Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How
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Overview andIntroduction to Nanotechnology:
What, Why and How
Overview andIntroduction to Nanotechnology:
What, Why and How
Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics
Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng.
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Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS):
Three Pillars
• Disciplinary Core Ideas
• Science and Engineering Practices
• Crosscutting Concepts
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NanotechnologyThe biggest science initiative
since the Apollo program
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter= 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov
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Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?
• To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster, more effective and help sustainability. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more.)
• To discover completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)
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How small are nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
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Smaller still
Hair
.
DNA
3 nanometers
6,000 nanometers
100,000 nanometers
10 nm objectsmade by guided
self-assembly
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Red blood cells(~7-8 m)
Things NaturalThings Natural Things ManmadeThings Manmade
Fly ash~ 10-20m
Head of a pin1-2 mm
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surfacepositioned one at a time with an STM tip
Corral diameter 14 nm
Human hair~ 60-120m wide
Ant~ 5 mm
Dust mite
200 m
ATP synthase
~10 nm diameterNanotube electrode
Carbon nanotube~1.3 nm diameter
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The Challenge
Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage.
Mic
row
orl
d
0.1 nm
1 nanometer (nm)
0.01 m10 nm
0.1 m100 nm
1 micrometer (m)
0.01 mm10 m
0.1 mm100 m
1 millimeter (mm)
1 cm10 mm
10-2 m
10-3 m
10-4 m
10-5 m
10-6 m
10-7 m
10-8 m
10-9 m
10-10 m
Visi
ble
Nan
ow
orl
d
1,000 nanometers = In
frar
edU
ltrav
iole
tM
icro
wav
eSo
ft x-
ray
1,000,000 nanometers =
Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outer ring spacing ~35 nm
Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of Science, U.S. DOE
Version 05-26-06, pmd
The Scale of Things – Nanometers and MoreThe Scale of Things – Nanometers and More
MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices10 -100 m wide
Red blood cellsPollen grain
Carbon buckyball
~1 nm diameter
Self-assembled,Nature-inspired structureMany 10s of nm
Atoms of siliconspacing 0.078 nm
DNA~2-1/2 nm diameter
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Types of Nanostructuresand How They Are Made
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"Nanostructures"
Nano-objects Nanostructured Materials
nanoscale outer dimensions
nanoscale internal structure
Nanoscale Devices and SystemsIntegrated nano-objects and materials
"nanoparticle""nanorod"
"nanofilm"
"nanotube"and more
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Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing
"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods
•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining
•Chemical•Self-Assembly
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Some nanomaterials are just alternate arrangements of well-
known materials
Carbon materials
2010 Nobel Prize!
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A nanofilm method:Thermal Evaporation
Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber
vacuum~10-7 torr
sample
source
film
vacuumpump
QCM
vapor
heating source
Pressure is held low to prevent contamination!
Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others
There are many otherthin film manufacturingtechniques
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Patterning: Photolithography
substrate
process recipe
spin on resist
resist
expose
mask (reticle)
develop
deposit
apply spin bake
spin coating
exposed unexposed
"scission"
liftoff
etch
narrow line
narrow trench
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Patterning: Imprint Lithography
Mold Template
Polymer or Prepolymer
Substrate
ImprintPressure
Heat or Cure
Release
• Thermal Imprint Lithography
– Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating
• UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography
– Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold
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Limits of Lithography
• Complex devices need to be patterned several times
Takes time and is expensive
• Limited by wavelength of light
Deep UV ~ 30nm features
• Can use electrons instead
1nm features possible
MUCH slower than optical IBM - Copper Wiring
On a Computer Chip
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Self Assembly
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Immiscibility and phase separation:Driven by intermolecular interactions
Olive oil
Balsamicvinegar
Polymer mixture
Thermodynamically driven
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SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS
Block “A ” Block “B”
10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A
~10 nm
Ordered Phases
PMMA PS
Scale set by molecular size
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nanoporous template
Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask
1x1012 magnets/in2
Data Storage......and More
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A Message for Students
- Nanotechnology is changing practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing societies across the world.
- There are well-paying, interesting jobs – technician, engineer, scientist, manufacturing, sales, and others.