OVERVIEW of COLLEGE STUDENT DRINKING Nancy H. Brand, M.Ed. Doctoral Student in Clinical Psychology
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Transcript of OVERVIEW of COLLEGE STUDENT DRINKING Nancy H. Brand, M.Ed. Doctoral Student in Clinical Psychology
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OVERVIEW of COLLEGE STUDENT DRINKING
Nancy H. Brand, M.Ed.
Doctoral Student in Clinical PsychologyUniversity of Rhode Island
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“College Students”
defined herein as full-time students between the ages of 18-24 attending 2 or 4-year
colleges or universities
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SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
•Nationwide, 44% of college students engage in heavy episodic drinking or “binge” drinking defined as:
• Since 1980, estimates of heavy drinking have remained stable between 40-45 percent of college students.
• College students drink more than than same age noncollege peers
(source: www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov)
MEN: as 5 or more drinks in a row over the past 2 weeks
WOMEN: 4 or more drinks in a row over the past 2 weeks
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JUST WHO ARE WE TALKING
ABOUT HERE??
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Heaviest Drinkers tend to be:• Males
• whites
• members of fraternities and sororities
• athletes
• first-year students
(source: www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov)
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Students who drink the least are likely to
attend:• 2-year institutions
• religious schools
• commuter schools
• historically Black colleges and universities
source: www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov)
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INDIVIDUAL FACTORS AFFECTING DRINKING
BEHAVIOR• Genetic and biological predisposition to use
alcohol
• Family history of alcohol and drug use
• Personality factors (e.g., sensation seeking and impulsivity)
• Belief systems (e.g. you can’t have fun without alcohol)
• Expectations about the Effects of Alcohol (e.g., drinking will make me more sociable and attractive to others) (source: www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov)
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•Geographical Location
•Size of student body
• Importance of Athletics on Campus
•Availability of Alcohol in surrounding community(source: www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov)
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
AFFECTING DRINKING BEHAVIOR
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SO WHAT!
WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL??
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THE U.S. SURGEON GENERAL AND THE DEPT. OF
HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES HAVE DECLARED THAT
HEAVY DRINKING IS THE NUMBER ONE HEALTH
PROBLEM AFFECTING COLLEGE STUDENTS
(source: www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov)
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• DEATH: 1400 college students die in alcohol-related accidents a year
• ASSAULT: 600,000 students are assaulted by others who are under the influence of alcohol
• INJURY: 500,000 students are unintentionally injured because of heavy drinking
• SEXUAL ABUSE: 70,000 students are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape
(source: www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov)
Alcohol-Related Consequences
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Alcohol-Related Consequences (cont.)
•Academic Performance: 25% report academic consequences as a result of drinking such as missing class, performing poorly on exams and papers, and falling behind
•Health problems: 150,000 develop health related problems
•Unsafe sex: 400,000 students had unprotected sex and more than 100,000 students reported being too drunk to know if they consented to sex
(source: www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov)
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APPROXIMATELY 55% of STUDENTS WHO ABSTAIN or DRINK IN
MODERATION ARE AFFECTED BY SOMEONE ELSE’S DRINKING such as:
• being humiliated or assaulted
• having property damaged
• experiencing unwanted sexual advance
(source: www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov)
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SO WHAT’S BEING ABOUT THIS?
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THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE and ALCOHOLISM (NIAAA) TASK FORCE ON COLLEGE STUDENT DRINKING EMPHASIZES THE NEED TO CHANGE THE CULTURE OF COLLEGE STUDENT DRINKING BY TARGETING:
1. The college and it’s surrounding community
2. The student population as a whole
3. Individuals, including at-risk or alcohol-dependent drinkers
(source: www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov)
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• Provide Alcohol-free options for recreational, social and cultural events and venues
• Restrict alcohol availability and advertising on and off-campus
• Social Norms Correction• Develop and enforce campus policies and and local,
state and federal laws(source: DeJong & Langford, 2002)
PROMISING INTERVENTIONS:
The college and its surrounding community (environmental
strategies)
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•Expectancy challenge procedures
•Brief motivational feedback interviews
•Alcohol skills training
(source: DeJong & Langford, 2002)
PROMISING INTERVENTIONS:
GROUP and INDIVIDUAL SESSIONS
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LESS EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS
• Standard Alcohol Awareness Education Programs (e.g., alcohol awareness weeks, freshman orientation, and curriculum infusion where faculty introduce alcohol-related factors and issues into courses)
• Values Clarification Programs
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RATIONALE:
Harm reduction (vs. abstinence)
• Strategies to encourage students to drink in moderation in order to avoid the consequences of risky drinking
• In other words, help students enjoy the good things about drinking (socializing, having fun) while avoiding the bad things about drinking (hangovers, DUIs, unplanned sex)
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WHAT CONSTITUTES MODERATE DRINKING?
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BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVELS (BAL) < .055
(legal driving limit (.08) in most states)Biphasic effect of Alcohol:
Stimulating effects up to .055 (approximately 1-2 drinks for women and 2-3 for men over several hours depending on weight) . Most people report feeling relaxed and happy at these levels.
Depressant effects beyond .055 (3 or more and 4 or more for men depending on weight). These lead to impaired judgement, motor coordination, as well as hangovers and other unwanted consequences
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.055•Happy•Outgoing•Energetic
•Hangovers•Missing class or work
•Sex w/ scary people
BAL levels
Feelings/effects
.055 >.10
BAL(F) BAL(M)
Biphasic effect of Alcohol
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MODERATION
YOU AVOID:•hangovers
•embarrassment
•weight gain
•pressure from family/schoo about grades
•long-term health consequences
•tolerance and heavy drinking
•regrettable sexual encounters
YOU GAIN:•Save $$
•maintain control
•maintain desired academic performance
•Maintain healthy relationships with others
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STRATEGIES FOR MODERATED DRINKING
• Eat before drinking (can cut BAL’s up to 50%!!
• Space your drinks
• Alternate alcoholic drinks w/ non-alcoholic drinks
• avoid drinking games
• experiment with drinking less and refusing drinks
• drink reduced alcohol beer instead of stronger spirits
• drink slower
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FACT or MYTH:
Heavy drinking is the norm on most college campuses
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Believe it or not…. Moderate drinking is the norm on nearly all
campuses!!! (55-60% of college students drink in moderation.
• The average female college student drinks 5/week
• The average male college student drinks 10/week.
IN both cases, BAL levels are about .05 per week.
FURTHERMORE, students drinking in these ranges report very few-- if any alcohol related consequences!
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PART 2:
HOW TO EVALUATE THIS INFORMATION
WHEN IT SEEMS LUDICROUS