OVERVIEW ANNUAL REPORT 2015 - fcba.fr · The University of Paris East, of which we have become an...

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TECHNICAL INSTRUMENT FOR PROFESSIONALS IN FORESTRY, SAWING, PULP, PANELS, PACKAGING, WOOD, CONSTRUCTION, FURNITURE,

RA vision d'ensemble en anglais.indd 1 08/11/16 09:27

TECHNICAL INSTRUMENT OF THE FORESTRYWOOD AND FURNITURE SECTORS

CONTENTS


04 VISION OF THE CHAIRMAN AND OF THE GENERAL MANAGER

06 OUR PROFESSIONAL SECTORS

07 FIGURES 2015

08 GOVERNANCE

09 ORGANISATIONAL CHART

10 MILESTONES

16 PERFORMANCE CONTRACT 2016 - 2019

18 PARTNERSHIPS AND SYNERGY: THE STRENGTH OF A NETWORK

20 WHEN WOOD CONSTRUCTION BECOMES SELF-EVIDENT

22 MECHANISATION OF LOGGING

24 VALORISATION OF HARDWOOD IN CONSTRUCTION

26 FOREST AVAILABILITY, A STRATEGIC CHALLENGE FOR THE SECTOR

28 BAOGREFF: ACCESS TO 50 YEARS OF FORESTRY DATA

30 DOUGLAS OF FUTURE, TOWARDS NEW ORCHARDS!

32 OPTIGRAINE, DISSEMINATION OF IMPROVED MARITIME PINE VARIETIES

34 DNA REVEALS THE ORIGIN AND SPECIES OF OAKS

36 GENECOCHEM, FOREST BIOMOLECULE DEPOSIT

38 WOOD, AN INTERESTING SOURCE OF POLYMERS

40 GOOD PRACTICES FOR ENERGY AND BIOMASS WOOD SUPPLY: MOQAPRO AND OPTI-SCREEN

42 A WOOD DRYING LABORATORY IN BORDEAUX

44 TOWARDS SAWING ENERGY CONSUMPTION CONTROL

46 MULTI-STOREY WOOD CONSTRUCTION

48 BIM: WOOD SECTOR ACTION PLAN

50 BEHAVIOUR OF CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS IN SEISMIC AREAS

52 COMFORT LABEL

54 HOUSING FOR SENIOR CITIZENS: CO-INNOVATION FOR AND IN USE

56 REDUCTION OF VOLATILE POLLUTANTS CONTAINED IN FURNITURE: CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS

58 WOOD IN CONTACT WITH FOOD: MICROWOOD THESIS (2012-2015)

60 INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF THE FOREST-WOOD SECTOR, AN INDUSTRIAL STAKE OF €6 BILLION

62 CERTIFICATION: DEVELOPMENT LEVER …

23


THE WIND IN OUR SAILS...

VISION OF THE CHAIRMAN AND

OF THE GENERAL MANAGER

The FCBA Parisian staff have been in the new premises at Champs-sur-Marne for a year now, and were very rapidly capable of redeploying the means and resources that they place at the service of all companies in the wood sector each day.

During the preparation of the project, it was decided to preserve above all the production capacities in terms of laboratory and office space, so as to assign FCBA’s means and resources optimally to the efficiency and service expected by all stakeholders in our sector.

But the project had to reflect also the innovations and performance of the products, components and construction systems of the forest-wood-furniture-cellulose sector. This challenge has been taken up beyond my expectations.

The Champs-sur-Marne site was not chosen haphazardly and the “Sustainable City Cluster,” already well established, represented a great interest for the wood and furniture sector, used mainly in construction or housing. The University of Paris East, of which we have become an associate member, the CSTB, with which we have a partnership for more than 10 years, the School of Bridges and Roads, the School of Architecture, the IFSTTAR and many other laboratories and schools structure this cluster, in which FCBA aspires to become a fully-fledged member.

The worksite was completed on schedule (give or take two months) and within the initial budget: €23.7 million for the buildings out of €33 million for the overall project. It is not very common for projects of such scope, and I would like to congratulate all those who worked so hard to achieve it. In the beginning of 2016, there is no need for words anymore, which often happens in France, but for action. To get out on top at this time of crisis, we need solidarity in our sector, to concentrate on the maximum of revenues and activities on FCBA, in connection with the Institute’s areas of expertise, which we know cover the entire sector.

This sector originates in our beautiful French forests, and finds its way in all aspects of our daily life through a series of added values stemming from ever more sophisticated operating methods. Along this road of transformation and valorisation, which goes from resource to finished product, FCBA’s role is to optimise each of the steps that lead to the use of wood stemming from our French forests. The institute is thus a vehicle of productivity and competiveness for our companies.

FCBA is without any doubt the most emblematic organisation of the entire French wood sector. It is also, albeit not sufficiently known, the most important institute specialised in wood in Europe, recognised by its European peers in all the organisations in which it participates, particularly by chairing the workshops that perform on European standardisation.

Someone from Bpifrance wrote one day about “wood people:” “these people sleep with wood, eat with wood, talk about wood, breathe with wood... they live with wood.”

I know a lot of “wood people” who work at FCBA. There are really committed people at Champs-sur-Marne, Bordeaux and elsewhere, as in the entire sector, and I am confident that they will fight and win this new battle, by managing to adapt to the new roles of the economy, particularly those brought about by the digital explosion which is turning our daily life upside down.

Because we now know that our fine material has the wind in its sails, and this wind will be all the more favourable as FCBA helps us to chart the right course.

The French like wood.And FCBA is going to teach them to put their trust in wood

Jean Claude SEVEChairman of the Board

of Directors


As you will discover by reading this report, 2015 was an eventful year for the Institute.

The year kicked off with the completion and launch of our new headquarters at Champs-sur-Marne. It was an effort and a necessity which we have not gone through since Bordeaux, 15 years ago. It is now a success duly recognised by our partners and customers. It was rewarded by our successful COFRAC audit, prizes and the esteem of our visitors.

The Chairman of the Board of Directors underscored this result in his editorial opposite. Please allow me to thank him, on behalf of the Institute, for his support and leadership, as well as the two other chairmen and members of the board of directors, my predecessor, and the FCBA staff with whom we have tackled this challenge for seven years.

At the end of 2015, our Performance contract for 2016-2019 was approved unanimously by our Board of Directors and our supervisory authorities. We are henceforth endowed with a renewed strategy in line with the work of the National Forest-Wood Programme (known by the French initials PNFP) and our strategic committee sector (CNI). It gives us new impetus whilst continuing to be oriented to our customers, in the service of our sector. It is the first of the performance contracts of industrial technical centres signed by our ministers. It comprises a business plan which bolsters our collective state funding.

Our efforts to be entrusted with the Shared Economic Monitoring of the Sector were crowned with success also at the end of 2015 for a 3-year term. This decision commits and honours us.

The decision of five ministers and one secretary of state (Mrs Royal, Mrs Cosse, Mrs Vallaud-Belkacem and Mr Le Foll, Macron as well as Mr Mandon) to entrust us with the task of proposing innovations for the forest-wood-furniture sector is also an honour for the Institute. We took up the task together with the Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations [Deposits and Consignments Fund], the Centre National de la Propriété Forestière [National Centre for Forest Property] and the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique [National Institute for Agricultural Research] and submitted the report at the beginning of May 2016.

In 2016, FCBA will provide daily advice and support to more than 2000 companies in our 14th national strategic sector.

2016 will certainly see other triumphs, for the “future is not foreseen, it is prepared.” (Maurice Blondel).

Happy reading.

Georges-Henri FLORENTINGeneral Manager

45


OUR PROFESSIONAL SECTORSFrom upstream to downstream, FCBA provides advice and guidance for the different professional sectors to develop and improve their competitiveness

All actions to that end and the related stakes are set out in its performance contract 2016-2019. They are grouped around three fundamental principles which constitute the base of the institute’s activities:

• Acquire, centralise, manage and disseminate scientific and technical information; research and development, economic, regulatory and technological monitoring, documentation and training.

• Place its recognised expertise and skills at the dis-posal of companies: technology transfer, standar-disation, consultancy, technical assistance, testing, training, information.

• Support the professions to become leaders on the European and international markets: standardisation, quality, certification, high technology.

Note: We have used the symbols below for all the projects presented in this document, which illustrate FCBA’s commitment to serve the professional sectors. Sectors in colour are direct beneficiaries of the results of the described projects.

Préservation


FIGURES 2015

1 206

2 258

464

6 299

918

7 064

2941 138

4 207

6 890

€30 734 KTURNOVER

Invoiced customers

3 334

Customerscreations

3 227

Website visits

637 886

Satisfied customers

96%

Trained persons

953

Private contracts, studies, services, sales Miscellaneous (other revenues)Ministry in charge of the industry CVO Wood Quality certification Pulp industry CODIFAB Furniture CODIFAB Wood Other subsidies Public contracts, studies and researchMinistry in charge of agriculture

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GOVERNANCE

REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PROFESSIONS France Bois Forêt Cyril Le Picard

France Bois Industries Entreprises Luc Charmasson

Private forest René LempireSawing Jean-Claude Sève (Président du Conseil d’Administration)

Éric PlantierPackaging Jean DossinPulp Jean-Michel Boulay

Philippe GaudronPanels Anne DuisabeauConstruction Wood Industries Bertrand Minot

Vincent PasquetConstruction companies Jean-Marc Desmedt

Marc SauvageFurniture Jean-Luc Guéry

Philippe LacharnayPersonalities Fabrice Balix (Lapeyre)

Étienne Crépon (CSTB)Joëlle Kergreïs (ADEME)Dr Benoît Lesaffre (Université Paris-Est)François Xavier Dugripon (Engie)Emmanuel Acchiardi (DHUP)Patrick Falcone (ONF)

REPRESENTATIVES OF TECHNICAL STAFF OF COMPANIES Jean-Claude Alliot (CFDT)Philippe Ferro (CFE-CGC - Fibopa)Gaétan Nugues (FO bât-bois - TP)Christophe Seres (CGT construction)

FCBA MANAGEMENT Georges-Henri Florentin

GOVERNMENT COMMISSIONERS Ministry of Agriculture : Véronique BorzeixMinistry of Industry : Christophe Lerouge (DGE)

Claude Marchand (DGE)

GENERAL COMPTROLLER FOR ECONOMY AND FINANCE Alain Rocca (Ministère des finances et des comptes publics)

AUDITOR Jean-Christophe Labourdette (Inextenso)

The FCBA Board of Directors is composed of 26 members divided into three colleges in which all the sectors of the wood strategic branch are represented.


