Outline...Cg T1 T2 Vdis O3 Generator P OG 2C d V DIS f > V PEAK V TH @ Dielectric Capacitance Gap...

10/12/2018

1

Using Power Electronics for

Electrodischarge Applications

State of the Art and Research Opportunities

José Marcos Alonso Álvarez

2008

Universidad de Oviedo, España

Grupo de Electrónica Industrial e

Iluminación Electrónica

Outline

Introduction

Load Modeling

Ballast Modeling

High Power Factor Ballasts

Minimization of Acoustic Resonances

Piezoelectric Transformer Ballasts

Use of Magnetic Regulators

Digital control

Transferring Results to Industry

10/12/2018

2

Universidad de Oviedo

Grupo de Electrónica Industrial

Campus de Viesques, Edificio 3

33204 – Gijón, Asturias

España

Facilities

Introduction

Power Electronics and Lighting laboratory

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3

Electronic

Converter

(Ballast)

Basic Idea

Primary

Source

Load

Applications:

– Discharge lamps, ozone generation,

electrostatic separators, plasma displays, arc

welding, plasma cutting machines, etc.

Introduction

Main Goals

– Discharge load modeling

– Ballast developing:

• Power factor correction

• Efficiency improvement

• New features: lower volume and weight, power

regulation and control, soft start, increase lamp

life, etc.

Introduction

http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://es.elstat.com/es/balast2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://es.elstat.com/es/cebadores.htm&h=377&w=559&sz=28&tbnid=QxuAwMqVu8IJ:&tbnh=88&tbnw=130&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbalasto%2Belectr%25C3%25B3nico%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://es.elstat.com/es/balast2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://es.elstat.com/es/cebadores.htm&h=377&w=559&sz=28&tbnid=QxuAwMqVu8IJ:&tbnh=88&tbnw=130&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbalasto%2Belectr%25C3%25B3nico%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gabaru.com/img/sylv-2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gabaru.com/sylv-5.htm&h=162&w=199&sz=8&tbnid=koFJq8dyLrIJ:&tbnh=80&tbnw=98&start=15&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhalogenuros%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gabaru.com/img/sylv-2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gabaru.com/sylv-5.htm&h=162&w=199&sz=8&tbnid=koFJq8dyLrIJ:&tbnh=80&tbnw=98&start=15&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhalogenuros%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.agrienergia.com/electri/fotos/torre_electrica.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.agrienergia.com/electri/cat/index_contingut.html&h=171&w=256&sz=28&tbnid=G3B6k9ZrVD0J:&tbnh=71&tbnw=106&start=49&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dred%2Bel%25C3%25A9ctrica%26start%3D40%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.agrienergia.com/electri/fotos/torre_electrica.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.agrienergia.com/electri/cat/index_contingut.html&h=171&w=256&sz=28&tbnid=G3B6k9ZrVD0J:&tbnh=71&tbnw=106&start=49&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dred%2Bel%25C3%25A9ctrica%26start%3D40%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chirkindustry.com/images/Default/ozone_generator.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.chirkindustry.com/&h=398&w=433&sz=21&tbnid=ZS5ySdeGiucJ:&tbnh=113&tbnw=122&start=13&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dozone%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chirkindustry.com/images/Default/ozone_generator.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.chirkindustry.com/&h=398&w=433&sz=21&tbnid=ZS5ySdeGiucJ:&tbnh=113&tbnw=122&start=13&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dozone%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.electritienda.com/media/mercurio.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.electritienda.com/es/dept_143.html&h=125&w=119&sz=3&tbnid=WRclz4t7YWgJ:&tbnh=82&tbnw=79&start=19&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dl%25C3%25A1mpara%2Bde%2Bmercurio%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.electritienda.com/media/mercurio.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.electritienda.com/es/dept_143.html&h=125&w=119&sz=3&tbnid=WRclz4t7YWgJ:&tbnh=82&tbnw=79&start=19&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dl%25C3%25A1mpara%2Bde%2Bmercurio%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://img.musiciansfriend.com/dbase/pics/products/80/800750.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ishopwiz.com/3/3-0416.html&h=350&w=411&sz=13&tbnid=rd5mjL9HIU0J:&tbnh=102&tbnw=120&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddischarge%2Blamp%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://img.musiciansfriend.com/dbase/pics/products/80/800750.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ishopwiz.com/3/3-0416.html&h=350&w=411&sz=13&tbnid=rd5mjL9HIU0J:&tbnh=102&tbnw=120&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddischarge%2Blamp%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chirkindustry.com/images/Default/ozone_generator.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.chirkindustry.com/&h=398&w=433&sz=21&tbnid=ZS5ySdeGiucJ:&tbnh=113&tbnw=122&start=13&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dozone%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8http://images.google.es/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chirkindustry.com/images/Default/ozone_generator.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.chirkindustry.com/&h=398&w=433&sz=21&tbnid=ZS5ySdeGiucJ:&tbnh=113&tbnw=122&start=13&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dozone%2Bgenerator%26hl%3Des%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8

