LüneburgBuxtehudeSuderburg

Universityof Applied Sciences

FachhochschuleNordostniedersachsen

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PRBs in Germany and AustriaOverview of 10 PRB Sites

and Upcoming Projects

Volker BirkeHarald BurmeierDiana Rosenau

n Two R&D networks(funded by the Federal Government)

“SAFIRA“ (6 Mio $)Basic R&D, semi-technical scalereactive materials for cVOCs/chlorobenzenes/PAHs

“RUBIN“ (4-5 Mio $)R&D and technical implementation of PRBs at different sites across the country

nPublic funds spent ≈ 14 Mio $nDifferent private sites ≈ 6 Mio $

PRBs in Germany

Bernaun High contamination of cVOCs affecting two

aquifers (TCE up to around 100 mg/L)

n Special reactor design capturing bothaquifers by pumping GW and injecting it into a collecting zone and additional tanks

n Closed funnel = containment for the source and serving as a collecting/mixing zone for accumulating lifted GW before it enters the gate

nn RUBIN project, volume: RUBIN project, volume: apprappr. 1.5 Mio $ . 1.5 Mio $ (50 % public funds) (50 % public funds)

Cut-off wall Cut-off wall

Bracing Bracing

2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 Unterwasserbetonsohle

NE SW

Surface level

“Containment”

Inflow

Inflow

Reactor elements (modules) Drain

GWMS

Cut-off wall

18.30 m

2.30 m below s.l.

4.50 m below s.l.

5.50 m below s.l.

8.0 m below s.l.

Re-infil-tra-tion

BernauElevation of the gate system

0 10 20 30 40 50 m

Top view of the funnel-and-gate

system

0

40000

80000

120000

0 400 800 1200

mittlere Aufenthaltszeit [min]

Bernau – PerformanceTCE-Decay in the PRB

c(o)= 96,5 mg/L

0

25

50

75

100

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

[mg

/L]

Decay of cis-DCE and VC in the PRB; c(o)= 96,5 mg/L

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

[mg

/L]

c-DCE VC

Konzentrationsverlauf Einzelstoffe- halblogarithmische Darstellung -

0

1

100

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

[µm

ol/L

]

TCE c-DCE VC PCE

Concentration profiles of single components

- semi-logarithmic display -Field results (appr. after one

pore volume has been

exchanged)

Bitterfeld (“SAFIRA“)n Semi-technical test site for new PRB materials; five shafts (30 m deep, 3.50 m Ø) containing diff. steel reactors, loaded with different media:

n Microaerophilic, anaerobic reactors (aquifer material)

n Combined media, e.g., GAC/microbiol.; ZVI/ORC)

n Membrane- and zeolite-supported Palladium (Pd)

n Catalytic oxidation using metal catalysts; ultrasound

http://safira.ufz.de

Membrane-supported Pd/H2 rapidly dehaloge-nates monochlorobenzene (MCB) to benzene

Denkendorf

n cVOC contamination (TCE, PCE, cis-DCE, 1,1,1-TCA, VC) is treated with GAC

n “Drain-and-Gate” PRB to meet the low hydraulic gradient of 2%:

90 m long and 6 m deep gravel drainage directing the flow right towards a single GAC reactor

n GAC reactor was placed inside a shaft (6 m deep)

street

Köngener Straße

Heerweg

REWE-Markt

Baierl & Braun GdbR

ESA Eppinger GmbH

Fa. Goldmann- Nörenberg

Körsch

Sulzbach verdohlt

GWM12

N

0 50 m 100 m

Lage der Drainage Reaktorbauwerk

Rewe- Supermarkt

LHKW-Verunreinigungen

M2 M3

M6

M8

BGW12 BGW11

GWM8

BGW8

BGW1

BGW10 GWM13

BGW9 GWM2

GWM4 GWM3 BGW3 BGW4 GWM10 GWM9 Spülschacht GWM11

GWM7 GWM6

BGW13 BGW7

GWM5 BGW5

UVB Grundwasserfließrichtung

REWE-Markt

Baierl & Braun GdbR

ESA Eppinger GmbH

Fa. Goldmann- Nörenberg

Körsch (stream)

GWM12

N

0 50 m 100 m

Drainage Reactor (shaft)

