hydrogen Content (w%) 13.6 15.5 14.5 15.1 14.3 Naphtalenes (v%) 1.6 0 0.8 0 0.8
Heat of Comb (MJ/kg) 43.3 44.4 43.8 44.1 43.8 Olefins (%vol) 0.9 0 0.6 3.8 3.3
Specific Gravity (g/cm3) 0.816 0.738 0.777 0.763 0.789
AAFEX Fuel Properties
Synthetic fuels don’t meet specific gravity specs; FT1 ~10% less dense than JP-8
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AAFEX Test Setup
CMU, Harvard, MSU, UCSD, and UTRC shared space with other participants
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Exhaust Measurements
• Certification species (CO2, CO, THC, Nox), SO2, HONO, H2O2, C2H4, HCHO, etc.
• Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS): Acrolein, Benzene, etc.
• Total Aerosol and Black Carbon Mass
• Particle Number Density and Size Distribution
• Single Particle Composition
• Bulk Aerosol Composition
• Black carbon morphology
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Exhaust Sample Inlets at 1, 30 and 145 m
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“Tinker” Rake used on #3 Engine
AEDC particle probes designed to introduce dilution gas near inlet tip
Tinker rake mounted on translation stage to allow horizontal profiling
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“APEX-2 Rake Used on #2 Engine
Rake and Probes Developed by AEDC; Stand Designed Built by MST
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Simple Tubing Inlets Used at 30-m
Aerosol instruments placed in “Death-Box” to evaluate sample line effects
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Near-Field Sampling System Layout
Aerosol lines 24 to 46 m, terminated at MST sample distribution manifold
DC-8
30 m Probes
1 m Rakes
ARI N
ASA
U.S. EPA
AFR
L
AED
C
Heated Gas Lines
Unheated Valve Boxes
30 m Deathbox
Unheated Aerosol Lines
MST
Heated Valve Boxes
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ARI Van and 145 m Trailers Examined Plume Chemistry and Aerosol Microphysics
ARI, Harvard, NASA, MST and UTRC made measurements in 145 m Trailers
Under idle conditions, van was decoupled from common sampling
manifold and used to profile emissions between 30 m probes and airport fence
145 m inlet mainly picked up #3 engine plume at mid to high power;
sampled idle plume only under low-wind conditions
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Example Engine Test Sequence
Sample Inlet Left 30-m Left 1-m
Right 1-m Right 30-m
100
80
60
40
20
0
Engi
ne P
ower
(%)
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Run Time (Hours)
Left engine always burned JP-8, right engine burned JP-8 or test fuel
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APU was also sampled while it burned JP8 and FT2
APUs are small, low-bypass turbojet engines; emissions are not regulated
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Temperature Context for Test Runs
Mapping
JP-8
Blend-2
JP-8
FT-1
APU
FT-2
FT-1
FT-2
Blend-1
JP-8
JP-8 APU
JP-8
The experiment matrix included 13 engine and 3 APU test runs; burned >25,000 gallons of fuel in over 35 hours of testing.
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Today’s
Agenda
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cor
rect
ed F
uel F
low
rate
, Lbs
/Hr
Corrected N1
#3 Engine Performance Std Day Corrections Heating Value Corrections for FT Fuels
1-27 JP-8
1-28 JP-8
1-28 FT-1
1-30 FT-2
1-31 FT-2
1-29 FT-1
1-30 FT-1 Blend
1-31 FT-2 Blend
0830: Fuel Effects on Performance, Bulzan
Fuels effects equipment and certification gas emissions
Jan 8, 2010 - 24 Bruce Anderson, NASA LaRC Aerodyne Research, Inc.
21-
For JP-8
When account for fuel flows, times-in- mode, and full
flight profile: Net consumption of methane
Gases vs Power Engines Remove Methane from the Atmosphere at Thrust > Idle
0900: Gas Phase Engine Emissions—Rick Miake-Lye
Jan 8, 2010 - 25 Bruce Anderson, NASA LaRC HAPS emissions much lower for FT Fuels
0930: Gas Phase Engine Emissions—Scott Herndon
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1015: Particle Emissions I—Edwin Corporan
FT Fuels Drastically Reduce Black Carbon Emissions
1.00E+11
1.00E+12
1.00E+13
1.00E+14
1.00E+15
1.00E+16
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Part
icle
Num
ber E
I (#/
kg-fu
el)
Engine Setting
JP-8 R (28 Jan - 26 F)
FT2 (31 Jan - 30 F)
FT1 (29 Jan - 32 F)
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1.00E+11
2.00E+14
4.00E+14
6.00E+14
8.00E+14
1.00E+15
1.20E+15
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Part
icle
Num
ber E
I (#/
kg-fu
el)
Engine Setting
AFFEX CFM56 Particle Number EIJP-8 Fuel
1m Measurements
JP-8 L (27 Jan)
JP-8 L (28 Jan)
JP-8 L (29 Jan)
JP-8 L (30 Jan)
JP-8 R (27 Jan)
1045: Particle Emissions II—Phil Whitefield
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1115: Particle Emissions III—Kathy Tacina
FT fuels influence black carbon morphology
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1130: Particle Emissions IV—Andreas Beyersdorf
Downstream aerosol loading depends on fuel, temperature and time
-5 0 5 10 15 200
50
100
150
200
250
300
Parti
cle M
ass
EI (m
g/kg
)
Ambient Temperature (C)
Total Mass
Black Carbon
Jan 8, 2010 - 30 Bruce Anderson, NASA LaRC Downstream solubility depends on fuel sulfur, plume age and temperature
1045: Particle Emissions V—Don Hagen
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350 400 450 500 550 6000
20
40
60
80
100
Partic
le EI
Red
uctio
n (%
)
Exhaust Gas Temperature (C)
Number Mass
FT Fuel Greatly Reduces APU Particle Emissions
APU emits 25x more black carbon per kg fuel at idle than an aircraft engine Mass emissions 90% lower when burning FT fuel
1330: APU Emissions—John Kinsey
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1400: Measurement Harmony—David Liscinsky
AAFEX included multiple overlapping measurements—did they agree?
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1430: Sampling System Effects—Bruce Anderson
Processes occurring in the sampling lines significantly impact measurements
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Re
lativ
e Bl
ack
Carb
on E
I
Experiment Day
Slope = -5%/day
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What is the bottom line?
1500: Rick Miake-Lye