Overcoming Isolation 1000-1200 AD. The American North Thule – Moved east during warm spell around...
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Transcript of Overcoming Isolation 1000-1200 AD. The American North Thule – Moved east during warm spell around...
Overcoming Isolation
1000-1200 AD
The American North
Thule– Moved east during warm spell around 1000 AD– Navigated Arctic Ocean– Landed in Greenland– Hunting culture (reindeer, walrus, etc.)
Arctic Settlements
Blue = Thule
Red, Yellow, Orange = Scandinavian
Green = Dorset
Thule Hunter
The American North cont.
Scandinavians– To Greenland via Iceland– Erik the Red 982 AD– Desperate men– Fleeing Blood feuds
Established trading colony in Newfoundland– Leif Erikson– Didn’t last– Not enough civilizations close by
The American Southwest
Large civilization centered at Chaco Canyon– Extensive road building– Large cities– Mass executions– Irrigation canals– Drying climate led to decline
Isolated from Meso-America
Mississippi Region 900 AD – 1200 AD
Settlers from across Gulf of Mexico Centered at Cahokia (St. Louis)
– Part of Mound-Building Culture– 100 ft flat mound
This civ. falls to be replaced by many smaller societies
Indian Ocean Trade 1000-1200
Ethiopia on west end – isolated mtn. kingdom – gradually growing due to trade
Khmer (Cambodia)– rich soil --> surplus food
sold on Indian ocean trade routes
– centered at city of Angkor largest temple in world = Angkor Wat Originally Hindu but gradually replaced by Buddhism
Angkor Wat
Indian Ocean Trade cont.
India – previously center of learning & culture
Buddhism Hinduism science, technology, logic
– geographic trade center – fading into background during this period
political disunity states collapsing in comp w/ each other plagued by Muslim raiders
– Chola kingdom maintains order in the south merchants & pirates
Isolation in Europe
Blocked by oceans to south & west Blocked to the east by steppe people Europe felt besieged
– Pope Urban II 1095 AD called for Christian unity– attempts to unify fell flat
Led to rise of nation states Benefits? Problems?
Pope Urban II
Isolation in Europe cont.
Interior, rather than exterior expansion – Needed to cope with increased population
35 million by year 1000– Highlands opened up due to global warming – cleared forests – drained bogs – “Reclaiming wilderness for God”
felled trees sacred to Pagans Broke power of Druidic and animistic religions
– Major Engineering begins (1170 when the word first appeared)
Engineering and Technology
Land drainage Infrastructure
– canals – bridges – roads
New Technologies– windmills – clocks – paper milling – firearms – compass
European Economics
Atlantic & Mediterranean trade linked trade agreements between ports
– Hanseatic league 1143 AD promoted trade in N. Europe
– Italian leagues Genoa Venice largest economies since fall of Rome
Effects of Trade Stabilization
Steady trade routes led to geographic specialization– Textiles– Shipbuilding– Wheat– Fish
leads to urbanization– Requires new city governments
city council & administrators– rise of middle class & beginning of fall of aristocracy– Some develop into city states (Italian cities)– Most into nation-state structure
Effects of Trade cont.
Peace & Plenty allowed time for contemplation– developed codes of chivalry
governed behavior reaction to old warrior codes charity, loyalty, etiquette
Effects of Trade cont.
Massive economic change led to change in culture and religion– Heresies
Leutard called for universal celibacy burnings in 1015 AD are first in 600 years.
– Church responds to heresy with clerical reform Gregorian reform ( Pope Gregory VII 1073-1085)
– church vs. nobles for church appointments– Begin focusing on peasants rather than nobles
Art focus on peasants New portrayals of Christ Carvings/sculpture of lower classes, not aristocrats
Pope Gregory VII
3rd Century Christ as Sun God
4th Century Christ as Teacher
15th Century Christ’s Baptism