OVERALL STRUCTURE OF TURKİSH NATİONAL EDUCATİON

SYSTEM

The National Education System, determined by National Education Basic Act No. 1739, consists of two main parts, namely “formal education” and “non-formal education”.

Turkish Educational System

Formal Education İnformal Education

FORMAL EDUCATİON

Formal education is the regular education conducted within a school for individuals in a certain age group and at the same level, under programs developed in accordance with the purpose. Formal education includes pre-primary, primary, secondary and higher education institutions.

FORMAL EDUCATİON

Pre-primary

Primary

Secondary

Higher education institutions

Pre-Primary Education

Pre-primary education; involves the education of children in the age group of 3 to 5 (36-72 months)who have not reached the age of compulsory primary education, on an optional basis. Pre-primary education institutions may be established as independent kindergartens or, where considered necessary, as nursery classes within a primary education school or as practice classes affiliated to other related education institutions.

The objective of pre-primary education is to ensure that children develop physically, mentally and emotionally and acquire good habits, that they are prepared for primary education, that a common environment of upbringing is provided for children who come from a disadvantaged background and that they speak Turkish properly and correctly. Pre-Primary education institutions are opened as independent kindergartens and as nursery classes and practical classes within formal and non-formal education institutions with suitable physical capacity.

Primary Education

Primary education involves the education and training of children in the age group of 6 to 13. Primary education is compulsory for all male and female citizens and is free at State schools. The objective of primary education is to ensure that every Turkish child acquires the necessary knowledge, skills, behavior and habits to become a good citizen and is raised in accordance with the concept of national morals and that he/she is prepared for life and for the next level of education in accordance with his/her interests, talents and capabilities.

In the last educational semester of primary education, necessary studies are carried out by guidance services in order to inform students on which schools and programmes in secondary education pave the way to which professions and the living standards these professions shall provide to them. Primary education institutions consist of eightyear schools where continuous education is provided and primary education diplomas are awarded to the graduating students.

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2

3

4

First Step Primary

Education

Primary Educatio

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6

7

8

Second Step Primary

Education

Secondary Education

Secondary education includes all the teaching institutions with at least four years of education such as general, vocational and technical ones. The aims and duties of secondary education, in accordance with the general purposes and basic principles of National Education, are as follows;

Enabling all students to have the awareness and power to get to know the problems of people and the society, to look for solutions and to contribute to the economic, social and cultural development of the country with the provision of a minimum amount of common world knowledge.

Secondary Education

General Secondary Education

Vocational and Technical Secondary

Education

General Secondary Education

It is a four-year educational process that prepares students both for higher education and for the future according to their interests, expectations and abilities in addition to equipping them with world knowledge with an education based on primary education.

Vocational and Technical Secondary Education

It is a four-year educational process that prepares students both for higher education and for the future as well as for an occupation and job fields according to their interests, expectations and abilities in addition to equipping them with world knowledge with an education based on primary education.

Higher Education

Higher education includes all the educational institutions which are based on secondary education, and which provide at least two years of higher education. The aims and duties of secondary education, in accordance with the general purposes and basic principles of National Education, are as follows;

Higher education institutions Universities,Faculties,Institutes,CollegesConservatoriesVocational CollegesCenter for Practice and Research

NON-FORMAL EDUCATION

In accordance with the general objectives and basic principles of national education, the objectives of non-formal education, which covers citizens who have never entered the formal education system or are at any level of it or have left at that level, and which may accompany formal education or be independent

SPECIAL EDUCATİON IN TURKEY

Special education is continued by the Ministry of National Education in Turkey. Special education covers children between the ages of 0-21 who show some differences from other children because of their physical, mental, psychological, emotional or social characteristics and cannot, therefore, benefit from the regular education services

Education of the disabled children is a subject of concern for the Ministry of National Education, according to the principle of “Equality of Opportunity and in Education”.

In Turkey, educational services are provided in special education schools to children and young people in five groups: the visual impaired, the hearing impaired, the orthopedic impaired, the mentally impaired and children with long-term illness. Of the children in all groups, those in a suitable condition are included in mainstreaming (integration) education in normal schools and benefit from education services through special education classes and supportive education.

Educational services are provided in special education schools to children and young people in five groups

The basic principle of special education which has adopted along with the new legislation is to plan and carry out the services without isolating individuals with special education needs from their social and physical environment. Also in all those impairment groups, the children who meet the criteria are taken to adaptation training in normal schools and make use of education services through special education classes and supplementary education.

Adaptation education refers to disabled individual’ s sustaining education in regular or separate classes where peers that are not inadequate study. But there are some children who cannot benefit from education due to several reasons though they need special education.

SPECIAL EDUCATION APPLICATIONS IN DIFFERENT

EDUCATIONAL LEVELS

Preschool Education of Children with special needs

In Turkey pre-school education is an obligation for 32-72 months old children whose requirements for special education are defined.

