Overview of Central European Nuclear Programs · Overview of Central European Nuclear Programs...

R. S. CTU Prague WNU SI 2009 1

Overview of Central European Nuclear Programs

Radek Škoda

Czech Technical University Prague

WNU SI 2009

Christ Church, Oxford

out of 180p.


Overview of Central European Nuclear Programs

1.Brief history

2.Reactor types and evolution

3.Country programs


Central European…

1-Few words on RBMK (Ignalina) and Loviisa (Finland) 2- Also three decommissioned NPP


1. Let’s start with Einstein…


Let’s start with Einstein…


Jáchymov (JOACHIMSTAHL)

• Place where RADIUM originated

• Pitchblende used in 1898 by Marie Curie



• ..and uranium mined after WW II



• U to be “peacefully” used in Soviet Union


2. Reactor technology

• RBMK – Lithuania, and former USSR

• CANDU – Romania, and many others

• WWER – Czech R., Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Finland (East Germany), and many others

• PWR – Slovenia, and many others


RBMK

Graphite moderator

Light water coolant

Boiling in channels

Low enrichment

Variable Pu vector


RBMK 1500 IGNALINA


CANDUD2O moderator

D2O coolant

Fuel in channels

No enrichment

Variable Pu vector


CANDU


CANDU (ACR1000) refuelling


WWER(VVER) reactor = Soviet PWR

• Thermal nuclear reactors

• Pressurized Light Water used as moderator

• Pressurized Light Water used as coolant

• Steam generator used to produce steam


NPP Shippingport-1

68 MWe

USA Submarine

SSN-571Nautilus

PWR = submarine technology

RussianSubmarine

NPP Novovoroněž-1

210 MWe

Remember: PWR in the world


Remember where the PWR comes from


WWER reactor history

• First demoplants: PWR at Shippingport at USA: 1957• WWER-210 at USSR: 1964

• In USSR focused on RBMK reactors (LWGR) at that time, “eastern” PWR development initially in Eastern Germany !!

• 7 year technology gap


MOTTO: Build and ship around…


WWER reactor history

• Railroads were the limiting factor => “slender&high” R.P.V. => small core => higher enrichment

• Horizontal steam generators => large volume => initially no containment/confinement

• Faster development in fewer steps => robust and conservative approach


WWER typical featuresCore: triangular lattice => hexagonalfuel assemblies

fuel assembly with grid 12.6mm

small core size => higher enrichment

Small RPV diameter => neutron damage on RPV

(156 mm water for WWER440 (V-230),

263 mm for WWER1000 (V-320) between fuel and RPV)

=> “high” RPV (esp. for WWER440)

Primary circuit: more loops (6 for WWER440)=>more water

horizontal steam generators=>less sediments

Safety: WWER440 (V-230): LOCA: 32mm diameter, weak ECCS

From WWER440(V-213): LOCA: full rupture, standard ECCS


WWER typical features

WWER 440: very efficient control rods

-different design than in other PWR

- effort of being robust and simple

- large worth, quick scram

-”long” RPV, a lot of water…

-unusual burnout of fuel attached to the control rod

-safety studies: control rod ejection is more dramatic than in PWR

WWER 1000: standard approach to control rods, like PWR


WWER 440


NPP WWER 440 (V 230)


WWER 440 V-213


NPP WWER 440 (V 213)


WWER 440, reactor hall cross section


WWER 440 – primary circuit


WWER 440 – steam generator


WWER 440 – RPV cross section in 2 levels


WWER 440 – fuel pin and fuel assembly


WWER 440 Dukovany, Loviisa


290 °C - 320 °C267 °C - 297 °CCoolant temperature

15.7 MPa12.25 MPaRPV pressure

H2OH2OModerator/coolant

92 t42 tFuel load

163312# of fuel assemblies

10.9 m11.8 mRPV height

4.5 m3.56 mRPV diameter

3000 MW1375 MWThermal power

VVER 1000 (V320)VVER 440 (V 213)Reactor type

2 x 10004 x 440

WWER 440 x WWER 1000 comparison


WWER 1000 V320


Main parts:WWER 1000 reactor:


Mix: WWER1000 + Western technology

NPP Temelín

NPP Busehr

R. S. CTU Prague WNU SI 2009 40>60 MWd/kgU

Maximum FA burn-up

121# of control rods

163FA number

321°CCore outlet temperature

291°CCore inlet temperature

15.7 MPaCoolant pressure

4Number of loops

Primary circuit:

Future/currently built WWER1000: A-92 =WWER1000 V392 (Belene)


WWER reactor specification• WWER are PWR reactors, the physics is the same

• WWER440 – robust approach

• WWER1000 – very close to western PWR, with specific pros&cons

• Several dozens of units operational, many in construction phase, good operating record


Fighting the myths: positive void…


Fighting the myths:

steam generatorcontainment


Country programs

• Slovak – tender + already building• Czech - tender• Hungarian - tender• Bulgarian - building• Romanian - building• Other players thinking of new builds• …and Austria, WAIT FOR THE WINTER!


Czech(o)Slovakia


Slovakia

1688 MWeTotal (4)

1999436V-213Mochovce 2

1998436V-213Mochovce 1

20251985408V-213Bohunice 4 V2

20251984408V-213Bohunice 3 V2

Ann. closureFirst powerNet MWeModelReactors


Slovakia - outlook

Mochovce nuclear build begins 04 November 2008

Two new reactors will cover 22% of Slovakia's elect ricity requirements from 2012 and 2013 after the official start of their completi onThe start of the €2.8 billion ($3.6 billion) project was inaugurated yesterday by Slovakia's prime minister, Robert Fico. Site preparation began in September 2007, and actual work to complete the reactors is now permitted after approval from the Nuclear Regulatory Authority of Slovakia.

Joint venture for new Slovak nuclear plant 29 May 2009

A shareholder agreement for a joint venture to cons truct a new nuclear power plant at the Bohunice site in Slovakia has been sig ned by Czech utility CEZ and Slovakian state-owned nuclear and decommissioning c ompany Javys.


Czech Republic

3686 MWeTotal (6)

2003963V-320Temelin 2

2000963V-320Temelin 1

1987434V-213Dukovany 4




First powerNet MWeModel

Reactors


Czech Republic - outlook

Tender launched for Temelin expansion 03 August 2009

Czech utility CEZ has launched a public tender for a contractor for two new reactors at its Temelin nuclear power plant with a view to build more units abroad.

The existing Temelin units CEZ said that the exact type of reactors and their capacity would be determined during the tender process, but the units would be Generation III pressurised water reactors (PWRs).


Hungary

1826 MWeTotal (4)

1987480VVER440/V-213Paks 4

1986433VVER440/V-213Paks 3

1984441VVER440/V-213Paks 2

1982472VVER440/V-213Paks 1

First powerNet MWeModelReactors


Hungary - outlook

Hungarian parliament approves Paks expansion31 March 2009 The Hungarian parliament has given overwhelming prelim inary support to a government proposal to begin the detailed preparatio n for the construction of new nuclear generating capacity at the Paks plant.


Bulgaria

1906 MWeTotal operating

12/931991953PWRV-320Kozloduy 6

9/881987953PWRV-320Kozloduy 5

closeCommercial operationFirst powerNet MWeTypeModelReactors

Belene

Kozloduy


Bulgaria


Bulgaria - outlook

Bulgaria's new government to support Belene 21 July 2009

Following the landslide victory of the right-of-the centre Citizens for European Development (GERB) led by Boiko Borisov, the Belene nuclear power plant is expected to come back on track.

"Belene needs to be built, as simple as that," said Boyko Borissov, the new Bulgarian prime minister who will take power o n 27 July,despite his party's calls for a freeze on the project while in opposition.


Romania


Romania - Cernavoda


Romania - outlook

Company established for new Romanian reactors 03 April 2009 EnergoNuclear SA has been formally established to u ndertake the construction, commissioning and operation of two new reactors at the Cernavoda nuclear power plant in Romania.