Rewe- Supermarkt

Areas of cVOC contamination

M2 M3

M6

M8

BGW12 BGW11

GWM8

BGW8

well

BGW10 GWM13

BGW9 GWM2

GWM4 GWM3 BGW3 BGW4 GWM10 GWM9 Spülschacht GWM11

GWM7 GWM6

BGW13 BGW7

GWM5 BGW5

UVB GW flow direction

street

creek

(creek)

street

Overviewof the drain-and-gate system

Denkendorf West East South North

Aquitard

app. 90 m app. 60 m

Cohesive material

Filter gravel

Drainage tube (DN100)

Water table

Palladium on zeolite

3 m

Activated carbon

Outlet tube (DN150) Receiving water (Körsch)

Pump Water table 6 m

Denkendorf

RUBIN project:

n Bypass: hydrogenation catalysts like palladium on zeolite are tested

n Addition of hydrogen gas:

fast and complete degradation of cVOCs

(first, small column experiments in the first quarter of 2002: especially VC is effectively degraded, too)

Edenkoben

n cVOCs (20% TCE, 50% cis-DCE, 30% 1,1,1-TCA)

n 1998: pilot-scale F&G 2000: expanded to a full-scale F&G

nGates designed for a diverted, verticalflow insideGroundwater is passively lifted by a vertical drainage (gravel columns) and thus directed through the ZVI bed

Edenkoben

nSix identical gates, each constructed as a sheet pile caisson (open at its bottom)

nFunnel: continuous sheet pile wall, 430 m long, 14 m deep

nFunnel also runs through every gate, thus separating each of them into two chambers

n Inside the gates the sheet pile wall was buried down to 1 m below the lowest groundwater level anticipated = overflow weir between the chambers

Ansicht nach Herstellung

G 3

G 6

Pilot-Test 1998:

Gate: 33 ft.

Funnel: 60 ft.

1.500 ft.

G 2

G 1

G 4

G 6

Full-scale 2001

1.440 ft. length40-50 ft. depth6 gates - (825 t Fe°)

G 5

Edenkoben

PESCHLA + ROCHMES PESCHLA + ROCHMES GMBHGMBH

wwwwww..gprgpr.de.de

ZUSTROMABSTROM

DICHTHORIZONTAQUITARD

GATESheet Pile Caisson

FUNNELSheet Piles

PEA GRAVELColumns

Fe° REACTOR

InfluentEffluent

Position and shapeof the F&G PRB

Gate design

Edenkoben

Validation of cVOC degradation six months after installing the pilot gate

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

residence time in the reactor in [h]

conc

entr

atio

n in

µg/

l

PCE TCE cis DCE 111 TCA 11-DCA VC Summe

PCE

TCE

cis DCE

VC

11 DCA

111 TCA VC: 4%

cis: 25%

11 DCA: 71%

Downstream Results:

Karlsruhe

n 2000/2001: full-scale F&G packed with granular activated carbon (GAC, 150 tons) to treat PAHs and BTEX

n Funnel consists of sheet piles (200 m long, 17 m deep)

n Eight gates consisting of specifically perforated steel; cylindrical steel tubes were lowered into previously set up, large diameter boreholes (2.5 m)

Karlsruhe

Overview of the full-scale F&G PRB

Former gas works plant

Karlsruhe

nPea gravel, serving as a filter medium and for homogenizing the flow through the gates, was packed at the inflow and outflow zone

Clay seal Clay seal

Pea gravel

Sheet pile wall Activated

carbon inflow

outflow Perforated steel sheets

nFree space left between the steel tubes and the adjacent funnel segments was sealed off using clay

Karlsruhe

Sheet piles were pressed into the ground using the “silent piler”-technique

Packing the gate with granular activated carbon

Oberurseln cVOC contamination treated with ZVI at

the BOSTIK site (TOTALFINAELF)n L-shaped F&G equipped with one gaten Gate shaped like a wide annulus:uDiameter 3.3 m, 13 m deepuOverlapping boreholes cast with

concrete forming the annulus(at the inflow/outflow zone, permeable concrete was cast)

n Funnel (slurry wall): 175 m long, 4-19 m deep, 0.6 m thick

OberurselGate construction

Oberursel

Gate construction, shape of the F&G

Tübingenn 1998: Installation of a full-scale F&G system at

the BEKA site (Neckar valley)n ZVI to treat a plume of cVOCsn L-shaped funnel (slurry wall, 215 m long, 0.6

m thick, 8-11 m deep) with 3 gates

Tübingen

Gate constructionn upstream and downstream pea gravel filter zones

were emplaced by overlapping boreholes

Tübingen

n ZVI were emplaced right between the pea gravel filter zones using the same technique

n Within the iron zones, cVOC concentrations decrease to below detection limits

n However, downgradient of one gate a slight increase in cVOC levels compared to the values in the iron zone is found

n Performance of the BEKA PRB will be scrutinized in a member project of the network RUBIN (University of Kiel)

