OV 1 - 1 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Theory Networking...
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Transcript of OV 1 - 1 Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved. Network Theory Networking...
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OV 1 - 1Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Theory
Networking Terminology Network Categories Standard Network Models Physical Network Topologies Logical Network Topologies
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OV 1 - 2Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Computer Networks
Computers connect to communicate and share resourcesComputers connect to communicate and share resources
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OV 1 - 3Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Components
Network Component Description
DeviceHardware such as computers, servers, printers, fax machines, switches, and routers.
Physical mediaMedia that connects devices to a network and transmits data between the devices.
Network adapterHardware that translates data between the network and a device.
Network operating system
Software that controls network traffic and access to common network resources.
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OV 1 - 4Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Nodes
Redistribution pointRedistribution point
EndpointsEndpoints
Switch
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OV 1 - 5Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Network Backbone
Backbone
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OV 1 - 6Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Network Backbones
Network Backbone
Description
SerialConsists of multiple switches connected by one backbone cable. Typically not scaled for enterprise-wide use.
Distributed/ hierarchical
Consists of multiple switches connected serially to hubs or routers. Due to their hierarchical structure, these networks can be easily expanded without a significant cost impact.
Collapsed Uses a router or switch as the nexus for several subnetworks.
Parallel
Suits enterprise-wide applications. Like the collapsed backbone network, the parallel backbone network uses a central router or switch but augments the dependent switches with multiple cable connections.
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OV 1 - 7Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Servers
General purposeGeneral purpose DedicatedDedicated
Server 2Server 1
Client 1 Client 2
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OV 1 - 8Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Clients
Server
Client 1 Client 2
Maintains resources and performs its own
processing
Maintains resources and performs its own
processing
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OV 1 - 9Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peer Computers
Peer 1 Peer 2
Peer 3
Acts as both client and server
Acts as both client and server
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OV 1 - 10Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Host Computers
Client 1
Host
Client 2
Provides processing andstorage capabilities
Provides processing andstorage capabilities
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OV 1 - 11Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Terminals
Terminal
Host
Client
No processoror memory
No processoror memory
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OV 1 - 12Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
LANs
Nodes connected with cablesNodes connected with cables
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OV 1 - 13Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
WANs
Internet
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OV 1 - 14Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Coverage Areas
Network Category Description
MAN Covers an area equivalent to a city or other municipality.
CANCovers an area equivalent to an academic campus or business park. A CAN is typically owned or used exclusively by an entity.
PANConnects two to three computers with cables and is most often seen in small or home offices.
WPAN
Connects wireless devices in very close proximity but not through a Wireless Access Point (WAP).
Infrared and Bluetooth are some technologies used for connecting devices in a WPAN.
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OV 1 - 15Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Internet
74.6.1.246209.116.88.4
131.107.2.6138.45.9.121
IP addressIP address
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OV 1 - 16Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Intranets
Internet
IntranetIntranet
192.168.1.23
192.168.1.20
192.168.1.21
192.168.1.100
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.22
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OV 1 - 17Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Extranets
Client 1 Client 2
Client 3
Clients access the organization’s
resources
Clients access the organization’s
resources
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OV 1 - 18Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Enterprise Networks
LAN
Remote User
Network Operations Center
Headquarters
Branch Office
Internet
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OV 1 - 19Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Models
Centralized Model
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Segments
Segment 1
Segment 2
Router
Devices have common access to the networkDevices have common access to the network
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OV 1 - 21Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Centralized Networks
Connect to the host via terminals or terminal emulators
Connect to the host via terminals or terminal emulators
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OV 1 - 22Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Client/Server Networks
Server
Client 1 Client 2
Clients perform basic end-user tasks
Clients perform basic end-user tasks
Server provides processing power, management services, and administrative functions
Server provides processing power, management services, and administrative functions
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OV 1 - 23Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Resource sharing, processing, and communications control are completely decentralized
Resource sharing, processing, and communications control are completely decentralized
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OV 1 - 24Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mixed Mode Networks
Host
Client/Peer
Server Client/Peer
Clients with terminal emulatorsClients with terminal emulators
Incorporates elements from more than one network model
Incorporates elements from more than one network model
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OV 1 - 25Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Topology
Describes a network's physical wiring layoutDescribes a network's physical wiring layout
Describes the paths through which data flowsDescribes the paths through which data flows
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OV 1 - 26Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Point-to-Point Connections
A direct connection between two nodes on a network
A direct connection between two nodes on a network
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OV 1 - 27Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multipoint Connections
Receiver Detector Sender Detector
Each multipoint connection has more than two endpointsEach multipoint connection
has more than two endpoints
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OV 1 - 28Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Radiated Connections
Wireless point-to-point or multipoint connection
Wireless point-to-point or multipoint connection
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OV 1 - 29Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Physical Bus Topology
T-connectorT-connectorTerminatorTerminator
Nodes are arranged in a linear format
Nodes are arranged in a linear format
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The Physical Star Topology
Switch
Individual nodes send data to the connectivity device
Individual nodes send data to the connectivity device
Uses a central connectivity deviceUses a central connectivity device
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The Physical Ring Topology
Has upstream and downstream neighbors
Has upstream and downstream neighbors
Flow of data is unidirectional to avoid collisions
Flow of data is unidirectional to avoid collisions
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OV 1 - 32Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Physical Mesh Topology
Each node is directly connected to every other node
Each node is directly connected to every other node
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The Physical Tree Topology
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OV 1 - 34Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hybrid Topologies
Star-bus topology
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OV 1 - 35Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Hybrid Topologies
Hybrid Topology Formed By
Star-bus Linking the central nodes of star networks using a common bus.
Star-of-starsConnecting the central nodes of two or more star networks with a new common node.
Star-ringConnecting the central nodes of multiple star networks in a ring fashion.
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OV 1 - 36Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Logical Bus Topology
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OV 1 - 37Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Data Transmission on a Bus
Nodes listen passively to the channel
A node transmits data when the bus is free
Sends out a broadcast alert
Destination node picks up the transmission
In case of non-receipt of data, the bus terminates
the transmission
Collision occurs; nodes wait before retransmitting data
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The Logical Ring Topology
Receives data from its upstream neighbor and
retransmits to downstream neighbor
Receives data from its upstream neighbor and
retransmits to downstream neighbor
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The Logical Star Topology
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OV 1 - 40Copyright © 2013 Logical Operations, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reflective Questions
1. In your opinion, what are the considerations for choosing between the different topologies to implement in your network?
2. Describe any background experience you have working with LANs, WANs, or other types of networks.