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GENERAL MANAGEMENTGeorges-Henri Florentin

DEPUTY MANAGER FOR PROGRAMMES

André Richter

Biotechnologies Advanced silviculture

Alain Bailly

First Processing Supply

Philippe Monchaux

Wood Construction Industries

Frédéric StaatAdjoint :

Serge le Nevé

Furniture

Valérie Gourvès

PROFESSIONAL CLUSTERS

Human Resources

Organisation

Béatrice Pin Jouenne

Finance andManagement

Pierre Sanchez

General Services

André Richter

Legal

Samuel Bonpunt

Informationsystems

Robert Golja

ORGANISATIONAL CHART

Customers & Training

Department

Pierre Bonfils

Wood and Furniture Standardisation

Office

Frédéric Henry

QualityCertificationDepartment

Alain Hocquet

Innovation & Research Department

Andreas Kleinschmit von Lengefeld

Fréderic RougerEnvironment Health Economy - Gérard Deroubaix

InTechFibres - Michel Petit-Conil

Wood Laboratories - Marc Jequel

CROSS

CLUTERS

89


MILESTONES


RELOCATION OF ALL PARISIAN STAFF AT CHAMPS-SUR-MARNE The transfer of laboratories continued until February 2015 and was concluded by the installation of the Living Lab and the virtual immersion cabin. The site was inaugurated in April by Minister for Agriculture Stéphane Le Foll and the Fablab was inaugurated in October. The Cofrac audit of December 2015, passed successfully, and the congratulations of the team of auditors made it possible to approve definitively the continuity plan that had been considered during the move. By way of reminder, this transfer was carried out without suspending the accreditation of the laboratories

January 2015

LAUNCH OF THE RECYFIBRE PROJECT Financed by ADEME, Valdelia and Ecomobilier, the project was launched in the premises of Véolia in Nanterre. The purpose of the project was to recover furniture waste, in particular MDF panels in the production of paper pulp or panels. The ITF and Furniture clusters of FCBA are involved in this project with the CTP.

29 January 2015

A NEW GENERATION OF IMPROVED MARITIME PINE VARIETY The projects to create fourth generation orchards, varieties produced by the SIG Maritime Pine of the Future, entered their active phase since 2015 with a change of strategy to take account of the latest improvements on two fronts:

• Genetic composition: the constituent progenitors of orchards are obtained by selecting the best descendants of the best families (forward selection) instead of selecting parents (backward selection). This advancement has been made possible in particular by an FCBA-INRA dissertation.

• Planting of orchards: the strategy to create orchards is continuous in time thanks to the planting of 10 to 15 hectares of orchards per year: this makes it possible to introduce new selections in the orchards regularly, making it possible to adapt these solutions to the development of the climate context.

March 2015

FCBA, PARTNER OF THE CONFERENCE ON THE COMBINATION OF MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS At this Conference organised by LE MONITEUR in Paris, FCBA presented the results of two projects: EFFINOVBois, to optimise wood-concrete “second skin” solution for renovation, and SISBAT, to combine wood/terra cotta as a response to seismic stress.

17 March 2015

NATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON SOCIAL HOUSING AND WOOD CONSTRUCTION Organised by FCBA and the Social Union for Housing at the Regional Council of Aquitaine, this colloquium was completed on 1 April 2015 by a programme of visits to companies and worksites. Supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Aquitaine Region, this project was geared to more than 200 stakeholders in the wood sector: social housing project owners, developers, architects, engineering offices, inspection offices, industrialists and professionals. It was intended to showcase the technical and economic assets of the proposed construction and innovative solutions by comparing them to the expectations of providers of social housing.

31 March 2015

THE CTB-A+ CERTIFICATE CELEBRATED ITS 55TH ANNIVERSARYOn 10 April 2015, Georges-Henri Florentin, Frédéric Staat, Éric Vieillemard and the team of CTB-A+ certificate invited certified companies to visit the new FCBA premises at the Cité Descartes in Champs-sur-Marne. This visit was followed by a general meeting and a festive evening.

10 April 2015

1011


VISIT OF ALAIN ROUSSET TO FCBA BORDEAUXAlain Rousset, President of the Aquitaine Region, reiterated the region’s aid during the presentation of the extension of the Boutaut site. Planned in two phases, this project aims to address several challenges faced by the wood construction sector: market development and reinforcement of the performance of the scientific and technological teams in acoustics, heat energy, and natural ageing of wood. He was very interested in the demonstration of the seismic slab, a tool supported in the previous State- Regional Project Contract to test and show the resistance of wooden structures in earthquakes.

12 May 2015

CARBON FOOTPRINT OF PACKAGES FCBA conducted an analysis of the lifecycle and carbon footprint of packaging for affiliates of the Syndicat de l’Emballage Industriel et de la Logistique Associée (SEILA) [Union of Industrial packaging and Related Logistics]. The results of this study headed by Tifenn Guennec, of the Environment-Health Cluster, are summarised in a brochure entitled “The wooden case, a carbon pit in the heart of logistics” and presented at a press conference on 23 June 2015.

23 June 2015

TISSUE WORLD AT SAO PAULO BRAZIL FCBA InTechFibres participated in Tissue World in Sao Paulo, Brazil, with a booth in cooperation with the CTP and Techpap, to publicise InTechFibres and its competencies but also to meet major Brazilian stakeholders in pulp production.

18-22 May 2015

CHESTNUT: A NEW SPECIES FOR FCBAAt the request of FCBA’s Forest Professional committee, a preliminary programme for the selection of forest chestnut varieties was launched in mid-2015 with financial support from the Regional Council of Aquitaine. The national and international synergies with the fruit sector were explored to identify potential varieties that can resist diseases. An overview and exploratory tests were initiated on several lines of selection.

June 2015

MILESTONES

WOOD CONSTRUCTION FORUM 2015 IN NANCYFCBA, as co-organizer, participated in several workshops during this important event for all professionals. The Forum 2015 in figures: 1100 participants, 110 exhibitors, some one hundred lecturers, and a wooden arc on the forecourt by way of a manifesto. dressée sur le parvis comme un manifeste.

15, 16 and 17 April 2015

FCBA PARTICIPATION IN THE 1ST “SILENT TIMBER BUILD” SEMINAR IN STOCKHOLM ON THE ACOUSTIC PREDICTIONS FOR WOODEN STRUCTURES Acoustic predictions are of great importance for the construction industry, particularly for builders. The subjects presented focused on the use of wood in multi-storey construction with an in-depth examination of the acoustics and vibration on the low, medium, and high frequencies. The seminar was organized by the European project financed by the WoodWisdomNet+ platform in cooperation with the Swedish forestry industries.

28-29 April 2015

ACOUSTIC TECHNOLOGY DAY Some one hundred participants discovered on this day the stakes of construction in wood in urban areas, organized by FCBA in cooperation with Interprofession Francilbois, in connection with PASS’Filière Forêt-Bois-Île-de-France 2014-2017, at the School of Architecture in Champs-sur-Marne.

6 May 2015

WOOD WASTE An important analysis study of the wood waste situation in the energy, wood and materials industry, entrusted to FCBA by ADEME, was finalised in 2015 by the teams of the economy-energy cluster and the environment-health cluster. This study opened the way for the Wood Sector Strategic Committee to draw up a waste plan so as to increase the mobilisation and recovery of this resource.

20 April 2015


MISSION TO JAPAN ORGANISED BY THE FRENCH EMBASSY AT THE REQUEST OF THE UNION OF JAPANESE ARCHITECTS FCBA was part of the French delegation and took part in 2 Franco-Japanese seminars on wood construction.

9 and 11 October 2015

LAUNCH OF THE ILIQO PROJECT CTP and FCBA launched the ILIQO project in Grenoble to integrate the recovery of lignins, in a pulp production plant and to use them for different potential industrial applications.

22 October 2015

WOOD DUST The “wood dust” convention intended to promote the prevention of the risk of cancer from exposure to wood dust, organized jointly by the public authorities (Ministry of Labour), professional organisations from the wood sector and occupational health organizations (INRS, OPPBTP, CNAM, CARSATs, etc.), was achieved in 2015, after three years. FCBA made a substantial contribution to the deliberations, particularly through several studies aimed at identifying the difficulties of regulatory control of exposure and assessing continuously and in real time, the potential of control systems used by the Environment – Health Cluster. FCBA also helped prepare two guide documents published by the INRS to rationalise the exposure control approach: “Why control the exposure to wood dust?” and “Wood dust exposure measures.”

November 2015

EPAMARNE / FCBA PROTOCOLThis protocol was signed to provide a basis for the EPAMARNE/FCBA partnership for the development of wood and biosourced materials, particularly for high-rise buildings.

2 July 2015

CALL TO SHOW DYNAMIC INTEREST FCBA has obtained 7 projects under the AMI Dynamic. They are in line with territorial actions for the mobilization of wood and meet fully one of the objectives of the performance contract.

October 2015

DAY DEVOTED TO CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE IN SEISMIC AREAS IN THE PACA REGIONOrganised by FCBA in Saint-Cannat, this day entails exchanges and sharing of skills, a presentation of the new seismic regulations and the latest advancements in construction in seismic regions..

6 October 2015

FCBA SUBMITS TO ADEME AN ASSESSMENT OF THE WOOD WASTE DEPOSIT AND ITS POSITIONING IN THE WOOD/ENERGY WOOD SECTOR ADEME commissioned FCBA for an important analysis of the situation of wood waste in the wood material / energy sector, which was conducted by the Economy – Prospective Energy and Environment – Health clusters. This study opened the way to a waste plan by the Wood Sector Strategic Committee to increase the mobilization and valorization of this resource.