Reichenbach

n 2000: representing the first full-scale adsorptive continuous reactive barrier (CRB) in Germany

n A homogeneously distributed cVOCcontamination of the groundwater had been identified

n Non-overlapping boreholes diameter 0.25 m each aligned in two parallel rowspacked with GAC

CRB (20 m long, 7 m deep) had to be erected directly inside a manufacturing hall (2000)

Reichenbach

Reichenbach - Performance

Rheinen 1998: representing the first installation of a

pilot-scale CRB in Germany (22.5 m long, 6 m deep, 0.6-0.9 m thick, overlapping boreholes), circular steel caisson installation

n Primary contaminants: PCE and cis-DCE,plume: 400 m long, 200 m broad

n Barrier contains two types of ZVI:uGranular iron mixed with gravel at 1:2

(v/v) (69 tons, wall segment 10 m long)u “Iron sponge” (85 tons, 12.5 m long)

RheineThree Three RUBIN-project(s):(“Mull und Partner GmbH”, University of Kiel, Technical University of Berlin)uEffects of precipitation and differences in

the composition of the reactive materialsuScrutinizing the surface properties of the

ZVI typesuCharacterization of microorganismsuGathering more geological and hydrogeo-

logical data due to the heterogeneous and apparently instationary plume

Herstellung mittels Großbohrungen

Rheine

Reactive barrier

Groundwater-flow

ZVI

Monitoringwell

Canal

Monitoringwell

Pilot CRB (1998): overlapping boreholes; two ZVI types (granular and “sponge”), packed apart in two segments

Coring(Nov. 2001)

Rheine

Rheine – Performance

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

17.17

.98

30.09

.98

01.10

.98

11.11

.98

03.12

.98

07.01

.99

20.01

.99

04.02

.99

04.03

.99

19.05

.99

17.06

.99

27.09

.99

17.12

.99

22.02

.00

14.08

.00

31.01

.01

23.05

.01

Deg

rad

atio

n o

f P

CE

[%

]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Inle

t co

nce

ntr

atio

n [

mg

/l]

Inlet granular iron

Inlet iron sponge

Degradation ongranular iron

Degradation oniron sponge

Brunn am Gebirge AUSTRIA

11

www.geol.at technical geology niederbacher

site: former industrial plant

§ tar plant

1878 - 1932

§ linoleum production

1933 – 1965

area 60.000 m²

12

www.geol.at technical geology niederbacher

§ result of more than 100 years of industrial land use

§ solid and liquid residuals of tar

and linoleum production

Site fundamentals

Brunn am Gebirge AUSTRIA

33

www.geol.at technical geology niederbacher

Pannonian shales CONFINING LAYER

g w - p o n d westf o r m e r g r o u n d l e v e l+214rg m SL s i l t y , s d . g r a v e l QUATER-

N A R Y

© NIEDERBACHER 2001 o u t l e t t r e a t e d w a t e rdrainage s h a f t

adsorptive r e a c t o r

cont. G W e n t r yf i l t e r w i n d o w

impermeable b a r r i e r

collector s h a f tmeasurement s h a f t

AC- r e a c t o r

6 3

induced GW-flow towards AR&B

hydraulic barrier

groundwater contamination

man made pond

in-situ adsorptive reactors

Brunn am Gebirge AUSTRIA

38

www.geol.at technical geology niederbacher

confining layer

aquiferjet grouting wall

injection of bentonite –cement suspension

trenchwell

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

barrier construction

length 220marea 1000m²depth 2 – 6m

thickness 1–1,4mmin. thickness 0,5mcut into confininglayer 1-1,5m

Offenbach (upcoming), RUBIN

n Specifically designed F&G (microbiology + GAC), BTEX/PAH plume (former tar processing plant)

n Funnel: 120 m long sealing wall, vertically arranged to the groundwater flow; sheet pile wall intercepts the aquifer flow in front of the reactor

n Gravel zone in front of the sheet piles, filter pipes for diverting the groundwater flow vertically towards the reactor and for adding required/suitable electron donorsu Microbiological degradation in the 8 m long gravel

zone inward the reactor (1.5 days residence time)u Activated carbon (additional adsorbent for some PAHs

that cannot be readily degraded biologically)

