Overview of microbial hydrogen production - bio.org Zampol... · Department of Biology, ......
Transcript of Overview of microbial hydrogen production - bio.org Zampol... · Department of Biology, ......
Carolina Zampol Lazaro
Stagiaire postdoctoral – Université de Montréal
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Patrick Hallenbeck
Senior Research Associate, National Research Council
Department of Biology, US Air Force Academy
Overview of microbial hydrogen production
Reduction of CO2 with Hydrogen
Actual hydrogen production: natural gas via steam methane reforming (> 90%)
Barrier to overcome: sustainable hydrogen production -electrolysis of water and biomass processing (using a variety of technologies ranging from reforming to fermentation).
Biological hydrogen producing microorganisms
Great
diversity!
Metabolic
versatility!
Source: Chandrasekhar, K., Lee, Y.-J., & Lee, D.-W. (2015). Biohydrogen Production: Strategies to Improve
Process Efficiency through Microbial Routes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(4).
Biophotolysis
Source: Scoma, A., Giannelli, L., Faraloni, C., & Torzillo, G. (2012). Outdoor H(2)
production in a 50-L tubular photobioreactor by means of a sulfur-deprived
culture of the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biotechnol, 157(4), 620-
627.
Overview of the 50-L horizontal tubular photobioreactor
used for outdoor experiments with C. reinhardtii
• Abundant substrate = H2O• Abundant energy source = sun light• Simple products: H2 and O2
• Oxygen sensitive hydrogenase• Low light conversion efficiencies• Expensive hydrogen impermeable
photobioreactors required
• Separation of the H2 and O2
evolution reactions
1- Production of the biomass(carbohydrates) - open ponds
2. Concentration of biomass –settling pond;
3. Anaerobic dark fermentation(4 H2 /glucose + 2 acetates);
4. Conversion of 2 acetates into8 mol of H2 (under the light)
Indirect biophotolysis by Nonheterocystous Cyanobacteria
Source: Hallenbeck, P. C., & Benemann, J. R. (2002). Biological
hydrogen production; fundamentals and limiting processes.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 27(11-12), 1185-1193.
Indirect biophotolysis by Heterocystous
Cyanobacteria
Source: P.C. Hallenbeck (ed.), Microbial Technologies in
Advanced Biofuels Production, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1208-
3_2, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
• Nitrogen deprivation → cell
differentiation
• Anaerobiosis permitting
nitrogenase to function
• Cells where PSII is absent no O2
• Calvin cycle enzymes are
absent
• Disaccharides imported to
Heterocyst
Diversity of phototsynthetic bacteria: Rhodobacter and Rhodopseudomonas
H2 evolved by N2ase (N2 limitation);
Energetically demanding → photosynthesis
Organic acids, lactate, acetate, and succinate → wastewater
Also sugars → SINGLE STAGE
Photo-fermentation – basic information
Pros and Cons of Photo-fermentation
• Complete conversion of organic acid wastes
• Potential waste treatment credits – N-poor residues, colorless
• Low light conversion efficiencies
• High energy demand by N2ase
• Expensive hydrogen impermeable photobioreactors required
Experimental setup for hydrogen productionindoor and outdoor setups
D D Androga, E Ozgur, I Eroglu, U Gunduz and M Yucel
(2012). Photofermentative Hydrogen Production in
Outdoor Conditions, Hydrogen Energy - Challenges and
Perspectives, Dragica Minic (Ed.), InTech, DOI:
10.5772/50390Abo-Hashesh, M., Ghosh, D., Tourigny, A., Taous, A., &
Hallenbeck, P. C. (2011). Single stage photofermentative
hydrogen production from glucose: An attractive alternative to
two stage photofermentation or co-culture approaches. Int J
Hydrogen Energy, 36(21), 13889-13895.
Chen, C. Y., Lee, C. M., & Chang, J. S. (2006).