22 September 2015

HOUSING FOR SENIOR CITIZENS Senior citizens no longer have to adapt to their housing. It is their housing that adapts to the change in the way they live. The Housing for senior citizens project aims to provide housing that can be adapted to the way our elderly live. The programme brought together a developer, an architect, and 13 French industrialists for 3 years. Led by FCBA in partnership with the University of Paris VIII, this consortium has reconsidered fully the way of designing such housing for senior citizens, applying the expertise of all its stakeholders, in particular by involving the future users in all stages of the project. 11 innovations and services were devised in different industrial sectors. Beyond their use for seniors, these solutions are finding areas of application.

November 2015

1213


MILESTONES

1ST MEETING WITH THE WOOD LABORATORIES AT FCBA BORDEAUX This day was devoted to construction products around 3 topics: indoor air quality, fire resistance, AEV tests (French acronym for Air/Water/Wind), and permeability of joinery at low pressure. The chemistry laboratory opened its doors to show its two rooms (interior volume: 4.8 m3) used to measure the real scope of emissions from furniture and exterior woodwork products. The Physics Laboratory presented the development of AEV testing standards for joinery, and the new regulatory requirements (EC marking) in fire resistance and reaction to fire, particularly in woodwork. A subsequent meeting is planned for autumn 2016.

2 December 2015

TECHNICAL DAY ON FORESTRY IN MOUNTAIN REGIONS Under the European Simwood project, FCBA organised a technical day on harvesting in sloping areas and related decision-making tools. More than a hundred professional participants took part in the Grenoble delegation.

19 November 2015

NANOCELLULOSE SEMINARFCBA InTechFibres participated in the first Nanocellulose seminar in France, organised in Grenoble to bring researchers of the sector together, discover French competencies and put scientists from very different industrial sectors together.

26-27 November 2015

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE In partnership with ADEME, CIRAD and CNPF, FCBA has conducted an exploratory study on theenvironmental methods and performance on heating with wood, which lays the foundations of an important development of methods for 14 calculating such performance according to goals.

December 2015

FOREST AVAILABILITY FOR ENERGY AND MATERIALS IN 2035 ADEME, the Ministry of Agriculture, Agri-food and Forests, and the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, in partnership with IGN and FCBA, presented the results of the last study on forest availability for energy and materials in 2035.

16 December 2015

FPINNOVATIONS AND THE FCBA TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE SIGN A MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING The understanding, for a 3-year term, enters into force on 1 November 2015. The first steps will include an enhanced sharing of experiences, knowledge, resources and good methods and will lead to common research projects. The memorandum aims more specifically to creating a synergy between the two institutes, to stimulate exchanges on common directions for development and devise collaborative projects in the interest of the members of the respective forestry industries of the two organisations.

16 November 2015

BATIMATFCBA and CNDB welcome their visitors at the Wood Solutions booth to promote the use of wood in the construction sector through conferences on the strong points of wood construction and the presentation of the Wood Construction Catalogue.

2 to 6 November 2015


French Pavilion at the Milan World Expo.. FCBA expert on Wood Panel of Judges

15


2016 - 2019

The Government has, through the ministries in charge, introduced performance contracts for technical centres, including institutions, to ensure that actions are in line with the public policies and challenges identi�ed by professionals. FCBA capitalises on this support to define its strategy. This 4-year strategic vision allows us to apprehend our competitive environment from the economic and technological point of view, and to de�ne action programmes for the short and medium term, so as to improve competitiveness and provide support to companies in our sectors. The FCBA performance contract comprises all these elements and constitutes the Institute’s roadmap for the years to come. It will generate greater pro�tability for all our sectors.

CHALLENGES: The challenges are of different economic and technological orders. The major economic challenge for the forest-wood and furniture sectors is to help create added value on the national territory. (Give priority to transforming forest areas that are not very productive, improve the competitiveness of companies, develop resources, particularly hardwood, etc.). The second challenge is to have the forest-wood sector appreciated for the role it plays in the fight against climate change.

The technological challenges in turn consist of optimising the 1st and 2nd processing procedures, developing new building products that combine wood with other materials, and developing digital technology in the design of products and structures.

Professional organisations also have demands which we have to address. They expect actions from FCBA on:

• The availability of the resource

• The competitiveness of companies established in France

• The characterisation of wood or furniture products

PERFORMANCE CONTRACT


LINES OF THE PERFORMANCE CONTRACT FOR THE NEXT FIVE YEARS The different lines of this contract cover essentially the needs of the sectors and industries represented by FCBA.

• Priorities in R&D and innovation according to potential markets and the needs of industrialists (competitiveness, productivity, environment, digitisation):

- Develop national resources by improving the competitiveness of businesses

- Promote sustainable housing conditions

- Boost digital technology in the forest-wood and furniture sectors

- Improve the productivity of forests and contribute to increase the wood harvest in connection with climate change

- Meet the expectations of users (1) to capitalise better on the wooden and furniture products

• Definition and implementation of a policy for technology transfer, dissemination, training, and technology monitoring in coordination with local and European stakeholders.

• Contribution to the development of standardisation and participation in the charting of regulations.

• Promotion of quality of services, in particular by promoting the certification process, and products from the forest-wood and furniture sectors.

• Contribution to the public policies pursued by the State.

Human and technological resources will be deployed by FCBA to meet all those objectives. At the request of Bercy Finances, the performance contract provides for a return to stability for the Institute (after its involuntary investment in Champs-sur-Marne) during the period of this performance contract (Cap 19 operation). FCBA will rely in particular on its partnerships and networks that are the strength and the success of these projects, which are as cross-sectional as can be for our sectors.

1617


STRENGTH OF A NETWORK

The FCBA Technology Institute is at the heart of a network taking shape at the territorial, national, European and world level. This close link with any partners enables the Institute to:

• Pool teams, investments and skills

• Attain sufficient weight to tackle the issues and challenges facing the sector

• Exchange and share work practices to improve and remain topical.

At the national level, FCBA is part of the network of Industrial Technical Centres (CTI), which comprises 40 establishments and employs 4000 people. For construction, FCBA is a member of the sustainable Construction Materials and Equipment group (known by the French initials MECD), which comprises 5 CTIs (FCBA, CETIAT, CERIB, CTMNC, CETIM). This network is used to share experiences on common topics for the CTIs such as the development and application of research among industrialists.

FCBA is an associate member of the University of Paris – East and has signed an agreement with the University of Bordeaux. Research institutions such as the INRA, CNRS, CSTB, ONF, IDF, ENGREF, IRSTEA, and IGM are also working with FCBA to implement projects, particularly in forestry.

FCBA is also an associate member of FBF and FBIE and contributes extensively to the collective work financed by CODIFAB.

On the territorial level, FCBA works closely with the network of regional inter-professions, France Bois Regions (known by the French initials FBR), association which federates all their actions. Memoranda have been signed with entities particularly as regards continuing training. In 2015, FBR contributed to the gathering of information on the renovation of buildings under the ARBRE project.

FCBA participates also in networks such as the competitiveness clusters (Tenerrdis in Rhône-Alpes, Xylofutur in Aquitaine, Fibres-Energivie in Lorraine and Alsace, Industry and Agri-resources in Champagne - Ardennes, Advancity in Marne-la-Vallée). The Energy Transition Institute INEF 4 (created in connection with the Aquitaine Region, the University of Bordeaux and Nobatek) is also on board in these territorial networks.

Furthermore, cooperation with the institutes in charge of research on forestry and wood products in Europe and abroad is vital and strategic. When issues that interest the sector can be defended at European level, it gives them more weight and enables them to mobilise support and funding with greater ease. A third of the research at FCBA is financed by Europe or by trans-national programmes (Woodwisdom-Net+, Foresterra, SUM-Forest…).

FCBA is also part of “InnovaWood” technical network that develops Training and research services for the wood sector in Europe.

PARTNERSHIPS AND SYNERGY


All the cooperation schemes thus established, which make it possible to attain a sufficient critical mass to mount projects, are not limited to research, but also help implement actions for development, standardisation, certification, regulation, etc.

FCBA aspires to keeping these networks and partnerships going and to revitalising them for the benefit of the entire sector.

1819


Yves SCHWARZBACH

Author of “L’institut Technologique FCBA”

in the «L’esprit du lieu - Architecture» collection

The new FCBA headquarters is far more than a showcase for the sector. As an image driver, it promotes wood in all its guises. Forum, innovation portal and workplace for 150 sta�, this building beyond norms illustrates FCBA’s aspiration to turn every space into a demonstration of the wood’s per-formance. Ever powerful and light, this building addresses a complex programme with simplicity: “Customised” with a touch of modernity which works well with innovative tech-nique.


WHENWOOD CONSTRUCTION BECOMES SELF-EVIDENT Success is never a matter of chance. Wood con struction has always been synonymous with daring.The performance of the material needs no further proof, but a double challenge of innovation and structural combination had to be met here. Michel Canac’s architectural design illustrates the potential of combining wood, steel and concrete, with consummate art. The concrete lift cores are used as bracing while freeing modular volumes. The structure uses post-and-beam framing in spruce and Douglas glued laminated timber, that combines resistance and thermal inertia. The façade features bearing walls with framewood, cladding and brise-soleil in larch, spruce and Douglas wood, windows and joinery in Scots pine. On the esthetical front, each species has its texture, colour and later, patina – industrial quality and well-being. Nearly 1000 m3 of wood from French forests have been assembled for this biosourced building which meets Thermal Regulation 2012 for the tertiary sector and Thermal Regulation RT 2005 for laboratories. Yet this exploit had to be given meaning. A playful architectural paradigm? Entangled bars, volumes superposed as in a life-size construction game, a traditional base and changing superstructure. A solid and light stacking, reminiscent of logs in a

forest, planks on the building sites and carpenter assemblies. Simple and compact volumes, the ground floor clad with planks, while two interior struts sculpt its thickness. Connecting the laboratories, they provide a fine volume in the heart of the building. The offices thus afford pleasant vistas outside, whilst combining user-friendliness and ergonomics. Further up, construction intelligence comes into its own. Two cantilevered bars, with balconies, cross another bar in wood and metal. Also clad in wood, slender walkways link these volumes, composing a sort of interior cathedral, 16 metres high, where light flows abundantly. This naturalist, sober and generous bias serves as a reminder that sustainable construction and innovation are complementary. Like wood itself, this building delights with elegance, authenticity and simplicity – which explains the FIMBACTE silver trophy for living environment and the SIMI grand prize received in 2014. An initial citation whilst waiting another, more humane one, bestowed by its users and visitors, and an inspiration for all project owners, architects, engineers and companies who are passionate about wood.

