OVERVIEW OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Without biotechnology,

these food items would not exist!

Early humans were hunter-gatherers.

Then they learned to cultivate crops and domesticate animals.

Domestication began 11,000-12,000 years ago in the Middle East.

Domestication of plants and animals played a key part in the development of early biotechnology practices.

Selective breeding – the breeding of organisms to produce certain desired traits in their offspring.

Abundant food =Food rotted, while

others changed shape

The Chinese discover fermentation through beer making. (7,000 BCE)

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Cheese and Bread

Abundant food Food spoilage,

Population growth Diseases!

Moldy soybean curds used as an antibiotic. (500 BCE)

Robert Hooke recorded the first description of living cells. (1665)

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers and describes bacteria and protozoa. (1675)

Edward Jenner vaccinates a child from smallpox. (1798)

Ancient Biotechnologyprehistory – 1800s

•Domestication•Selective Breeding•Fermentation•Antibiotics & Vaccines

Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of inheritance. (1863)

Louis Pasteur develops vaccines against bacteria that cause cholera and anthrax in chickens. (1881)

Károly Ereky, a Hungarian agricultural engineer, first uses the word biotechnology.

(1919)

Alexander Fleming notices that a

certain mold could stop the

duplication of bacteria, leading to the first antibiotic: penicillin. (1928)

James Watson and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA. (1953)

The discovery of the DNA structure ushered in a new era of biotechnology.

Classical Biotechnology1800s – 1950s

•Mass food production• Genetics• Enhanced antibiotics and

vaccines• Structure of the DNA molecule

Recombinant DNA Technology

-use of biotechnology to produce new life forms by moving genetic material

from one organism into

another.

Genentech developed Humulin (human insulin) to treat diabetes. It was the first biotech drug to be FDA approved. (1982)

Genetically modified foods approved by the US-FDA. (GM

Foods)

A team led by Ian Wilmut successfully cloned a sheep. She was named Dolly.

(1997)

Zeedonk

Liger

Tangelo

Loganberry

The Human Genome Project is completed. (2003)

Stem cells, bionics,

transgenic organisms

Modern Biotechnology1950s - present

•Genetic modification•Cloning•Enhanced drugs•New life forms

Biotechnology is multidisciplinary

• cell and molecular biology• microbiology• genetics• physiology• chemistry and biochemistry• engineering• computer science• nanotechnology

Biotechnology

• The manipulation of biological organisms to make products that benefit human beings.

• Biotechnology contributes to such diverse areas as food production, waste disposal, mining, and medicine.

Types• Blue• Green• Red•White

Safety, Balance of Nature, Resistance, Ethical Questions

Assignment

Bring the following:• Old magazines and newspapers• Scissors• Coloring materials• Paste or glue• White/Cream/Yellow cartolina