Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views)...

Overview -Lecture 3Models of Development

• Developmental Science

• Models of Development (World Views)

• Biological Theories of Aging

• Psychological Theories of Aging

• Sociocultural Models of Aging

• Myth Busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

Link Back Lifespan Perspective says

• Development is lifelong

• Social or contextual influences on development must be considered

• Nature versus Nurture debate is outdated

Life-span

perspective

Life-span

perspectiveInterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinary

ContextualContextual

Emergence of Emergence of

Developmental ScienceDevelopmental ScienceDevelopmental ScienceDevelopmental Science

Models of Development(World Views)

• Organismic (Nature side of debate)

• Mechanistic (Nurture side of debate)

• Interactionist/Contextual (interaction between nature and nurture)

• Reciprocal relations with environment

OrganismicOrganismic MechanisticMechanistic InteractionistInteractionist

NatureNatureof changeof change

Main forceMain forceof develop-of develop-mentment

ContributionContributionof organismof organism

QualitativeQualitative QuantitativeQuantitative MultidirectionalMultidirectionalMultidimensionalMultidimensional

Active PassivePassive ActiveActive

BiologicalBiologicalintrinsicintrinsicmaturationmaturation

External External stimulusstimulusenvironmentenvironment

ReciprocalReciprocalrelations withrelations withenvironmentenvironment

SummarySummary

Two types ofTwo types of

theoriestheories

Two types ofTwo types of

theoriestheories

•Programmed aging•Programmed aging

•Random error•Random error

Biological Theories of AgingBiological Theories of Aging

Programmed Aging Theories Programmed Aging Theories

Sources of support:Sources of support:Sources of support:Sources of support:

•Gompertz CurveGompertz Curve•Heritability indexHeritability index

Genetic programming theory of agingGenetic programming theory of aging

•Age-specific death Age-specific death rate plotted against rate plotted against age in daysage in days•Is species-specificIs species-specific

•Age-specific death Age-specific death rate plotted against rate plotted against age in daysage in days•Is species-specificIs species-specific

Gompertz CurveGompertz Curve

=Correlation between monozygotic twins=Correlation between monozygotic twins

=Correlation between dizygotic twins=Correlation between dizygotic twins

Heritability IndexHeritability Index

Indicates strength of genetic influence on a characteristicIndicates strength of genetic influence on a characteristicIndicates strength of genetic influence on a characteristicIndicates strength of genetic influence on a characteristic

Programmed Aging Theories Programmed Aging Theories

•Replicative senescence-Replicative senescence- cells have limited cells have limited number of replications before they can no number of replications before they can no longer replicatelonger replicate•Telomere-Telomere- end of chromosome that protects end of chromosome that protects genetic material during replicationgenetic material during replication

Telomere TheoryTelomere Theory

Loss of telomeres may Loss of telomeres may cause agingcause agingLoss of telomeres may Loss of telomeres may cause agingcause aging

Programmed Aging TheoriesProgrammed Aging Theories

Specific Systems TheoriesSpecific Systems Theories

•Nervous system theoryNervous system theory•Endocrine system theoryEndocrine system theory

Aging caused by losses within these systemsAging caused by losses within these systemsAging caused by losses within these systemsAging caused by losses within these systems

Biological Approaches to Aging:Biological Approaches to Aging:Random Error TheoriesRandom Error Theories

Wear and tearWear and tear Mechanical damageMechanical damage

Waste productWaste product

Rate of livingRate of living

Cross-linkingCross-linking

Free radicalFree radical

Immune systemImmune system

Mutation theoriesMutation theories

Order to disorderOrder to disorder

Use up energy for lifeUse up energy for life

Collagen cross-linksCollagen cross-links

Materials accumulateMaterials accumulate

Unstable moleculesUnstable molecules

AutoimmunityAutoimmunity

Somatic mutation, errorSomatic mutation, errorcatastrophe theorycatastrophe theory

Entropy destroys systemEntropy destroys system

Biological Theories of AgingBiological Theories of Aging

•Causes of aging not yet knownCauses of aging not yet known•Genetics is more likely causeGenetics is more likely cause

•Environment also plays important roleEnvironment also plays important role

ConclusionsConclusions

Psychological Theories of Aging

•Erikson’s psychosocial theoryErikson’s psychosocial theory

•Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theoryPiaget’s cognitive-developmental theory