2021


Material innovations to boost productivity while limiting the environmental impact of logging works.EMMANUEL CACOT

PHILIPPE RUCH


MECHANISATION OF LOGGING

In 2015, FCBA continued, together with its professional partners (ETF, operators, cooperatives), its work on the search for practical solutions to facilitate the mobilisation of wood in the forest. These works are pursued through two projects:

• ECO-MEF on the development of tools to mechanise hardwood logging;

• INOFOX concerning material innovation in QSE (Quality, Safety, Environment).

Under ECO-MEF, several problems linked to the mechanisation of hardwood logging were identified (trimming, flexuosity, trees getting caught in shrubs, etc.), which prod the search for new technological designs.

In 2015, the works were focused on trimming with the development of special blades. Following laboratory tests, trials were carried out on two logging machines working almost exclusively with hardwood. Several versions of these patented special blades were tested to improve their efficacy gradually. In the end, a 20% improvement was registered in the forming phase, and 50% on the productivity of machines on hardwood. The optimisation of these blades will be continued in 2016 before dissemination among professionals.

Funders: BPI France (FUI project), FEDER,Regional Councils of Aquitaine, Limousin and Auvergne Departmental Councils of Allier and Puy-de-Dôme, Conurbation of Brive, Community of the municipalities of Clermont-Ferrand

Partners: FCBA, ISI, SIGMA (formerly IFMA), IRSTEA,International Paper – Comptoir des bois de Brive, FBR, Lycée Claude Mercier Competitiveness clusters: Viaméca, Xylofutur

INOFOX is a “multifaceted” project to test various innovations with the professional partners.:

• The Envirosys kit test of the lubrication of logging machine cutting components.

Its particular feature is that it injects biodegradable grease, in a very small quantity, at the place where chain oil is normally used, thereby reducing the consumption of lubricants substantially. Monitoring moreover showed that there was an impact on the guide and chain consumption. Furthermore, operators/testers appreciated the comfort generated by the system in terms of handling, storage and saving time. As the return on investment in the Envirosys is relatively rapid, this kit facilitates switching to biodegradable lubricant for many mechanised logging companies.

Funders: Regional Councils of Burgundy and Midi-Pyrenees, COPACELPartners: FCBA, EFM, SEBSO, SKCDP

• The search for additional equipment to increase the range of use of holders for logging on soil sensitive to subsidence. The conditions of using half-tracks in synthetic RAUP F (made by Felasto) for floodplain forests, compared with the metal tracks normally used, could thus be determined.

.

Funders: Regional Council of Burgundy; COPACELPartners: FCBA, Ets Denis D’Herbomez

2223


JEAN-DENIS LANVIN

GUILLAUME LEGRAND

Although hardwood logging production has declined sharply in France in the last twenty years, we are now rediscovering the immense potential of such species for construction, particularly in terms of structure, provided the last regulatory or normative obstacles are removed. Following the campaigns to characterise oak (2004 & 2009) and poplar cultivars (2009 and 2013), FCBA continues its e�orts to promote hardwood in construction with technical and institutional partners following the results contained in the report entitled “Valorisation des feuillus” (MINAGRI study - 2011) through the Chestnut Study (2012-2015).In addition, two projects are mobilising the teams of the First Processing, Sup-ply clusters, wood construction industries, and wood laboratories: the French Oak project and the EU Hardwood project.


VALORISATION OF HARD-WOOD IN CONSTRUCTION

Although hardwood logging production has declined sharply in France in the last twenty years, we are now rediscovering the immense potential of such species for construction, particularly in terms of structure, provided the last regulatory or normative obstacles are removed. Following the campaigns to characterise oak (2004 & 2009) and poplar cultivars (2009 and 2013), FCBA continues its e�orts to promote hardwood in construction with technical and institutional partners following the results contained in the report entitled “Valorisation des feuillus” (MINAGRI study - 2011) through the Chestnut Study (2012-2015).In addition, two projects are mobilising the teams of the First Processing, Sup-ply clusters, wood construction industries, and wood laboratories: the French Oak project and the EU Hardwood project.

Hardwood is not very widespread in wood construction in Europe, in spite of the importance of the resource, because of major gaps concerning their mechanical assessment, integration in current processes system, the assessment of products made from such species and their recognition on the market.

To develop the use of hardwood species on the construction market against such a background, it is necessary to create high-added value projects and to prepare the “regulatory” framework so that they can find their way on the market. For that, the Beech project (2011-2016) focuses on the phases for the classification of wood and the assessment of reconstituted products (laminated wood), a project headed by FCBA with the support of the Ministry of Agriculture, CODIFAB, France Bois Forêt and ONF. The rules for sorting French beech wood by the visual method were approved in 2015, and the amendment of the NF B 52-001 standard is to appear in 2016, that will also include the chestnut sorting rules. This will make it possible to use the major hardwood species in construction (sawing – solid wood).

In parallel, the main objective of the EU Hardwood project (WoodWisdom-Net 2014 – 2016) is to collect existing knowledge on hardwood species at European level, ensure the recognition thereof for construction, and then include them in efficient, economically viable production models that are suitable for the market.

The partnership put in place brings together countries that are very much involved in the valorisation of hardwood in Europe: Austria (coordinator), Germany, France and Slovenia. The French partners are FCBA and the manufacturer of laminated timber structures SIMONIN, with the support of ADEME, the Ministry of Agriculture, CODIFAB and France Bois Forêt.

To promote the use of hardwood on the construction market, it is essential to create high added value products and to prepare the regulatory framework so that they can find their way on the market. EU Hardwood is to that end studying all the phases of the value chain

• Supply: definition of the different species, qualities of round wood, optimisation of sawing and value models.The impact of new uses on the 1st processing is also being studied.

• Classification: development of harmonised (visual and machine) classification protocols in connection with CEN TC 124/WG2/TG1.

• Reconstitution by gluing: definition of assessment protocols for gluing adhesives, particularly hardwood species, in connection with CEN TC 193/SC1.

• Production and assessment of high added value reconstituted products such as laminated wood and cross-layer wood: integration of hardwood species from different origins and qualities in reconstituted products and their assessment in connection with CEN TC 124/WG3. On the French side, an effort has been made on reconstituted products made with French oak.

This project is pursued with research in progress at the national scale such as the characterisation of BLC products in beech (2016) and BLC products in chestnut (2015).

2425


Alain THIVOLLE-CAZATBiomass is used for many purposes relating to the climate, energy and sustainable development. Conversely, assessing whether the supply will be su�cient and which sources could be mobilised remains a complex undertaking.


FOREST AVAILABILITY, STRATEGIC CHALLENGE FOR THE SECTOR In 2015, in partnership with IGN, FCBA finalised a national study on wood availability (materials and energy) in 2035, financed by ADEME, COPACEL and IGN

It showed that availability was expected to grow by at least 7 million m3 and up to 20 million m3 provided that forest management was intensified to a very high degree. This additional availability consists mainly of hardwood, and is situated in small, private properties.

These studies of resources and forest availability implement many competencies:

• Knowledge and mastery of the IGN’s Forest Inventory databases;

• Modelling of the growth of forest stands and forestry;

• Taking into account the conditions of exploitation and related techniques; exploitation costs and the price of wood to define the volumes of economically feasible harvesting; characteristics of private properties to determine the volumes that are really put on the market.

New data have made it possible to improve substantially the quality of the results: the direct measurement of the harvest in the forest makes it possible to better characterise the property of origin, the species, size and quality; the harvest scenarios are then closer to the reality to simulate future availability and deduce the possible harvest supplement with greater precision. Crossing the maps of private properties that are subject to a management plan makes it henceforth possible to distinguish the availability according to the size of the properties.

A comparison of availability with scenarios for the development of demand drawn up by professionals of the wood sector has shown that:

The abundant supply of hardwood will continue to be undervalued for this usage;

• The supply of softwood, which is in shortage today, will not be able to meet the growing demand in all the scenarios;

• The demand for energy and industrial wood will be met only if the entire available biomass is mobilised: round wood, related products, residues and hardwood not used.

These results have made it possible to define the multi-year energy planning. They will enable the regions to define their wood strategy, while industrialists will have a better vision of the development of their supplies. The knowledge of wood categories available (hardwood in all sizes but increasingly with large wood), their location (small private properties), make it possible to target the mobilisation actions to be considered.

2627


ALAIN BOUVETThe website http://base-sylviculture-genetique.fcba.fr was created at the end of 2015.

It lists all the forestry tests and all the genetic references tested by FCBA from the outset (AFOCEL 1962) in the form of metadata.


BAOGREFF: ACCESS TO 50 YEARS OF FORESTRY DATA The purpose of this new tool is to make known (essentially to the scientific community) the wealth of our experimental network: one thousand experimental devices monitored at this time, 40 000 genetic references tested. This website was developed as part of the European project TREES4FUTURE (contract EU-FP7 n° 284181) intended to create, at European level, a community of researchers in forest genetics and easy access to sources of information at different research centres.

It is therefore important to communicate about our expertise: What species are we working on? Which genetic references have been tested? On what devices? How long ago? What measures have been taken? Etc. This website is therefore an opening to the outside which should ultimately lead to new cooperation schemes and help prepare the future and the forests of tomorrow. It is also the memory of all works carried out in more than 50 years by AFOCEL, then by FCBA in forestry research.

Whether genetic improvement (indigenous or non-indigenous species) or forestry / afforestation (density of planting, thinning intensity, work on the soil, fertilisation), centralisation and the archival storage of all data relating to our work have constituted a constant concern of the institute. The descriptive data on our website accessible to outside people are only a part of our database, because we have detailed data, including all individual measurements per tree: around. 2 million trees monitored and 8 million measurements.

