Overview of Intellectual Property
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Transcript of Overview of Intellectual Property
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Overview of Intellectual Property
Mala JoshiPaul Lomic
May 4, 2009Ontario Bar Association
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Types of IP covered in this presentation
• Patents
• Trade-marks
• Copyright
• Industrial Design
• Trade secrets
• Domain Names
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Other Types of IP
• Integrated circuit topographies
• Plant breeders’ rights
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Patents
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The owner provides a full public disclosure of the invention.
The Canadian government provides a grant of exclusive rights in Canada to the owner.
The “oft cited” patent bargain
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What is patentable?
• Products• Compositions• Machines• Proceses• Improvements to any of the above
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What is NOT patentable (in Canada)?
• Abstract ideas• Scientific principles• Computer programs• Etc.
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Patentability criteria
An invention is patentable if it is:• Novel;• Useful; and• Unobvious
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Key steps to obtaining a patent
• Searching for related prior art
• Ensuring there is no public disclosure of the invention
• Drafting the patent application
• Filing the patent application
• Examination of the patent application
• Issuance of the Patent
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Patent protection
Section 42 of the Patent Act grants patentees the:
“exclusive right, privilege and liberty of making, constructing and using the invention and selling it to others to be used”
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Trade-marks
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Examples of Trade-marks
• Word(s)
• Word & Design
• Design
• Slogan
• Shape
• Phone Number
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Three types of Trade-marks
• Ordinary Marks
• Certification marks
• Distinguishing Guises
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Trade-mark protection
• Common law• Trade-mark registration
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Unregistrable marks
• Name of goods or services in any language, e.g., spanakopita (Greek for spinach pie)
• Clearly descriptive of the goods or services, in English or French: juicy for apples
• Deceptively misdescriptive of the goods or services: sugar sweet for candy sweetened with artificial sweetener
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Unregistrable marks (cont.)
• Geographical origin of the goods or services, e.g., Atlantic Cod
• Name/surname: Jane Smith or Smith
• Confusing with another registered trade-mark
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Trade-mark registration process
• Search• Application to register
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Distinctive character
• Distinctive mark v. descriptive mark
• Acquired distinctiveness
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Copyright
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What is copyright?
It is the exclusive right to produce or reproduce an original work:
- Literary works- Dramatic works- Musical works- Artistic works- Cinematographic works
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Rights of copyright owner
The copyright owner has the exclusive right to:
• Copy
• Publish
• Modify
• Translate
• Authorize others to do those things
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Term of copyright
• Life of author plus 50 years
• Common exceptions:
- joint authorship- anonymous works- posthumous publication- movies- photographs
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Benefits of registration
• Use the copyright certificate in court to establish ownership
• Burden of proof shifts to the challenger
• Increased damages for infringement
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Moral Rights
• Right to be named as author or to remain anonymous
• Right to integrity of the work
• Author can prevent uses or changes that would damage honour or reputation
• Moral rights cannot be assigned
• They can be waived in whole or in part
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Industrial Designs
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What is an industrial design?
The visual features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament or any combination of those features applied to a manufactured article made by hand, tool or machine.
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What is protected?
• Original aesthetic features of a product
• Examples:
- ornamentation on clothing or footwear- shapes of bottles or other containers- shape of the body of a vehicle- electronic icons
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What is NOT protected by industrial design?
• Manufacturing process
• Functional features
• Principle of construction
• Materials used in the construction of the article
• Colour
• Ideas or general concepts
• Internal components of the article, not seen in the assembled article
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Trade Secrets
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• Specific product information
- formula- pattern- device- compound- process
• Business information
- customer lists- supplier lists- pricing - business plans
Any confidential information used in a businessthat gives a competitive advantage, and that can be kept a secret.
What is a “trade secret”?
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• Confidentiality agreement
• Licence agreement
• Legal duty of confidence
- employees- agents- officers and directors
How is a trade secret protected?
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Domain Names
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Domain name registration
• Administered by Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA)
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Domain name dispute resolution policy
• A successful complainant must show:
- Domain name is confusingly similar to the complainant’s trade-mark or service mark
- The registrant has no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name
- The registrant’s domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith
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Lawyers v. Agents
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Patent agents
• To become a Canadian patent agent you must:
– Have one year of Canadian work experience related to patents
– Be a Canadian resident
– Pass all four Canadian patent agent exams
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Trade-mark agents
• To become a Canadian trade-mark agent you must be a Canadian resident and either:
– Have 24 months of work experience related to trade-marks and passed the qualifying examination; or
– Be a lawyer (or a notary in Quebec) and have either:
• Have 24 months of work experience related to trade-marks
• Passed the qualifying examination
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Differences between agents and lawyers
• Lawyers able to work across IP spectrum, except hold themselves out as agents without the designation
• Lawyers can act as IP litigators
• Privilege issues
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Canada v. the World
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International IP Agreements
• TRIPS sets minimum IP standards for members of the WTO
• Berne/Rome Conventions
• Patent Cooperation Treaty
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Thank you!!