OVERVIEW

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

HOW DO WE DEFINE

LITERATURE?

WHY IS LITERATURE

USEFUL IN OUR LIVES?

WHEN DO YOU SAY THAT

LITERATURE IS FOR PLEASURE?

HOW DOES LITERATURE

MIRROR THE DEPTH OF A CULTURE?

HISTORY

CULTURE

LITERATURE

SIGNIFICANT HUMAN EXPERIENCE

S H E

PROSE

FICTION

POETRY

DRAMA

NONFICTIO

N PROS

ECATEGORIES

POETRYLYRIC

NARRATIVE

LYRIC POETRY•Usually brief• Focuses on the emotions

or thoughts of the speaker

FORMS OF LYRIC POEMS

ODE

ELEGYSONNET

SONG

SIMPLE LYRIC

• Sonnet --- a lyric poem having fourteen rhymed lines usually written in iambic pentameter

PETRARCHAN / ITALIAN

• Has an 8-line beginning called OCTAVE, and a 6-line conclusion called SESTET•Feelings presented in the octave often contracts with the sestet•Rhymes abba – abba – cde - cde

SHAKESPEAREAN / ENGLISH

• a lyric poem of lines written in iambic pentameter with 3 quatrains and a concluding couplet•Rhymes abab - cdcd – efef - gg

ON HIS BLINDNESS(John Milton)

When I consider how my light is spentEre half my days, in this dark world and wide,

And that one talent which is death to hideLodged with me useless, though my soul more

bentTo serve therewith my Maker, and presentMy true account, lest He returning chide;“Doth God exact day labor, light denied?”

I fondly ask. But Patience, to preventThat murmur, soon replies, “God doth not needEither man’s work or his own gifts. Who best

Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His stateIs kingly: thousands at his bidding speed,And post o’er land and ocean without rest;They also serve who only stand and wait.”

SONNET 18(William Shakespeare)

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,

And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair sometime declines,

By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed.

But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou owest;

Nor shall death brag thou wanderest in his shade,When in eternal line to time thou growest ---So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

ELEGY• A lyric poem which expresses mourning,

usually over the death of an individual• May also be a lament over the passing of life

and beauty, or meditation on the nature of death

• Usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone

• Mostly long• Another word for this is epitaph.

Excerpt from “ELEGY”(Gene Derwood)

Gone, gone is Gordon, tall and brilliant lad

Whose mind was science. Now hollow his skull,

A noble sculpture, is but sunken bone,His cells from water come, by water laid

Grave – deep, to water gone.Lost, lost the hope he had,

Washed to a cipher his splendour and his skill.

ODE

• A complex and often lengthy lyric poem written in a dignified formal style on some serious subjects• Has no definite pattern

SONG ---A short lyric poem intended to be sung; Can be secular or non-religious

SIMPLE LYRIC --- A short descriptive pictorial or meditative poem

NARRATIVE•A poem that narrates a story•Can be long or short

EPIC BALLAD

DRAMATIC POETRY

DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE

FORMS OF NARRATIVE POEMS

EPIC•A narrative poem that

usually centers on a single important character who embodies the values of a particular society

BALLAD• A narrative poem that depends

on a regular verse patterns and strong rhymes for its effect• Most have lost of action and

adventure• Mostly tragic

• Originated as anonymous songs and are passed orally before being written downFOLK

• Composed by known writers and it may or may

not be sungLITERARY

Kinds of ballad

DRAMATIC POETRY• Poetry in which one or more characters

speak• Allows the writer to reveal characters

directly through dialogue, just as a playwright does

• Has many of the characteristics of a play; a definite setting; a dramatic situation, emotional conflict, with vigorous and natural long rhythms

DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE• A special kind of dramatic poem• In dramatic monologue, one character

speaks to one or more characters, whose replies are not given in the poem.• The speaker in a moment of great

personal crisis, reveals his or her deepest thoughts and feelings.

FICTION•Any work of literature that

includes material that is invented or imagined, that is not a record of things as they actually happened

parable

romance

satirenovel

Short story

1. Short Stories --- a fictional narrative written in prose which is shorter than a novel

2. Novel --- a long fictional narrative written in prose usually having many characters and story plots

3. Satire --- a literary work which mocks or ridicules the stupidity or vices of individuals, groups or society in general

4. Parable --- a short tale for which a moral or religious lesson is drawn

5. Romance--- deals with love and adventures

Types of Novels

gothic

historical

psychological

1. Gothic novel --- creates an atmosphere of mystery and danger in a picturesque setting, usually involving a threat combined with love, intrigue for a romantic young heroine

2. Historical novel --- creates the atmosphere, customs, and events of an actual historical period, and may even include actual historical figures

3. Psychological novel --- explores the complex emotional lives of the characters

DRAMA • A Story written to be acted out on stage• The playwright usually emphasizes

characters, conflicts and actions which are developed by the use of a dialogue.

• Stage direction is provided to help actors and directors.

• Additional elements such as set, props, and lighting effects are used .

COMEDY

TRAGEDY

FORMS OF DRAMA1. Comedy --- a literary work generally

amusing which usually ends happily because the hero or heroine is able to overcome obstacles and get what he or she wants

2. Tragedy --- a literary work dealing with very serious and important themes, in which a dignified tragic figure meets destruction

NON-FICTION

• A prose that deals with real events and people

• Characters, setting and action must conform to what is true.

• Cannot be manipulated by the imagination of the writers

Forms of non-fiction

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

•Someone’s account of his or her own life•A narrative account, often chronological, of the important events of the person’s life

ESSAY•A brief examination of a subject in prose, usually expressing personal or limited view of the topic•Another form to entertain, and to explain and to persuade

FORMS OF ESSAY

SPECULATIVE

DESCRIPTIVE

NARRATIVESCIENTIFIC

REFLECTIVE

DIDACTIC OR APHORISTIC

INFORMATIVE

EDITORIALSOCIO-

POLITICAL

NATURECHARACTER

SKETCH

ELEMENTS OF FICTION AND

DRAMA

1. PLOT

•The causality of events that makes up the action of a work of fiction

2. CHARACTERS

•The personages in a literary work

3. SETTING

•The time and place where the action of a play or narrative occurs

4. POINT OF VIEW

•The outlook or position from which a story or novel is presented

5. THEME

•The idea, general truths or commentary on life or people brought by the literary work

6. SYMBOL

•The object that stands for or represents the idea or belief presented in the story

7. TONE

•The writer’s attitude towards his subject that affects his style of writing and choice of words

8. MOOD

•The state of feelings created by the literary work

FRYTAG’S PYRAMIDCLIMAX

EXPOSITION RESOLUTION

DENOUEMENTCOMPLICATION