Beyond the figures, it is also a considerable amount of work by men and women who, day after day, going in the field to install, maintain and read the devices and enter the data in a computerised sheet. This work has always been carried out with the highest standards of scientific accuracy and a concern for sustainability so that it could be used by the generations to come. This mass of information collected in the preceding decades can help us answer questions about the forest of tomorrow and the challenges it will have to face. The website is an essential link in the transmission chain of this fine heritage.

2829


MARIN CHAUMETResearch institutes are pooling forces to start preparing Douglas orchards for the future and to meet the sectors expectations of forest genetics..


DOUGLAS OF THE FUTURE, TOWARDS NEW ORCHARDS! With a surface area of 400 000 hectares, a current harvest of slightly more than 2 million m3 which is expected to reach 6 million m3 in 2030, Douglas is a major forest species in France.

Some 8 million Douglas plants are sold in France every year, which represents a reforested area of some 6,000 hectares. The current Douglas varieties used stem from 8 seed orchards installed by the Orchard Technical Coordination Committee (known by the French initials CTC) between 1978 and 1989.

They constitute a first generation of orchards created to be freed from imports of American seeds and to control the genetic quality of the seeds produced.

Today, the orchards suffice for the consumption of French seeds, but are beginning to age. It takes some ten years from the time an orchard is planted to the time it enters in production. It is therefore necessary to plan as of now for the renewal of orchards.

For several decades, INRA, FCBA and ONF have installed and monitored many comparative plantations from different origins and families, stemming from the entire natural area.

These comparison devices, installed in France in the large Douglas regions (Burgundy, Limousin, etc.) but also in more southern stations, represent more than 200 trial hectares.

They constitute an exceptional gene pool for selecting trees to produce new varieties and also ensure the improvement and genetic diversity of the species in the long term.

The stakeholders of the sector are consulted, with the support of France Douglas, to guide the selections and thus try to meet their new concerns optimally. The new varieties produced will help boost the competitiveness of companies that use Douglas, from the production of plants in the tree nursery, to the use of wood as a material.

Under the guidance and with the support of MAAF, the “Douglas for the Future” project led by FCBA, INRA and ONF, must make it possible to select, by the end of 2018, the future parents of new Douglas varieties adapted to the station conditions and the needs of industry.

3031


PIERRE ALAZARDThe actions pursued under this project have shown the importance of the conelet dieback phenomenon in the rarefaction of seed production and the positive impact of insecticide treatments in reducing damages probably linked to bugs.


OPTIGRAINE : DISSEMINATION OF IMPROVED MARITIME PINE VARIETIES Against the background of high demand for plants (40 million plants per year) to meet the needs for post-storm re-afforestation, the rarefaction of improved seeds could constitute an obstacle to this re-afforestation objective within the set deadlines.

Seed merchants have actually noted low harvest of pine cones on seed orchards as well as low seed yields in seed orchards: this observation is linked to high rates of dieback of conelets in the first year of the fruit-earing cycle (more than 50% losses in certain cases), combined with high rates of empty seeds (more than 50% in certain orchards).

These hazards are probably due to multi-factor causes but the implication of certain pests (bugs) seems to be borne out

To tackle this problem, FCBA has, in partnership with all the stakeholders of the seed and plant sector in Aquitaine, developed the Optigraine project (2014-2016) to enable operators in the forest seed sector in Aquitaine to optimise production and the dissemination of improved seeds in maritime pine seed orchards.

The works carried out during the first 2 years of the project have been geared essentially to the knowledge of flowering control factors, the diagnosis of conelet dieback phenomena and the means for protecting conelets against pests.

Insecticide treatment trials, put in place in 2014 and 2015 and carried out with the support of the Regional Council of Aquitaine, the DRAAF Aquitaine, and the phyto-forest providence fund of orchard managers, have proven efficient in reducing the dieback rates significantly.

These results enabled managers to implement such treatments on their orchards as of 2015 in order to protect young conelets.

Furthermore, an analysis of the flowering and fructification in several orchards has shown the importance of the planting site and the genetic composition of the orchard for several parameters: abundance of flowering, dieback rate, seed yield of cones. The fertility of the station plays an essential role on most of these parameters.

FCBA thus provides its expertise to the authorities and the seed sector at specific meetings devoted to problems of seed resources; this information will be used by orchard managers to choose future sites for new generations of orchards (as of 2016) as well as for the management of current orchards (thinning to improve the genetic gain and production of seeds.

3233


LUC HARVENGTA FCBA’s contribution to traceability in cooperage and in the seed and plant sector.


DNA REVEALS THE ORIGIN AND SPECIES OF OAK The characteristics of wine are influenced in a complex manner by the chemical and physical properties of the wood with which it comes into contact during the wine making process.

The characteristics of the wood result from the way in which the tree (oak) grows in reaction to its environment (primarily the soil and climate) according to its aptitudes and adaptations that are largely determined by its genetics, i.e. the heredity transmitted by its parents, according to their species.

The two species of oak (sessile oak, Quercus petraea, and English oak, Quercus robur) react differently, although they are present simultaneously in most of the French forests.

Thus, overall, the species and geographic provenance provide information that can summarise the behaviour and performance of the trees that will be planted at a given place, and therefore the qualities that can be expected of oak wood and their impact on wine, constituting a major challenge for cooperage.

The same information is also important for forest seed and plant merchants and their customers. The relevant legislation and buyer demands require that it be mentioned during transactions.

As this information is linked entirely to genetics, it can be deciphered by DNA analysis.

Two efficient DNA analysis processes developed by INRA under the ANR Oaktrack project (Guichoux and Petit, patent registered in 2014) are implemented routinely by FCBA for its customers to determine the oak species of a seed, plant, tree (living or cut less than 6 months earlier, which has not undergone artificial drying). Another process based on the more persistent parts of the wood’s DNA is used to determine the geographic origin (provenance in the genetic sense) on older wood (as well as on acorns, forest plants or living trees, fresh wood, etc. The same procedure is valid for all oak species

The FCBA service is provided to give companies priority so that they can complete their R&D and traceability steps internally.

Subsequent developments in progress will extend the implementation to wood that is older or has undergone additional treatment.

3435


Luc HARVENGTThe variability of the biomolecular content of trees, and especially the selected varieties, is still very ill-known. This information is important for green chemistry, to assess the potential resource and gauge its development.


GenEcoChem, FOREST BIOMOLECULE DEPOSIT The variability of the molecule content of forest trees is still ill-known. This is particularly the case of the selected varieties which gradually represent the majority of the wood available for the planting species. This information is important for assessing the potential resource for green chemistry and for gauging its development according to the changes made to the line of planted varieties. Furthermore, an important part of that variability corresponds to the adaptations of the trees to their environment in the broad meaning of the term, i.e. to abiotic stress (drought, fertility of the soil, extreme temperatures, etc.) and pests (insects, fungal diseases, game, etc.).

A better control of the phytochemical variability and its links with the genetics of trees will improve significantly the capacity of forests to resist and adapt while apprehending more completely the “effective biodiversity” of trees (rather than a supposed biodiversity based on a number of species and/or a number of seed producers). Thus, the variation of the biomolecular content of trees is concurrently a consequence of the selection on the basis of other criteria (growth, adaptation to the station, quality of the wood, etc.) and an adaptation indicator. This indicator could ultimately be used as an indirect selection criterion for the adaptation.

The GenEcoChem project (2014-2016) funded by Regional Council of Aquitaine explores this variability in maritime pine and eucalyptus varieties adapted to Aquitaine. The sampling and analysis methods are honed. A presence/absence catalogue (where necessary of relative abundance levels) will be drawn up for the different species and varieties of trees, the parts of trees and the different molecules.

A molecular identity sheet will be established for each species studied, with the molecules of interest and their quantification. FCBA will rely on this information to estimate the current and future deposit of different compounds of established industrial interest.

3637


Michel PETIT-CONILUnder the Syncobio and Pentoval projects, the InTechFibres cluster has worked on the extraction and valorisation of hemicellulose extracted from di�erent biomasses, including chie�y wood. These molecules are a promising source for the production of polymers. .


WOOD, AN INTERESTINGSOURCE OF POLYMERS With cellulose and lignin, hemicellulose is the third wood compound, representing 20 to 25% of its mass. They are polysaccharides, more commonly known as sugars, generally extracted and burnt during the production of chemical pulp or maintained in the fibres of mechanical pulp or panels. Hemicellulose may be mannan or C6 sugar, and/or xylan, C5 sugar.

The Pentoval project, financed by the FUI fund and coordinated by Tereos-Syral, was intended to extract and valorise xylan from different lignocellulose biomass, including beech. Various mechanical/chemical treatments were tested by FCBA to facilitate selective extraction under conditions transferable to industry. These extracted sugars are considered as platform molecules, making it possible to consider specific chemistry for the production of xylitol and biosourced polymers. The fibrous co-products of this extraction were valorised for the manufacture of paper pulp and panels. The raw material was thus fully valorised in the form of sugar and materials with suitable properties. The results obtained in the laboratory were confirmed on a pilot scale in cooperation with the Paper Technical Centre (known by the French initials CTP). The works are proof of an additional concept to replace molecules of a petrochemical origin by compounds stemming from wood.

The Syncobio project, financed by the Regional Council of Aquitaine, and implemented in partnership

with the University of Bordeaux (Organic Polymer Laboratory) and ITERG, is geared, under a dissertation, to the valorisation of hemicellulose extracted from wood, in association with natural fatty acids derivatives for the production of amphiphilic polymers (with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties). Once extracted from wood, beech xylan is purified, hydrolysed to obtain oligosaccharides, the platform molecules or building blocks used to produce polymers. These molecules are then modified by click chemistry so that they can combine with modified fatty acids derivatives. The first functional co-polymers that are as efficient as commercial products, were produced in the laboratory, suggesting that valorisation is possible in the medium term. The work of this thesis has been cited on several occasions and has helped strengthen the cooperation with the LCPO laboratory and ITERG.

3839


Louis MAIRE

Christophe GINET

The results of the MOQAPRO and OPTI-SCREEN projects provide professional in the sector recommendations and decision-ma-king aid to ensure an optimised monitoring of the supply of the bioenergy platforms and biomass boilers.