Offenbach (upcoming)

Clay

Gate (cross-section)

Well

G

oundwater flow

Aquitard

Cut

-off

wal

l(te

mpo

rary

dur

ing

con

stru

ctio

n)

Cut

-off

wal

l(t

empo

rary

dur

ing

con

stru

ctio

n)

Sorption

Filter tube Degradation of

Naphtalene, BTEX

Fe precipitation

Water table3 m

Cut

-off

wal

l

Filter gravel

2 m

Filter gravel

8 m

Filter gravel

1 m

InletG

oundwater flow

Outlet

Filter gravel C

ollector

Filter tube

Dosing and mixing ofNitrate and H 2O2

Back-flushing Monitoring sensors

Cut-off wall

Filter gravel D

istributor

Wiesbaden (planned), RUBIN

n Applicant HIM GmbH, ASG, Wiesbadenn Co-operation Partners

- Peschla + Rochmes GmbH- University of Kiel- Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg

n Kind of PollutantsDifferent arsenic compounds

Wiesbaden

As contamination > 7.000 mg/kg

As contamination > 10.000 mg/kg

Groundwater flow

Sampling point

Foot path

Downgradient reactor (pilot gate)

River Rhein

Upgradientreactor

Plan of site

NUpgradient (reactive wall): readily oxidizable Corg-phases, solid phases consistingof sulphate

Downgradient (F&G): iron oxide (adsorptive fixation of arsenate),non-redoxsensitive sorbents

R&D/Spanning RUBIN Projects

University of Kiel, Prof. Dr. A. Dahmkein co-operation with Dr. R. Wienberg, HamburgEvaluation and Further Development of Pre-investigation, Monitoring and Quality Management Regarding Reactive Walls - A Comparative Laboratory and Site Study -

University of Tuebingen, Prof. Dr. G. TeutschComparative Technical and Economical Assessment of In-Situ Permeable Reactive Barriers

University of Applied Sciences of North-East Lower Saxony, Suderburg, Prof. H. BurmeierCo-ordination of the Large Scale R&D Program RUBIN and Making up a Comprehensive Documentation and Manual

Conclusions§ 2002: Germany – 9 PRBs, 2 planned; Austria – 1 PRB

§ PRBs with “directed GW flow“ prevail (7 in total, F&G, “drain-and-gate“ and modified F&G systems (partly applying pumping))

§ Reactors/gates often installed/accessible nearby the surface – Germans and Austrians“love control“?!

§ ZVI and GAC: preferred reactive materials

Conclusions (cont.)

§ The need for new materials to meet complex pollutant mixtures is an important issue; novelmedia are therefore intensively investigated

§ German PRBs: ≈ 14 Mio $ public funds

§ Some German PRBs do not meet remediation goals (e.g., 10 µg/L cVOCs)

§ Some German PRBs are facing hydraulic problems (after 2-3 years of operation)

Special thanks to:§ Peter Hein („INGAAS GmbH“, Berlin, for Bernau)§ Theo Woll, Michael Rochmes („Peschla & RochmesGmbH“, Kaiserlautern, for Edenkoben)§Wilfried Möller, Martin Wegner („Mull und Partner GmbH“, Hanover, for Rheine)§ Kerstin Schmidt, Markus Schleyer („ARCADIS GmbH“, Karlsruhe, and „Stadtwerke Karlsruhe“, resp., for Karlsruhe)§ Peter Hartwiger (for Reichenbach)§ Hermann Schad, Christoph Schüth („I.M.E.S. GmbH“, and University of Tübingen, resp., for Denkendorf)§ Peter Niederbacher (for Brunn am Gebirge)

University of Applied Sciences-NE Lower Saxony, Suderburg

Department of Civil EngineeringWater and Environmental Management

Office Hanover

Prof. Harald Burmeier Dr. Volker Birke Dipl.-Ing. Diana Rosenau

Co-ordination Group of RUBINSteinweg 4, D-30989 Gehrden

voice +49 5108-9217-30

burmeier@fhnon.de birke@fhnon.de rosenau@fhnon.de

www.rubin-online.de