Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches
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Transcript of Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches
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Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview
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Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches
Presently available power semiconductor switches can be divided into three groups according to their degree of controllability:
– Diodes: ON and OFF states controlled by power circuits– Thyristors: latched on by a control signal but turned OFF
by the power circuit– Controllable switches: turned ON and OFF by control
signals
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Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview
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DiodesDiodes
• On and off states controlled by the power circuit• Forward biased – conduction• Reverse biased – small leakage current flow until
break down voltage reached
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Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview
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ThyristorsThyristors
• Semi-controlled device
• Latches ON by a gate-current pulse if forward biased
• Turns-off if current tries to reverse
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Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview
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Thyristor in a Simple CircuitThyristor in a Simple Circuit
• For successful turn-off, reverse voltage required
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Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview
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• Idealized switch symbol
• When on, current can flow only in the direction of the arrow
• Instantaneous switching from one state to the other
• Conduct large current with zero voltage drop in on-state
• Block large forward and reverse voltages with zero current flow when off
• Infinite voltage and current handling capabilities
Generic Switch SymbolGeneric Switch Symbol
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Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview
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Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)
• BJT is a current-controlled device
• A sufficiently large base current will turn the device ON
• Base current must be supplied continuously to keep it in the ON state
• Used commonly in the past
• Now used in specific applications, replaced by MOSFETs and IGBTs
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Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview
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Various Configurations of BJTsVarious Configurations of BJTs
• dc gain is in the order of 5-10 of one BJT
• To achieve larger current gain, these devices are sometimes connected in the above configurations.
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Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview
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MOSFETsMOSFETs
• MOSFET is a voltage-controlled device• Easy to control by the gate – continuous application of vGS
required to keep the device in the ON state• Faster switching speed (in the nanosecond range) than BJTs• Switching loss is lower compared to BJTs
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Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview
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Gate-Turn-Off Thyristors (GTO)Gate-Turn-Off Thyristors (GTO)
• GTO as an ON/OFF switch– Once forward biased GTO can be turned ON by a gate pulse– GTO will stay ON– However, can be turned off by applying a negative gate-cathode
voltage• Used at very high power levels• Require elaborate gate control circuitry
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Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Switches: An Overview
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IGBTIGBT
• High impedance gate – requires small amount of energy to switch the device
• Current rating: ~1700 A
• Voltage rating: 2~3 kV
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Comparison of Controllable SwitchesComparison of Controllable Switches
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Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Circuit ConceptsCircuit Concepts
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Sinusoidal Steady StateSinusoidal Steady State
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Three-Phase Circuit
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Steady State in Power Electronics
• Voltage produced by an inverter in an ac motor drive
• Often line currents drawn from the utility by the power electronic circuits are highly distorted as shown in b
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Fourier Analysis
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Phasor Representation
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Response of L and C
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Inductor Voltage and Current in Steady State
In steady-state, the average inductor voltage (over one time
period) must be zero.
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Capacitor Voltage and Current in Steady State
In steady-state, the average capacitor current (over one time period) must be zero.