10/12/2018

4

Outline

Introduction

Load Modeling

Ballast Modeling





Digital control


Goals

Improve the knowledge on load behaviour

Allows the converter optimum design with a minimum of

laboratory tests

Predict the changes in the load operation point due to

possible perturbations

Make possible the study of the interaction between

converter and load

Load Modeling

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5

Discharge Lamps

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05-200

-100

0

100

200

(V) (A)

t (s)

-4

4

-2

2

Vla Ila

200 100 0 100 200-4

-2

0

2

4

Ila (A)

Vla (V)

0

(a)

0 10200

100

0

100

200

t ( s )

Vla

Ila(A)

-4

4

-2

2

0

20 30 40 50

m

(V)

200 100 0 100 2003

1.5

0

1.5

3

Ila (A)

Vla (V)

(b)

50 Hz

50 kHz

Load Modeling

Models

Static:

– Provide the steady state behaviour

Dynamic:

– Provide the behaviour during a transient:

• Great signal

• Small signal

Load Modeling

10/12/2018

6

Static Models

As a function of lamp power:

– Hyperbolic Approx.:

– Woo’s model:

BP

AR B

P

AR

C

0 200 400 600 800 10001

2

3

4

5

RL

F4T5

PTUBE

138 W

0 200 400 600 800 10001

2

3

4

5

RL

F4T5

PTUBE

138 W

2

III PCPBA)P(I

PBA)P(V VV

Load Modeling

Great Signal ModelsMader – Horn’s model

sPs1

1sP LL

LLL P,IFV

0L

2

0L

PP

VPR

0 5 10 15 200

2500

5000

7500

10000

RLA

P (W)LA

V =100V0P =1W0W

10

20

15

EL

EK RK

30 40

GP RP CP

(a) (b)

EK 30 20 Value={Vo*Vo/(V(40,20)+Po)}

.subckt lamp 10 20

+ params: Vo=100 Po=1 Tau=0.3m

EL 10 15 Value={V(30,20)*I(VS)}

VS 15 20 0

RK 30 20 1

GP 20 40 Value={V(10,20)*I(VS)}

RP 40 20 1

CP 40 20 {Tau}

.ends

VS

20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms 55ms 60ms

Timev(2) i(lb)*50 v(1)

200

0

-200

-150V -100V -50V -0V 50V 100V 150V

v(2)i(lb)

3.0A

2.0A

1.0A

0A

-1.0A

-2.0A

(b) (c)

1 22a

LAMP

V =100 V0P =1 W00.3ms

Vg

0

Vg 1 0 SIN(0 325 50)

Rb 1 2a 100

Lb 2a 2 500mH

XLA 2 0 LAMP

.tran 0.1m 60m 0 0.1m

(a)

Rb Lb

Load Modeling

10/12/2018

7

Small Signal Dynamic Models

Deng – Cuk’s model

– Define the lamp incremental impedance:

I

V

î

v̂Zl

Allows the study of

lamp-ballast

interaction.

