Overview of Heat Pump Technologies

7/28/2019 Overview of Heat Pump Technologies

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TOP-UICSpecial Topics in Mechanical Engineering

An overview of heat pump

technologies


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Heat pumps with multiple circuits, each ofwhich is capable of operating in three

different configurations:

Heating onlyCooling only

Heating and Cooling

Multiple circuit Heat Pumps


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Advantages:Heat recovery

Simultaneous and independent

production of hot and cold water

Load matching

No seasonal changeover required

Multiple circuit Heat Pumps


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COOLING ONLY


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HEATING ONLY

EVAPORATORE


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HEATING + COOLING


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CIRCUIT 2COOLING ONLY

CIRCUIT 1 HEATING+ COOLING


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CIRCUIT 2HEATING ONLY

CIRCUIT 1 HEATING+ COOLING


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COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

(air-cooled condenser with axial fans)

H R A Q

W R A Q

S R A Q

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

Cooling power kW


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HRAQ (2 scroll compressors)


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HRAQ (4 scroll compressors)


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BE/SRHQ (screw compressors)


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BE/SRHQ (screw compressors)


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Heat pumps with total heat

recovery

Summer operation:

Chilled water production on primary circuit.

Chilled water production on primary circuit+ hot water on recovery circuit.

Hot water production only on recovery

circuit.


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CHILLED WATER

ONLY ON PRIMARY

CIRCUIT


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CHILLED WATER ON

PRIMARY CIRCUIT + HOT

WATER ON RECOVERY


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HOT WATER ONLY

ON RECOVERY

CIRCUIT


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recovery

Winter operation:

Hot water production on primary circuit

Hot water production on recovery circuit Hot water production on both circuits

(multi-compressor units only)


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HOT WATER ONPRIMARY

CIRCUIT


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HOT WATER ON

RECOVERY

CIRCUIT


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HOT WATER ON

PRIMARY CIRCUIT

(compressor 1)

HOT WATER ON

RECOVERY CIRCUIT

(compressor 2)


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recovery

Primary circuit produces either hot (winter) or cold(summer) water: seasonal changeover required

Hot water production on recovery circuit always

possible (indipendently on primary circuit use).

Priority operation may be selected (hot water onprimary or recovery circuit).


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Advantages of heat pumps with

total heat recovery

Simultaneous production of chilled and hot

water in a single unit

Heat recovery linked to chilled water

production (typically summer operation)


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Heat pumps with partial heat

recovery

Recovered heat: generally comparable to

the energy input to the compressors.

High-temperature hot water production.

Hot water production strictly linked to

chilled water production on the primary

circuit.


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Water-loop HP system


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Water-to-water reversible heat pump with

lake water

The heat pump system

is installed in the

Information Center part

of the ENEA research

laboratory of

Brasimone,

Camugnano (BO)

The building volume

(about 1750 m3) is heated

and cooled with fan-coil +

primary air HVAC system


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Heat pump characteristics

Tonon Forty s.p.a.

EPH 58-2 Cooling power 60 kW

Heating power 68 kW


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AHU

FAN COILS

LAKE

HEATPUMP


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Monthly average COP as a function

of outdoor temperature

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,53

3,5

4

4,5

Maggio Giugno Luglio Agosto Settembre

C.O.P.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

[ C ]

C.O.P. Outdoor temperature


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Specific supplied energy as a

function of outdoor temperature

Supplied energy

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

20,00 21,00 22,00 23,00 24,00 25,00 26,00 27,00 28,00 29,00 30,00

Outdoor temperature [C]

[kJ/m^3]


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Evolution of refrigeration

compressors for AC applications

Piston compressors

1965 1990

Screw compressors

1990


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COP AI CARICHI PARZIALI - ARI STD

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% POTENZA FRIGORIFERA

COP

DUAL+ INVERTER

MONO

+ INVERTER

DUAL

MONO

PARTIAL LOAD COP (ARI Standard)


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Turbocorcentrifugal compressor

- Magnetic bearings- Oil-free

- Inverter control


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IPLV (Integrated Partial Load Value)

IPLV = (FA x A ) + (FB x B ) + (FC x C ) + ( FD x D )

FX indicates the time fraction for which the chiller

operates at X% load (e.g.: FA = 0.17; FB = 0.39;

FC = 0.33; FC = 0.11)The corresponding Energy Efficiency Ratio

values are:

A = EER at 100% loadB = EER at 75% load

C = EER at 50% load

D = EER at 25% load


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IC engine-driven heat pumps

IC Engine-driven heat pumps are units in which

the electric motor is replaced by a gas-fired

engine directly coupled with the compressor

Generally the compressor is of the open type Hybrid solutions (engine + alternator + semi-

hermetic compressors) are globally less efficient


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IC engine-driven heat pumps

The strong point of this solution is the presence of:

primary circuit producing a hot water (at about

45C) in winter and chilled water in summer secondary circuit producing high-temperature

hot water (at about 70 C) from engine cooling,

which can be used separatley for SHW

production or can be integrated with the primaryheat production

S S ff


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Summer operation SHW off

SHW

S ti SHW


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Summer operation SHW on

SHW

Wi t ti SHW ff


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Winter operation SHW off

Wi t ti SHW


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Winter operation SHW on


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Power output control may be achieved:

by continuous variation of engine speed

by partializing the compressor at engine

constant speed

This units are particularly convenient where

frequent defrosting cycles are required (the

engine provides the heat necessary for

defrosting with no penalty on cooling

power)

Noise emission is comparable to a standard

electrical HP (i.e. 80 dB(A) at 1 m)


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ENGINE HEAT PUMP

Ep = 100

P = 20

Em =30

Er =50

Ecf =96 Eu =146

Energy balance HP with IC engine

Ep = primary energy input (fuel)

P = engine losses (including exhaust gases)

Em = mechanical energy input at compressor shaft

Ecf = cooling energy output (HP COP = 3.2)

Er = thermal energy recovered from engine coolingEu = useful energy output


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POWERPLANT HEAT PUMP

Ep = 100

Pce = 60

Eem = 35 Ecf = Eu = 96

Energy balance HP with electric motor

Ep = primary energy input (fuel)

Pce = electric roduction lossesPd = transmission losses

Eem = electric energy input to compressor

Pme = electric motor losses

Ecf = Eu = useful energy output (cooling)

(HP COP = 3.2)

Pd = 5

Pme = 5


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OPEN


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IC ENGINE OPENCOMPRESSOR

PRIMARY CIRCUIT


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HEAT RECOVERY

HEAT EXCHANGER


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IC ENGINE

REDUCTOR JOINT

OPEN

COMPRESSOR


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R.S.A. - Torino


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Overview of Heat Pump Technologies

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