Feasibility study on bioreactor strategies for
enhanced photohydrogen production from R.
palustris WP3-5 using optical-fiber-assisted
illumination systems. Int J Hydrogen Energy,
31(15), 2345-2355.
Combined light source-Optical fiber
Tungsten bulbs
Sun light
• Metabolic engineering
- redirect metabolic flux to
N2ase by blocking pathways
What can be done for improving the yield?
• Physiological manipulation –
remove the need for light!
Overcoming the barrier:
Physiological Method - Microaerobic Fermentation by PNSB
Abo-Hashesh, M., Hallenbeck, P.C. 2012. Microaerobic dark fermentative hydrogen production by the photosynthetic bacterium, R. capsulatus JP91.
International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies.
Diverse carbon
sources and
concentrations
Strategy to improve the
Yield!
Overcoming the barrier:
Physiological Method - Microaerobic Fermentation by PNSB
DOE and RSM – H2 yield optimization
Variables: Inoculum size, Substrateconcentration, O2 concentration
O2 fed batch strategy – introducingO2 gradually (1.1 mol H2/mol lactate)
Immobilized biomass strategy – ↑ cells
1.4 mol H2/mol lactate
Substrate degradation and
byproducts consumption
simultaneously;
↑ H2 yields;
↑ COD removal;
↓ lag phase;
Resiliency to environmental
fluctuation ↑ stability of H2
production;
Efforts to increase the overall process efficiency
CO-CULTURES: metaboliccomplementary microorganismscultivated in the same bioreactor
C6H12O6 + 2H2O → 4H2 + 2CO2 + 2CH3COOH
2CH3COOH + 4H2O + “light energy” → 8H2 + 4CO2
C6H12O6 → 2H2 + 2CO2 + C3H7COOH
C3H7COOH + 6H2O + “light energy” → 10H2 + 4CO2
Co-culture: C. butyricum + R. palustris
Starch/glucose base medium
DOE -variables:
MO ratio (dark/photofermentativebacterium); Buffer concentration; Substrate concentration;
Responses:
o H2 Yield, H2 Production, COD removal
Hitit, Z. Y., Lazaro, C. Z., & Hallenbeck, P. C. (2017). Hydrogen production by co-cultures of C. butyricum and R. palustris: Optimization of
yield using response surface methodology. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 42(10), 6578-6589.
6.4 mol H2/mol
glucose53% SubstrateConvertion Efficiency
COD removal 25-58%
Efforts to increase the overall process efficiency
Co-culture: Cellulomonas fimi + R. palustris
DOE - variables:
MO ratio (cellulolytic/photofermentative bacterium); carbon and nitrogen source concentration
Responses:
o Cellulose degradation, H2 Yield,
oH2 Production, COD removal
Hitit, Z. Y., Lazaro, C. Z., & Hallenbeck, P. C. (2017b). Single stage hydrogen production from cellulose through photo-
fermentation by a co-culture of C. fimi and R. palustris. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 42(10), 6556-6566.
Efforts to increase the overall process efficiency
Efforts to increase the overall process efficiency
SEQUENTIAL SYSTEMS:metabolic complementarymicroorganisms growingseparately
Possibility to use varietyof substrates,
Possibility to set specificenvironmental andnutritional requirementsfor microorganisms
Chen, C. Y., Yang, M. H., Yeh, K. L., Liu, C. H., &
Chang, J. S. (2008). Biohydrogen production using
sequential two-stage dark and photo fermentation
processes. Int J Hydrogen Energ, 33.
Dark Fermentation – another way to get hydrogen
Anaerobic metabolism of substrates
Two basic types of H2 fermentations:
- Driven by need to produce ATP (thru
acetate)
- Driven by need to reoxidize NADH
Mainly Clostridium and Enterobacter
Dark Fermentation
•Low H2 yields
•Large amounts of side products (acetate, butyrate, lactate, ethanol, etc)
•No direct energy input needed
•Simple reactor technology
•Variety of wastestreams/energy crops can be used