GOOD PRACTICES FOR ENERGY AND BIOMASS WOOD SUPPLY: MOQAPRO AND OPTI-SCREENThe MOQAPRO project (ANR, UCFF, ONF, ESPCI-IDSET, FCBA, 2015) pertains to research in tools and methods to improve the quantitative and qualitative monitoring of woodchips production.

After a European benchmarking of logistical supply chains, a summary of good practices for the storage of products along the road and on a platform was prepared.

The use of Walki paper tarpaulin to cover piles of energy wood was tested on different worksites. Several solutions (laser, imaging) were assessed to measure the volume of woodchips pile.

Finally, an experimental device was developed and tested in the field to measure the humidity of a woodchips pile, in a lorry or on a platform, while doing away with sampling.

The OPTI-SCREEN project (ADEME, DALKIA SA, ENGIE LAB, FCBA, 2015) deals with the qualitative monitoring (humidity, grain size, ashes) of approved biomass brought to boilers in lorries.

An in-depth study of the operating modes and sampling parameters (number, size and location of samples) was concluded by conducting interviews at boilers and sampling campaigns on specially constituted loads (770 samples, 980 humidity measurements, 390 grain size and ash measurements).

The set of analyses led to the preparation of operating datasheets, collected under a protocol, in the form of decision-making aids and recommendations.

This OPTI-SCREEN protocol enables the site manager to define the sampling parameters (before the sampling itself) according to the characteristics of his supply and the precision desired for the measures. The operator in charge of acceptance may also use the OPTI-SCREEN protocol after the sampling to calculate the uncertainty of each measurement (X% ± ..%) of humidity, grain size, and ash content.

4140


Gabriel ROBERTWith the relocation of FCBA to Champs-sur-Marne, the drying laboratory installed on the historical site on the Avenue de Saint-Mandé in Paris was relocated to the Bordeaux site: an opportunity to invest in new equipment for industrial research and development. .


A WOOD DRYING LABORATORY IN BORDEAUX The relocation of FCBA headquarters from Avenue de Saint-Mandé, in Paris to Champs-sur-Marne was an opportunity to move the drying laboratory to Bordeaux and to invest in a new Acclimatised Hot Air Dryer supplied by Cathild Industrie, a French dryer manufacturer.

The new Acclimatised Hot Air Dryer has been operational since July 2015. The activity was taken over at the beginning of September and the equipment was operated at full capacity until the end of December to make up for time lost at the beginning of the year.

Two collective projects on drying were launched in 2015.

The first is a project for drying Aleppo Pine aimed at establishing an appropriate drying table for structural use (final humidity: 18%) and providing the first elements for an economic assessment of the drying of this Mediterranean species, the resource of which is not fully exploited today because of lack of outlets. The results of this study will enable sawyers who want to work with this species with many potential applications to dry the material under good conditions, without degrading it, and to valorise it.

The second is a solar drying project in partnership with Base Innovation, a company that makes thermal solar panels in Aquitaine, and Cathild Industrie. Financed in part by ADEME, this project aims to develop a bi-energy drying solution, using as much as possible solar energy captured by thermal solar panels and completed as much as possible by energy available permanently because it can be stored, such as gas, fuel or electricity. The ultimate aim is to be able to provide industrialists with a drying tool whose cost could drop because it uses free energy, without sacrificing deadlines and drying quality.

The drying laboratory and its latest generation equipment will serve as experimentation ground for combining solar panels with the acclimatised hot air dryer, and for quantifying the energy ratios (solar energy/primary energy) being considered for the Aquitaine region, and by extrapolation for France as a whole. Thus, an assessment of the average cost of the drying will make it possible to assess the economic feasibility of this “green” solution.

4243


Xavier BLAISONUnder the Ecoinflow and Optienergie projects, FCBA is providing guidance and support to sawyers to implement innovative solutions so as to reduce their energy consumption. This pragmatic approach is a promising source for a direct improvement of their exploitation account.


TOWARDS SAWING ENERGY CONSUMPTION CONTROL In a context of an economic crisis and climate change, energy performance has the double appeal of a less energy-intensive activity through an energy consumption reduction and related GHGs, and of reducing the production costs through a lower energy bill.

Financed by Europe, the ECOINFLOW project, which brings together four European technical centres (including FCBA), professional federations (including the National Wood Federation) and some fifty companies (including 18 French saw mills) was intended to put in place and develop existing energy management systems, establish a European network on the theme “energy savings in sawing” to promote the transfer of successful experiments, showcase practical cases of energy savings (drying, sawing, handling, etc.), make recommendations and provide advice and guidance to volunteer companies on implementing an energy management system.

In the end, the inter-European strategy explains how a reduction of 4.5 TWH/year in European sawmills could be achieved in the long-term. FCBA has set out the impact objectives for the French sawing sector through the consortium, i.e. a reduction that could reach total savings of 11.7 GWh/year by applying the recommendations put forward.

Capitalising on the dynamic created by ECOINFLOW, FCBA, in partnership with the FNB (National wood Federation), proposed the “OPTIENERGIE” programme to French sawmills, with financial support from ADEME: It is a collective operation of energy diagnostics among some fifteen French sawmills. The purpose of this project is to gain as much as possible detailed knowledge of consumption items in sawing, reduce the production costs and environmental impact by a reduction in energy consumption, and optimise consumption. Recommendations have already been put forward to attain up to 15% of energy savings. The very operational action, initiated in 2014, is continued in 2016 with the dissemination of information to and awareness raising among companies. A “memo of good practices,” summarising virtuous practices, tips and recommendations will be placed at the disposal of sawyers as a decision-making aid that leads to a reduction of costs relating to energy in the short, medium and long term.

4445


Patrick MOLINIÉVarious articles have appeared in the press since recent months showing the progress in the use of wood in the construction of medium- to large height buildings. There are di�erent reasons for this: a growing demand for housing, the implementation of the energy transition law and the need to erect e�cient buildings from the energy and environmental perspective, as well as the determination of customers to capitalise on national competencies and resources. It’s against this background that FCBA has embarked on di�erent actions to help and support professionals in this international movement to: promote the construction of buildings di�erently… but with wood.


MULTI-STOREY WOOD CONSTRUCTION FCBA involved in the multi-storey building dynamic since 2011

Since 2011, project owners and developers with whom FCBA cooperates have noted the need to build more in a low carbon territory approach. It is against this background that the BAOBAB programme was started in 2012 in Aquitaine, at the initiative of FCBA, to be a representative group of all stakeholders in construction to cooperate, to have them move forward and enable them to provide an efficient and reproducible industrial offer so as to position themselves in medium- and large-height wooden buildings. Several stakeholders have thus embarked on this collaborative project, including the developers Bordeaux Euratlantique and Pichet, social fund provider Aquitanis, glued laminated wood manufacturer Sacba, as well as the builder IBS. This project finds support also from local institutional entities such as the Regional council of Aquitaine, Direccte, Draaf, Dreal and the Xylofutur cluster which labelled the project in 2013. The results are rapidly conclusive, since concrete building operations have been initiated, particularly with the construction of the “Perspective” office programme by the Pichet group, or many wood operations launched by Aquitanis with an R+9 operation recently in Talence. This dynamic had a “snowball” effect and other stakeholders in Aquitaine came on board with technical support from FCBA in the form of project management assistance and assistance to developers to define their wood valorisation strategy. The initiative of Bordeaux Euratlantique is particularly worth noting, as it officialises a commitment to produce 25,000 m² of construction wood per year. It moreover concluded contracts with Eiffage and Kaufman & Broad at the beginning of the year for the construction of the first two 50-metre wood towers in the world. From the industrial point of view, the concrete results of the BAOBAB action are on the agenda, as Sacba is to launch its CLT production unit and obtain its ATEX in 2015, and IBS is developing MBS 2.0, an innovative solution that includes CLT and the traditional wooden frame for the envelope part. It is worth noting that these two industries are part of the winning teams for the wooden tower projects.

FCBA expertise exported in France Based on these successes, FCBA was asked by Dreal Burgundy to transfer the model of the action initiated under BAOBAB. This made it possible to launch the B3 Burgundy Wooden Building in 2013, led by Dreal Burgundy, with technical support from FCBA

FCBA is providing guidance and support to other public developers to define their wood strategy, and it is against that background that FCBA and Epamarne signed a

cooperation agreement in July 2015 to contribute to the development of the use of wood and biosourced materials in future buildings in Marne-la-Vallée (77). Several projects were initiated in 2015, including the first works for the construction of a 10-storey wooden tower, by ARbonis at the Cité Descartes, or various operations under the programme BIM, BOIS, BEPOS (B3).

FCBA is also involved in various R&D or innovation projects with project owners and industrialists keen to develop new, wood-based technical solutions.

And a recognition of the competencies of FCBA abroad The determination to use wood in medium and large height buildings is in line with international developments. Countries such as Canada and Japan adapted their regulations in the beginning of 2015 to allow construction of wooden buildings.

Against this background, FCBA signed a cooperation agreement with the Canadian research centre FPInnovations in November 2015. Many exchanges and projects are under way.

FCBA was also asked by the French Embassy in Tokyo, at the request of JIA, to organise a meeting in September 2015 in Japan. At the end of these exchanges in Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo, cooperation was put in place between FCBA and various Japanese partners.

And what will the future be It is essential to maintain this dynamic and FCBA is providing support for this drive by getting involved in different projects. In that capacity, FCBA is adhering to and participating in the actions of the New Industrial France Plan which has led to the ADIVbois association, created at the initiative of Frank Mathis and Dominique Weber, the aim of which is to make available efficient technical solutions assessed under a collective framework, so as to give everyone the tools and resources to design, build and arrange residential buildings of medium and large height in wood.

FCBA moreover remains in contact with territorial initiatives, including Xylobuild to guide and support this progress.

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Serge LE NEVÉBIM: Building Information Modelling.


BIM: WOOD SECTOR ACTION PLAN At the outset of this action, FCBA planned a shared reflection at the meeting of the professional committee on wooden structural works in October 2014.

