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![Page 1: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport
Mark B. David
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level Nutrient
Reduction Strategies
Nov. 13, 2012
![Page 2: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What I will cover
• what the problem is
• N and P sources, balances, and river exports in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB)– Illinois as example
– what is going to the Gulf
• importance of modified hydrology (tile drainage)
• timing of flow and nutrients; fate
• myths; the challenge ahead
![Page 3: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is the problem?• both local and
downstream water quality problems from nitrate and total P
– local: algal production due to P; drinking water for N
– downstream: hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico
• USEPA requiring nutrient criteria in flowing waters
![Page 4: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hypoxic zone, 2012
![Page 5: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What was new (in 2007, now old)
• reaffirmed previous assessment
• importance of spring (April, May, June) nitrate
• now phosphorus recognized as having role in Gulf
• no one answer to fix problem– both agriculture and people (sewage effluent)
• recommended 45% reduction in N and P going down Mississippi River
![Page 8: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mississippi River Basin
Nitrogen
Water F
lux (m
illion m
3)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
Riverin
e N F
lux
(million
metric ton
s N yr
-1)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
19551960
19651970
19751980
19851990
19952000
20052010
2015
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Nitrate-N
Ammonium
Total N
Particulate/organic N
![Page 10: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Mississippi River Basin Phosphorus
Water F
lux (m
illion m
3)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
19551960
19651970
19751980
19851990
19952000
20052010
2015
Riverin
e P F
lux
(million
metric ton
s yr-1
)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Total P
Soluble reactive P
![Page 11: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Major Mississippi Subbasins
![Page 12: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Major Mississippi Subbasins
![Page 13: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Nutrient loads for 2001 to
2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
Subbasin
Miss-Clinton
Miss-Grafton
Missouri-Om
aha
Missouri-Herm
ann
Miss-Thebes
Ohio-Cannelton
Ohio-Grand Chain
Arkansas-Little Rock
Red River-Alexandra
Lower Miss
Nutrient load (1,000 m
etric tons N or P
yr-1
)0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2001-20052006-2010
Total P
Nitrate-N
![Page 14: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Nutrient yields for 2001 to
2010
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Subbasin
Miss-Clinton
Miss-Grafton
Missouri-Om
aha
Missouri-Herm
ann
Miss-Thebes
Ohio-Cannelton
Ohio-Grand Chain
Arkansas-Little Rock
Red River-Alexandra
Lower Miss
Nutrient yield (kg N
or P ha
-1 yr
-1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2001-20052006-2010
Total P
Nitrate-N
![Page 15: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Spring nitrate, upper Miss and Ohio
Water F
lux (cm
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150
5
10
15
20
25
30
Mississippi River at Grafton
Ohio River at Grand Chain, IL
Riverin
e Nitrate-N
Flu
x (m
illion m
etric tons N
)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Mississippi River at Grafton
Ohio River at Grand Chain, IL
![Page 16: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Sp
ring
Nitra
te (to
ns N
yr-1
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7MRB Grafton and Ohio
Source of spring nitrate
![Page 17: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
County Level Analysis of Mississippi River Basin
• counties in MRB (all 1768)
• 1997 to 2006 annual data on fertilizer, crops, animals, people, deposition
• predictive model from watersheds applied to all MRB counties
• both N and P
From David et al. (2010)
![Page 18: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nutrient Balances
inputs
-
+
-
+
- outputs
![Page 19: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Annual N Fertilizer Applications
Fertilizer (kg N ha-1)0.0 - 11.2
11.3 - 27.2
27.3 - 45.4
45.5 - 65.9
66.0 - 107.1 From David et al. (2010)
![Page 20: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Drain
0.0 - 5.1
5.2 - 16.3
16.4 - 31.7
31.8 - 51.4
51.5 - 81.8
Tile drainage is concentrated in the corn belt
Fraction of county
From David et al. (2010)
![Page 21: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
nni
-5 - 20
20 - 40
40 - 60
60 - 200
Net N Inputs (NNI)
kg N ha-1
Some counties negative, N from soil mineralization
![Page 22: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Illinois N budgetthrough
2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
Nitrogen (kg N
ha-1
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Fertilizer
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20100
10
20
30
40
50 Net Nitrogen Inputs
ManureHuman consumption
Grain harvest
NOy deposition
Legume N
![Page 23: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Linking N balances to N Export
• hydrology overwhelming factor
– channelization, tile drainage
• can look at watershed N export as a fraction of net N inputs
– most studies, about 25%
– however in MRB we know it is larger in critical areas
– can be > 100% in heavily tile drained watersheds
![Page 24: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Drainage by tiles and ditches
![Page 25: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Patterned tile systems
![Page 26: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Embarras River - Camargo
![Page 27: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Embarras River
19931994
19951996
19971998
19992000
20012002
20032004