•Identity process modelIdentity process model•Multiple threshold modelMultiple threshold model

•Sociocultural modelSociocultural model

PSYCHOPSYCHOPSYCHOPSYCHO SOCIALSOCIALSOCIALSOCIAL

EGO EGO

DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

EGO EGO

DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Erikson’s Psychosocial TheoryErikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Biopsychosocial Nature of TheoryBiopsychosocial Nature of Theory

ChildhoodChildhood

Old AgeOld Age


Epigenetic PrincipleEpigenetic Principle

Each stage unfolds from Each stage unfolds from previous stageprevious stageEach stage unfolds from Each stage unfolds from previous stageprevious stage

Identity Achievement vs. Identity DiffusionIdentity Achievement vs. Identity DiffusionIdentity Achievement vs. Identity DiffusionIdentity Achievement vs. Identity Diffusion

Basis for later adult stagesBasis for later adult stagesBasis for later adult stagesBasis for later adult stages

Lack of directionLack of directionLack of directionLack of direction

--

Sense of purposeSense of purposeSense of purposeSense of purpose

++


Adult StagesAdult Stages

Intimacy vs. IsolationIntimacy vs. IsolationIntimacy vs. IsolationIntimacy vs. Isolation

Builds on identityBuilds on identityBuilds on identityBuilds on identity

Self-absorptionSelf-absorptionSelf-absorptionSelf-absorption

--

Mutual relationshipsMutual relationshipsMutual relationshipsMutual relationships

++



Generativity vs. StagnationGenerativity vs. StagnationGenerativity vs. StagnationGenerativity vs. Stagnation

Expressed most often in parentingExpressed most often in parenting

and workand work

Expressed most often in parentingExpressed most often in parenting

and workand work

Inward energyInward energyInward energyInward energy

--

Productivity and careProductivity and careProductivity and careProductivity and care

++



Ego Integrity vs. DespairEgo Integrity vs. DespairEgo Integrity vs. DespairEgo Integrity vs. Despair

Sets stage for youngSets stage for youngSets stage for youngSets stage for young

Fear of deathFear of deathFear of deathFear of death

--

Acceptance of pastAcceptance of pastAcceptance of pastAcceptance of past

++



Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental TheoryPiaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Basic ConceptsBasic Concepts

•Stages of development in childhoodStages of development in childhood

•Processes of developmentProcesses of development•assimilationassimilation•accommodationaccommodation

Existing structure (“Existing structure (“schemaschema”)”)

New experiencesNew experiencesNew experiencesNew experiences

Used Used to interpret interpret


Processes of Development: AssimilationProcesses of Development: Assimilation

New experiencesNew experiences

New or changed schemaNew or changed schemaNew or changed schemaNew or changed schema

CausCausee cchangehange


Processes of Development: AccommodationProcesses of Development: Accommodation

= = sense of selfsense of self IdentityIdentityIdentityIdentity

Identity Process TheoryIdentity Process Theory

Definition of IdentityDefinition of Identity

Identity Process Theory

• Identity assimilation– Interpret experiences in terms of existing self

• Identity accommodation– Change in self as result of new experiences

• Balance

Identity Process TheoryIdentity Process Theory

Multiple Threshold ModelMultiple Threshold Model

•Stepwise recognition Stepwise recognition of age changesof age changes

•Identity processesIdentity processes influence age-related control influence age-related control behaviorsbehaviors

Sociocultural Models of Development:Sociocultural Models of Development:Ecological PerspectivesEcological Perspectives

• Emphasis on relations between individual and environment as forces to change

– multiple levels to the environment

Inner Inner

processesprocesses

Inner Inner

processesprocesses

Bronfenbrenner modelBronfenbrenner model

Proximal socialProximal social

SocioculturalSociocultural

Sociocultural Models of Development:Sociocultural Models of Development:Ecological PerspectivesEcological Perspectives

Myth busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

• #11 The majority of old people are unable to adapt to change.

• False

Myth busting…Facts on Aging Revisited

• # 17 The majority of old people are socially isolated.

• False

Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views)...

Documents

Transcript of Overview -Lecture 3 Models of Development Developmental Science Models of Development (World Views)...