At that time, Bertrand Delcambre (now in charge of the PTNB [Plan for Digital Transition in Construction]) had been commissioned by the Ministry of Housing to take stock of the appropriation of the BIM approach by construction stakeholders nationwide.

It is worth noting that this BIM approach has been widely developed for a long time in a certain number of industrial sectors such as aeronautics and the automobile industry. Conversely, it is worth bearing in mind that no “single stitch” type objects are created in these sectors, as is mostly the case in construction. This difference is capital and explains in large measure this appropriation discrepancy.

Bertrand Delcambre was invited to the meeting in October 2014, and was able to give us a summary of the elements he had been gathering for some months. He also announced to us that the public authorities considered the shift to BIM in construction a matter of priority, and intended to launch a PTNB slated to start in 2015.

On these bases, the professionals of the structural works committee asked FCBA to launch a discussion group on this BIM issue.

During the same period, one of the CSF groups (Challenge 2) had given priority to this BIM issue as a challenge for the wood sector in the years to come.

A single discussion group was thus created under the aegis of CSF, and although it started with a structure-based core, it soon expanded widely to include professional organisations covering structures and products in carpentry, coating, design, furniture, etc.

This group is chaired by Patrick Maillard (Entreprise BRARD: carpentry, design).

The technical coordination is provided by Serge Le Nevé (FCBA) assisted by Benoît Gilliot (FCBA).

The group consists of the following entities in particular: CAPEB, UMB FFB, UICB, UFME, UNIFA,

IBC, FNB, CODIFAB, Publishers of wood sector software, Publishers of BIM software, Publishers of BIM product databases, PhD students at the School of Bridges, BIM Specialists (UNSFA, CSTB…). It met on six occasions in 2015.

This first year of study made it possible to grasp collectively the stakes relating to BIM and the digital model in construction. Understanding these challenges means identifying the stakeholders

involved, the level of technological attainments for the software, and the impact that the development of BIM can have on the different components of the construction sector

We invited a certain number of BIM experts to share our reflections, and were thus able to chart an initial action plan over 3 to 5 years in the wood sector.

This action plan comprises 6 priority themes:

j Contribution to the production of the PPBIM dictionary for the structure and wood product sections.

k Contribution to the production of a BIM User’s guide by the construction stakeholders for the wood structure parts.

l Contribution to the creation of Generic Object databases for wood or wood-based products.

m “Bimisation” of the Wood Construction Catalogue.

n National & European standardisation monitoring.

o Awareness raising, training and support forstakeholders in the wood sector.

Our sector is involved to help produce generic tools and collective initiatives in construction, managed by PTNB in particular.

Actions 1 and 3 were launched for production in February 2016. These works were carried out with prioritised financing from professionals (CODIFAB/CODIFA/FBF).

Worth mentioning:

• A request from CODIFAB to carry out a European wood BIM workshop in 2016.

• The coming together of the BIM CSF wood sector with Médiaconstruct.

The BIM high-speed train in construction is on the way. The wood sector has moved up in one of the head train sets. The final destination is not identified and the trip risks being long, but we know which route to take to reach the station in December 2016!

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FCBA has participated in several projects since 2009 in research and assessment of earthquake-resistant structures: timber frame walls, industrialised carpentry, half timbering, and curtain-type facades.

CAROLE FAYE

LAURENT LE MAGOROU

JEAN-CHARLES DUCCINI

RENAN LACROZE


BEHAVIOUR OF WOOD CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS IN SEISMIC AREAS Wooden structures have excellent qualities in the event of earthquakes. The high resistance / wood mass ratio as well as the dissipative capabilities of the metal assemblies of these construction systems make them an efficient solution against earthquakes.

Owing to a lack of scientific knowledge on the subject, Eurocode 8 (European code for calculating seismic structures) does not include the dynamic properties of wooden components at their fair values.

Several research programmes in the seismic behaviour of wooden structures have been conducted at FCBA to improve scientific knowledge and optimise design. The success of these actions is the result of cooperation with:

• The research laboratories Pascale Institute of Blaise Pascal University, the 3RS of Joseph Fournier University, the LMT of the Cachan ENS, the I2M of the University of Bordeaux, and the University of Shizuoka in Japan,

• The technical and scientific centres CEA, BRGM, CSTB, and CTMNC,

• Professionals: the MiTek society, the Simpson Strong-Tie society, the SCIBO professional association, the IMERYS roofing society, and the Structure Boyer-Leroux society.

The research teams at the CIAT and the Mechanical Laboratory at the FCBA Construction cluster in Bordeaux pooled their scientific and technical resources and developed a seismic platform.

The results of studies conducted on the framewood walls with OSB fixed by staples or tacks, as well as industrialised carpentry are going to be included in Eurocode 8. These studies thus meet the demand of professionals so that construction solutions represent the essence of the French wooden construction market. Simplified design rules for the implementation of wooden carpentry according to different seismic risk areas have been proposed to professionals.

Given this research work, FCBA has also cooperated

in a half-timbered house project following the Haiti earthquake to meet the local demand.

These works were presented during technical days and a European workshop on wood construction in seismic areas in 2014 and 2015 to raise awareness about the properties of wood-based construction systems among professionals.

In the future, we will contribute to the implementation of high-rise wooden buildings by providing technical elements through the assessment of the dynamic behaviour of this type of structural work.

The research actions are managed by Carole Faye.The assessment projects are managed by Laurent Le Magorou.The experimental studies are headed by Jean-Charles Duccini and Renan Lacroze

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Sylvain BOULETImplementation of a methodology for the assessment of the overall comfort adapted to di�erent types of buildings (detached houses, town houses, collective housing, etc.) and for di�erent uses (housing, o�ces, education, hotel and catering), using appropriate indicators.


LABEL COMFORT The COMFORT LABEL project, with financial support from the Regional Council of Aquitaine, has deve-loped a computerised tool: FCBA has acquired a light and intuitive graphical interface to assess the overall comfort of a building, irrespective of the type (residential or tertiary).

The comfort was then assessed with two approaches. The first approach focuses on physical measurements in the interior environment such as temperature, humidity, lighting, etc. These magnitudes are measured using different sensors and recorders to determine the different pre-defined comfort indicators. A subjective assessment is carried out in parallel with this objective comfort assessment. It is based on surveys among users of the buildings studied. The results from these two approaches are then combined to determine the level of overall comfort to be attained, to devise a solid multi-criterion analysis adapted to our task and to put in place a Comfort Label computerised tool.

Measuring campaigns have been carried out in premises for different uses:

• Living spaces: detached house and apartment • Public spaces: classrooms (secondary school and

auditorium)• Work spaces: individual office and landscape office

This software can be used for a building diagnosis. As in the case of an energy performance diagnosis, it makes it possible to obtain a subjective evaluation of the room studied and provide a qualifying label of the overall comfort thereof.

In the case of a renovation project, this programme can be used to identify directly the improvements to each comfort component of the building. To that end and in line with the design, an assessment will be conducted before the works commence to identify the parameters to be improved so as to obtain a better overall comfort for the users of the building. Property managers and project owners in charge of improving their assets will be aided by identifying priority criteria to be taken into account.

For the new property market, a new adapted methodology will be used to monitor the commitments undertaken by the project owners upon the delivery of a building on the basis of the performance determined by calculations, modelling or expert opinions, so as to go from a rule of means to an objective of results for the quality of environments.

.

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A consortium around Optimum, led by the VICA team of the Furniture cluster, from 2012 to 2015, transformed the housing design process towards housing that can be adapted to the diversity of elderly persons and to changes in their way of life.

SARAH COUILLAUD

JEAN-MARC BARBIER


HABITAT SENIORS : CO-INNOVATION FOR AND IN USEStakes and objectives The challenges presented by the ageing of the population and the growing need of the elderly to stay in their home are at the origin of a learning and innovative approach that combines the converging views and expertise of all the stakeholders:

• For the industrial partners, Habitat Seniors means that they can check their solutions in view of the life styles of senior citizens, review their modes of production, reconsider their processes and engage in original inter-company cooperation.

• For users, the participatory observation and co-design of solutions enables them to become stakeholders in the project. They are equipped to convey their current uses to industrialists and to develop relevant solutions with them for the uses of tomorrow. Capitalising on their expertise, Habitat Seniors is a way of turning senior citizens into stakeholders in their environment.

Project approach and supported companies Habitat Seniors is the first project carried out under “co-innovation for and in use,” bringing together 13 additional housing management companies. Innovation project methodologies based on real uses and for future uses have been developed in partnership with the Paragraph laboratory of University of Paris VIII.

Challenging the traditional points of use of housing design, the design process has been reconsidered entirely, putting forward the “expertise of all its stakeholders and involving the users.”

From the upstream phases, some thirty senior citizens,

their medical and family carers and persons close to them were involved to share their real use experiences and to co-design innovative solutions adapted to their ways of life.

Results of the project A social project of reference, Habitat Seniors has made it possible to develop 11 product and service innovations in different industrial sectors, some of which have led to co-patents. Beyond their use for seniors, the solutions obtained from this approach find transgenerational fields of application, thereby showing the value of a design approach for all and for each.

These innovations have led to an initial concrete result: housing – prototype in Les Senioriales, a rest home in Émerainville. In this space, there are no walls any more, but partitions that transform the volumes of different rooms in less than 3 hours. Each use by senior citizens is reflected in integrated equipment, which anticipated a modular design.

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A major campaign on indoor air quality in dwellings (QAI) conducted in 2003-2005 showed that 10% of the dwellings su�ered from multi-pollution. A study conducted by ANSES estimates that this deterioration of indoor air costs €19 billion a year in terms of healthcare. The di�erent levers for action studied seriously by the public authorities to reduce said pollution and its consequences on human health, the reduction at source of volatile pollutants contained in the products in general and furniture products in particular, constitute one option.

VALÉRIE GOURVÈS

ELISABETH RAPHALEN


REDUCTION OF VOLATILE POLLUTANTS IN FURNITURE: STAKES AND CONSTRAINTS

It was therefore to guide the choice of consumers to products with less impact on indoor air quality that the programming act relating to the implementation of the Grenelle Environment Forum known as “Grenelle 1” provided, under article 40, the introduction of mandatory labelling for volatile pollutant emissions from furniture as of 2012. This provision proofed difficult to put in place in the furniture sector, which entails multiple combinations of materials and covers, the size of the test chambers required, etc.