20052006
20072008
20092010
20112012
NIT
RA
TE
(mg N
L-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
![Page 28: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Embarras River
Water Year
19951996
19971998
19992000
20012002
20032004
20052006
20072008
20092010
20112012
Nitrate E
xport (kg
N h
a-1
yr-1
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
![Page 29: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Predicted N Yield (kg N/ha)
0.00 - 3.00
3.01 - 7.50
7.51 - 10.00
10.01 - 15.00
15.01 - 25.00
Modeled January to June Nitrate Export
Best model includes fertilizer, sewage effluent,and tile drainage
![Page 30: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Components of P Mass Balances
• net P inputs
= inputs – outputs
inputs (fertilizer)
outputs (grain harvest - human and animal consumption)
• net indicates additions or removals from soil
• little P (relative to N) is lost to streams, but it is biologically important
• surface runoff and tile leaching
• manure
![Page 31: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
From Jacobson et al. (2011)
Fertilizer P Row Crop %
Manure P Net P Inputs
![Page 32: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Modeled January to June Total P
From Jacobson et al. (2011)
![Page 33: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Illinois P budgetthrough
2012
0
5
10
15
20
Phosphorus (kg P
ha-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
Fertilizer
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Balance
ManureHuman consumption
Grain harvest
![Page 34: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
P from fields to rivers –
Embarras River
From Gentry et al. (2007)
![Page 35: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Particulate P from
fields to rivers
From Gentry et al. (2007)
![Page 36: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Importance of a Few Storm Events
From Royer et al. (2006)
![Page 37: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fate of N
• limited in-stream losses of nitrate during high flow periods
– Lake Shelbyville
– Saylorville Reservoir
• retention times too short
• spring nitrate, headed to Gulf
Depth/Time of Travel (m yr-1)
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
N R
em
ove
d (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100Lake Shelbyville, IllinoisGarnier et al. (1999)Royer et al. (2004)Saylorville Reservoir, Iowa
Crumpton equation
![Page 38: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fate of P
• some sediment removal
• problem of sediment already in streams/rivers
– stream bank, bed erosion
• algal biomass can move downstream
• no way to easily get out of system (like nitrate)
Source: Clay Soil and Water Conservation District, Minnesota
![Page 39: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
What we know about nutrient sources
• Upper Mississippi and Ohio subbasins are the major source of nitrate and total P– even more so in critical
spring period
• the tile drained cornbelt is clearly identified
• mass balance of P has greatly decreased, but not N
![Page 40: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
What can we do in agriculture?
• given, – it is not typically over fertilization
based on current rates and yields
– may be zero or negative N & P balances in some areas of the tile drained Midwest
• three types of conservation practices could help– nutrient-use efficiency
– in-field management
– off-site measures
![Page 41: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Potential Efficiencies -SAB report
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Jan08
Jul08
Jan09
Jul09
Jan10
Jul10
Jan11
Jul11
Jan12
Nitra
te-N
Co
nce
ntra
tion
(mg
N L
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30Corn-Corn-Soy MiscanthusSwitchgrass Prairie
Perennial biofuels quickly reduce nitrate loss
From Smith et al. (2013)
![Page 43: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Point sources in MRB?
• sewage effluent and industrial (22% of annual N and 34% of P)
• however, only 14% (N) and 20% (P) of spring load
• not going to solve problem, but could help for P
![Page 44: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
A few myths
• no-till solves all problems
• a few (bad) actors are the problem
• over application of N (or P) is most of the problem
• just targeting a few fields will solve most of the problem
• edge of field denitrification can solve the problem
• the response will take a long time (decades?)
![Page 45: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
What’s making it difficult
• more corn (and fertilizer)
• more intensive tile drainage
• warmer winters
• more intense winter/spring precipitation
• fall N in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio
• the intensity of agriculture across the cornbelt
• many (most?) practices to reduce nutrient loss don’t increase yield
![Page 46: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Conclusions
• N and P balances don’t relate well to nitrate and P loss across the MRB (but could increase losses in a drought year)
• counties with high fertilizer inputs have high crop fractions (& corn acres) and tile drainage– all lead to nitrate loss
– corn & soybeans on tile drained land much more important than manure, deposition, or sewage effluent
• P from both surface runoff and tiles– sewage effluent also important
• high winter/spring flow and nutrient losses are a challenge, and seem to be getting worse
![Page 47: Overview – Nutrient Fate and Transport Mark B. David University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at Building Science Assessments for State-Level.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/5517898555034645368b540d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Job ahead for us
• 45% reductions in N and P will be quite difficult in upper MRB
• we haven’t really started
– not in any meaningful way
• variety of methods and costs
– many or most unrelated to yields
• scale of problem is impressive
• but, we do know how to do it!