Applications In Primary School Mainstreaming in Primary school Special Education class Prep class before integration Special Education Schools. Hospital schools Special Education Support with programs Open primary schools

Special Education SchoolsPrimary education schools for the visually

impairedPrimary education schools for the hearing

impairedPrimary education schools for the orthopedic

impairedHospital primary education schoolsPrivate Special Education schools

Applications in High School Integration in High School Special High Schools Open High Schools Open Vocational High Schools Integration in Vocational and Technical High

Schools

Special Education High Schools

Multi-program high schools for the hearing impaired

Vocational high schools for the physically disabled

Printing house and evening art school for the visual impaired

Job Training Centers (for mentally impaired adults

Education and application schools (for trainable mentally impaired)

Educational Support ServicesScience and Art Centers (for gifted)Special Education and rehabilitation

centers (supporting services)Center for Special Education and

Rehabilitation (RAM)

Science and Art Centers

It is the independent special educational institution which is designed with the aim of having gifted children gain awareness of their individual talents, improve their potential and make the most of it without interrupting their education in formal educational institutions.

Special Education and rehabilitation centers (supporting

services)

They are the private educational institutions which function with the goal of eliminating problems resulting from difficulties in speaking and language development, voice defects, mental, physical, auditory, social, emotional deficiencies or behavioral disorders, taking their abilities to upper levels again, improving their self-care and independent living skills and ensuring their adaptation into the society.

These institutions are providing many different services and support.

These institutions able to provide support just for children are contunue formal education.

There institutions have limeted teaching hours in a week.

Ministry of Education paying 250-300 usd for each student to these institutions for the services provided.

Center for Special Education and Rehabilitation (RAM)

Individual educational evaluation and diagnostics, created by the Board of Special Education Evaluation objective, standardized tests, and individual characteristics are appropriate measuring tools in Guidance Research Centers (RAM).

Center for Special Education and Rehabilitation (RAM) is just middle of the systemWhile individual diagnosing; medical evaluation report as well as mental, physical, emotional, social, developmental history, characteristics of all development areas, in the academic fields qualifications, training, performance, needs, access to education and duration of the child's individual progress report prepared by the teacher in the school is registered taken into consideration

individual with special needs, of the according to the results educational assessment and diagnosis are decided at least restricted educational environment and the instruction plan, including special education services and special education assessment report is prepared

Special Education Services Board, a special education assessment report in accordance with the individual in need of special education in public school or institution the appropriate places

These application automatically happening after special education assessment report published.

Guidance and research centers, to help fulfill the task of educational assessment and diagnosis, and corporate data, the Ministry of Education electronic information system "MEBBIS" over the entries made on the internet that "RAM Module" has been prepared.

3 years old 21 years old

Special Education Support Services•Special Education and rehabilitation centers

•Science and Art Centers

Type of school School/ Class/institution

Number Of Students Number of Teachers Classroom

Total Male Female Total Male Female

Kindergartens within Special Education Schools

122 890 516 374 193 28 165 205

Primary School for the Hearing-Impaired

49 3804 2157 1647 1121 571 550 670

Primary School for the Visually-Impaired

16 1362 793 569 445 225 220 293

Hospital Primary School 53 - - - 103 51 52 -

Primary School for the Orthopedic-Impaired

3 545 294 251 110 33 77 56

Primary School for the Light Levels of EducableMentally Impaired

53 2792 1785 1007 1189 519 670 671

Training Center for Autistic Children (PrimaryEducation)

51 2 066 1 629 437 683 268 415 548

Children with Adaptation Problems (Primary Education)

1 65 65 - 20 16 4 11

Type of school School/ Class/institution

Number Of Students Number of Teachers Classroom

Total Male Female Total Male Female 1435

Special Education Class (Primary Education)

- 20 958 12939 8019 - - - -

Inclusive Education (Primary Education)

- 137 893 84309 53584 - - - -

Special Education Vocational High School (OrthopedicImparied)

2 97 69 28 39 28 11 9

Special Education Vocational High School (HearingImparied )

21 2053 1 282 771 353 221 132 148

Training School (VocationalSecondary Education) ( Light Levels of EducableMentally Impaired)

89 5949 4 027 1 922 545 240 305 273

Inclusive Education (Secondary Education)

- 10860 6744 4116 - - - -

Total of Special Education, Formal Education

714 199513 122874 76639 8189 3515 4674 5694

Type of school School/ Class/institution

Number Of

Students

Number of Teachers

Classroom Type of school

School/ Class/institution

Number Of Students

Number of Teachers

Job Training Centers for theMedium and High Level of Educable Mentally Impaired

135 4302 2804 1498 104 51 53 53

Science and Arts Center (Gifted andTalented Childen))

62 10807 5 656 5151 712 454 258 599

Vocational Training Center for Autistic Childen

14 657 512 145 - - - -

Private Special Education School (Non-FormalEducation)

112 23 638 14 279 9 359 - - - -

Total of Special Education, Formal Education

323 39404 23 251 16 153 816 505 311 652

Total 1037 238917 146125 92792 9005 4020 4985 6346 

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