To comply with this future regulatory provision, FCBA, via its cluster of wood laboratories (chemistry-ecotoxicology laboratory) and its furniture market cluster, has been heading various studies since 2010 to assess the contribution of furniture to indoor air quality. Two study projects were carried out between 2010 and 2013 to characterise VOC and formaldehyde emissions by furniture through different areas involving young children.

- MOBAIR- C: Contribution du MOBilier à la qualité de l’AIR des Crèches [Contribution of Furniture to Air Quality in Creches]

- MOBAIR-DE: Contribution du MOBilier à la qualité de l’AIR Domestique Enfants [Contribution of Furniture to Domestic Air Quality for Children]

These two projects have made it possible to rank pollutants likely to be emitted by furniture for babies or young children. Only the results relating to formaldehyde have turned out to be really discriminating. They depend on the composition of the furniture (type of support), solid covering and applied finishing, and its emission surface in indoor air.

Another objective was to develop a methodology to estimate the contribution of furniture from its constituent materials. The summary of the results from the hypothesis made, i.e. the results of emissions from components is higher or even the same as that of the complete furniture item, has not been systematically shown. This observation may have an impact on the interpretation of the results relating to formaldehyde. The labelling of buildings based on knowledge of formaldehyde emissions from its components has in certain cases actually led to a sub-classification of the furniture.

These different results led to new studies in 2014-2015 (“MOBAIR ISO 16000”, “MOBAIR-PRO”) to consolidate the initial attainments, but also to continue to gain knowledge on the contributions from furniture and materials (office and community). Of the “disseminatable” results at this time, as in the previous MOBAIR studies, only formaldehyde and, to a lesser extent, VOCs showed emission levels that could influence the interpretation of the results.

All these results are used on this day in discussions with the MEEM under the regulatory draft bill for furniture products, but the story on this subject continues. The stakes are all the more higher in the furniture sector as new labelling could entail a decrease in the competitiveness of companies which are already facing keen competition from large scale imports.

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Isabelle LE BAYONWood packaging, such as crates and pallets, is widely used in France in contact with food. However, there are very few scienti�c studies on the microbiological aspect of wood. In spite of the European Regulation (EC) no. 1935/2004, which requires that packaging in contact with food must be innocuous to food, there are no microbiological analysis methods for wood. At the initiative of the light wood packaging sector (SIEL), and thanks to funding from France Bois Forêt (FBF), a dissertation has been written by Rached Ismail working in three research institutes (ONIRIS, ACTALIA, FCBA).


WOOD IN CONTACT WITH FOOD: MICROWOOD THESIS (2012- 2015)MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE “MICRO-ORGANISM-WOOD- FOOD” SYSTEM

ObjectivesThis study was intended to:

• Select a microbiological analysis method for wood packaging;

• Study a possible transfer of wood micro-organisms to food. The wood-cheese model and the crate-apple model have been studied.

The ultimate aim was to conduct a scientific assessment of the microbiological aptitude of wood for contact with food

Outcome of the dissertation In an initial phase, 2 methods were selected for the microbiological analysis of wood. Samples of poplar, maritime pine and spruce were artificially contaminated by organisms (which can alter foods) then analysed. The crushing method is particularly efficient. It can henceforth be used as a quality control tool for thin wood packaging (thickness ≤ 5 mm). The planning method is most suited to thick wood (maturation boards, pallets). The transfer of wood micro-organisms to foods was quantified in a second phase. Poplar samples were contaminated then put in contact with apples. The transfer of micro-organisms from wood to apples was below 0.25%. Similar results were obtained on maturation boards with the transfer to cheese below 3%. These low microbiological transfer rates were obtained in spite of a very severe wood contamination scenario.

ConclusionsManufacturers of wood packaging (crates, pallets, cheese boxes, etc.) and maturation boards now have a quality control method for the microbiological analysis of their products.

The results published following this dissertation* (Ismail and al., 2014; Montibus and al., 2016; Aviat and al. 2016) show the very good aptitude of wood for contact with food.

Main Publications*

Ismaïl R., Aviat F., Michel V., Le Bayon I., Gay-Perret P., Kutnik M., Federighi M. 2013. Methods for Recovering Microorganisms from Solid Surfaces Used in the Food Industry: A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10(11): 6169-6183.

Ismaïl R., Le Bayon I., Michel V., Jequel M., Kutnik M., Aviat F., Federighi M. 2014. Comparative study of three methods for recovering microorganisms from wooden surfaces in the food industry. Food Analytical Methods DOI 10.1007/s12161- 014-0008-3

Montibus M., Ismaïl R., Michel V., Federighi M. , Aviat F., Le Bayon I. 2016. Assessment of Penicillium expansum and Escherichia coli transfer from poplar crates to apples. Food Control . http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0956713515301134

Aviat F., Gerhards C., Rodriguez-Jerez J.J., Michel V., Le Bayon I., Ismaïl R., Federighi M. 2016. Microbial safety of wood in contact with food: a review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. DOI:10.1111/1541-4337.12199.

* List is not exhaustive

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Anne-Laure LEVET Under the ComExt Bois I & II projects, The Economy & Prospects cluster conducted work on the determinants of the performance of French industry in the wood sector that come into play for their international competitiveness.


INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF THE FOREST-WOOD SECTOR,AN INDUSTRIAL STAKE OF €3 BILLION

The deficit of the wood sector in France’s foreign trade is seen paradoxical, given the scope of its forest acreage. Similarly, France has a round wood mobilisation rate comparable and even superior to other countries (Germany, Austria, Italy) which nonetheless post a trade surplus of several billion euros. Against that background, the ComExt-Bois projects analysed certain factors on the export performance of the French forest-wood sector. ComExt bois II was carried out in partnership with the BETA of the University of Strasbourg and received financial support from GIPE ECOFOR.

The analysis of the export competitiveness determinants concentrated on the role of certain key factors: availability of the forest resource (round wood), final demand, and industrial performance. The analyses carried out based on the data of some fifteen countries showed that:

• The availability of the resource (round wood) has a significant positive impact on the net exports of wood industries. But analyses have shown that beyond the single local forest resource, it is more broadly access to the (local or imported) raw material that influences the performance of industries.

• The more a product is processed, the more it frees itself from the availability of round wood of the country where it is produced.

• Internal demand has a negative influence on the net exports of wood products. The bigger the country (in demographic terms), the less inclined national companies are to export, because they first seek to meet the needs of their internal market.

• Industrial performance is a significant determinant for explaining the difference in export performance between countries. In particular, an increase in productivity (total productivity of factors) has a positive impact on the net export of woodwork products.

Conversely, labour costs, which include salaries and social security charges, have a significant negative impact on net exports.

Finally, the significance of determinants tested under this study varies according to the wood sectors (woodwork products, pulp, paper-cardboard, wooden furniture), underscoring the need to continue the works by isolating the different sectors.

The results, presented to the agriculture academy on 22 September 2015, have been published in two scientific publications (RFF & Journal of Forest Economics).

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Certi�cation guarantees the sustainability of product usage performance, provides reassurance criteria for their origin, and contributes to promoting a local French resource by creating a con�dence chain between producers and users.

VALÉRIE GOURVÈS

FRANÇOIS CHARRIER

PHILIPPE PAQUET


CERTIFICATION: DEVELOPMENT LEVEREnhance the standards to include the expertise of companies In line with a more general reflection on the development and the positioning of voluntary certification, the standards NF Fenêtres (wooden windows) and NF Portes résistant au feu (fireproof doors) were completely recast in 2015.

The competent authorities made a major contribution to the success of the preparatory technical committees, where the key words were: simplification of procedures, legibility for the market, development of differentiating criteria, and due account of the expertise of companies.

The renovation of these marks is accompanied by a communication plan in connection with our partners AFNOR CERTIFICATION, CSTB and UFME.

Certify the origin of product manufacturing The furniture sector has in the last 10 years suffered particularly from massive imports, leading to the destruction of businesses and loss of jobs. In parallel, consumers are increasingly more interested in transparency as to the origin of products. The furniture sector thus naturally turned to the OFG® so that consumers can engage in a civil act by choosing French-made products.

At the request of the furniture sector in particular, in the beginning of 2014, FCBA has thus become one of the bodies capable of providing the “Origine France Garantie” [French Origin Guaranteed] mark. Pursuant to its basic standard, the mark requires 50% of the unit cost price of a product on the territory, as well as essential characteristics, likewise obtained in France.

In 2015, FCBA thus labelled several companies in different professional sectors (carpentry, furniture, etc.).

Give preference to French wood To promote wood produced in French forests, the Association “Préférez le bois français” [Give preference to French wood], and APECF, APEP France Douglas, and the National Wood Federation embarked on introducing the “French Wood” mark.

Positioned among the 34 sectors singled out by the government, the French wood sector met in 2014, at the occasion of the Nantes Wood Crossroads, behind the slogan “Give preference to French wood” identified by species per product (hardwood and softwood). The purpose of the “French Wood” mark is to cover a complete offer for customers in all sectors: energy wood, paper pulp, packaging, pallets, panels, construction, design, etc. …

This mark aspires to greater visibility of the French offer of wood products and the promotion on the market. The mark holds two big promises: products labelled “French Wood” will be composed of wood from French forests and will be assembled and processed in France. By being clearly labelled, French wood products will show that they meet the expectations of users for a complete, structured, quality offer. The provenance of the wood can then become a real additional differentiating criterion to guide the choice of buyers. By involving also professional users of wood, this approach helps establish a network of companies with proximity and quality relations.

FCBA is fully in line with this approach. As an inspection body, in 2015 it responded to an invitation to tender organised by “Give preference to French wood” and stands ready to issue the “French Wood” label as soon as it has received confirmation of its accreditation.

In accordance with certifications such as PEFC where it is the European leader in number of competent authorities, FCBA will contribute to the development of the “French Wood” mark, through its pragmatic approach and recognised expertise.

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