Cernavoda - An agreement was signed in November 2008 by representatives from the seven companies investing in the construction of units 3 and 4 at the Cernavoda plant, which specified what share in the project they will each hold.


Outlook for other countries

Study on environmental impact of new Lithuanian pla nt05 February 2008

Lithuania's national energy company, Lietuvos Energ ija, has awarded a contract to an international consortium to evaluate the envi ronmental impact assessment for a new nuclear power plant in the country.

Albania and Croatia plan joint plant 17 April 2009

[Balkan Insight, 17 April] Albania and Croatia plan to jointly construct a nuclear power plant on the shores of Lake Shkoder, near Albania’s border with Montenegro, according to Croatian officials.


Austria


Austria – positive outlook


Central Europe – outlookvarious successful nuclear programs

•EU forced closure of many reactors

•Shortage of capacity

•Many new nuclear builds on the way

•Many new NPPs considered x $$$


Central Europe Question: Which reactor is shown here?

•Anybody (Leah, Martin, Dougan) ?


Slovak demand


WWER performance


WWER reactor history: “Voronezh” types

PROTOTYPES

19901970Novovoronezh365WWER 365

19901966Rheinsberg70WWER 70

19881964Novovoronezh210WWER 210

DecommissionedStartPlacePower/ MWe


WWER reactor history: “Voronezh”types WWER 440 (i.e. rated 440MWe)

“1 st generation”

1980ArmeniaseismicV 270

1973KolaV 230

19991972NovovoronezhV 170

DecommissionedStartPlaceFeature

WWER for export, RBMK for home:

17 WWER440 units built, 13 out of Russia


WWER reactor history: “Voronezh” types WWER 440 “2 nd generation” (i.e. project after`70)

1985DukovanycondenserV 213

1977LoviisaIce + containmentV 213

1982KolaV 213

CommissionedPlaceFeature

Again for export: 18 units built, 16 out of Russia


WWER reactor history: “Voronezh” types WWER 1000 (i.e. power 1000MWe) “2 nd generation”

1983NikolajevV 302

1986BalakovoV 320

1985KalininV 338

1981NovovoronezhV 178

CommissionedPlace

More than 20 units built, other still in construction..


WWER reactor history: “Voronezh” types

“3 rd + 4th generation” (i.e. outlook)

From the `80-ies many variants of WWER planned:

V318 (440MWe)

V428(1000MWe),

V407(640MWe),

V392(1000MWe)…

in different stages of planning and construction


WWER 1000 comparison – design parameters

V-320 V-320Temelín

V-428 V-466

Thermal Power, MW 3000 3000 3000 3000

Fuel cycle, years 3 4 3-4 3-4

Average burn out, MWd/kgU 40.2 43.3 43 47.2

Enrichment, % 4.4 3-3.8 3.9 4.28

Profiled fuel no yes ? ?

Annual load factor, hours 7000 7000 7000 8400

Planned lifetime, years 30 30-40 40 60

LBB (Leak Before Break) no yes yes yes

Probability of core melting 10Е-5 10Е-5 10Е-5 10Е-6

ATWS no yes yes yes

ECCS concept 3х100% 3х100% 4х100% 4х100%

Double containment no no yes yes

Core catcher no no yes yes


V-320 V-320Temelín

V-428 V-466

Pressure, MPa 15,7 15,7 15,7 15,7

Outlet temperature, [°C] 320 320 320 (321)*

320 (321)*

Inlet temperature, [°C] 289,7 289,7 289,7(291)*

289,7(291)*

Flow, [m3/h] 84800 84800 86000 86000

RPV – inner diameter, [mm] 4150 4150 4150 4195

RPV – thickness at the core level, [mm] 192,5 192,5 192,5 195

RPV - height, [mm] 10 885 10 885 11 185 11 185

WWER 1000 comparison – design parameters

Primary circuit


NPP Loviisa

WWER 440


WWER 440 V 213


Czech cold war missile “rhyme”

Maminko a tatínkujá se bojím pershingů.Nic se neboj malé dítěSS20 ochrání tě.

“Daddy and mum

I am afraid of Pershings.

No wories my little one,

SS20 will protect you”

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