Load Modeling

Modeling of O3 Generators

~kVO2 O3

Electrode

Electrode

Dielectric

+ High voltages: ~5kV - 20kV

+ High O3 yielding: up to 200 grO3/kWh with O2

– Risk of electric failure, especially in humid environments

High Voltage Dielectric Barrier Discharge:

Load Modeling

10/12/2018

8

O3 Generators under Test

300 mm

280 mm

Borosilicato

Malla de acero

inoxidable

Lámina acero

(espesor 0.2

mm)

Ozonizador tipo A

Ozonizador tipo B250 mm

200 mm

230 mm

4mm

180 mm

Borosilicato Láminas de acero

inoxidable

(espesor 0.2 mm)

5 mm

1 mm

1 mm

23 mm

0.3 mm

Load Modeling

Low Frequency Model

Cd

Cg

T1

T2

Vdis

O3 Generator

THPEAKDISdOG VVfVCP 2

Dielectric Capacitance

Gap Capacitance

Discharge Voltage

Load Modeling

10/12/2018

9

Low Frequency Waveforms

VoltageCurrent

Power

Voltage

Charge

Load Modeling

Test Bench

Amplificador

RF

Tensión

Corriente

GND

Osciloscopio

1 :

120

Cámara de ensayo

Concentrador

de O2

Entrada

O2

Salida

O3

0.5 l.p.m

OG

Analizador de O3

Válvula de

regulación

Carga

C

Load Modeling

10/12/2018

10

High Frequency Waveforms

Voltage

CH1=5000V CH2=100mV

Current

Power

Load Modeling

Outline

Introduction

Load Modeling

Ballast Modeling





Digital control


10/12/2018

11

GoalsTo know the behavior of the converter (ballast):

– Static

– Dynamic

Study the behavior of the arrangement lamp +

ballast:

– Abnormal or unstable behavior can be detected

Allows the ballast to be designed for closed loop

operation:

– Lamp power regulation

– Implies regulator design

Computer simulation

– Open loop

– Closed loop

Ballast modeling

Static and Dynamic Modeling

Generalized Averaged Method

Useful for modeling any power converter, including

electronic ballasts

Can be used to model converters that exhibit high ripple

waveforms

Based on the use of the exponential Fourier series

The Fourier series coefficients are used as state

variables

The model order, complexity and accuracy are

proportional to the number of harmonics considered in

the analysis.

Ballast modeling

10/12/2018

12

k

)Tt(jk

ke)t(x)Tt(x

The waveform x(t) in the interval (t-T, t] is approximated by the

exponential Fourier series:

Where:

T

2 T,0

de)Tt(xT1

)t(x)Tt(jkT

0k

Coefficients are the model state variables

Time waves can be obtained from these coeffcients

The model order is equal to twice the number of coefficients taken

into account

kx

Real

Aprox.

Continuous Wave AC Wave

Methodology

Ballast modeling

Dynamic Response

w

1 103

1 104

1 105

1 106200

100

0

100

200

w

20

1 103

1 104

1 105

1 10660

40

20

0

ue R=1000

R=500

R=212

G

ueG

180

R=1000

R=500

R=212

)s(E

)s(u)s(G

Cpico

ue

Ballast modeling

10/12/2018

13

Outline

Introduction

Load Modeling

Ballast Modeling





Digital control


GoalsSupply the lamps from the main AC voltage

Reduction of low frequency harmonic content to be

injected to the mains:

– Better use of distribution equipment

– Reduction of interference to other loads

Compete with old electromagnetic technology

– Robustness and fiability

– High power factor

– Poor features: power regulation, soft start, etc.

Important: A reduction in the number of components

and in the control circuitry is mandatory to reduce cost.


10/12/2018

14

Standard UNE EN 61000-3-2Class A: 3 Equipment, Tools, etc.

Class B: Portable tools, soldering equipment.

Class C: Lighting

Class D: Computers, TV

Orden del Armónico

n

Corriente armónica máxima admisible expresada en porcentaje de

la corriente de entrada a la frecuencia fundamental

%

2

3

5

7

9

11 n 39

(sólo armónicos impares)

2

30*

10

7

5

3

* es el factor de potencia

Clase C (P > 25W)


Introduction

AC

vgv

LA

LAMP

RESONANT

INVERTER

AC

vg

FPC

STAGE C 0RESONANT

INVERTER

vLA

LAMP

PROBLEM:

Lamp power

fluctuates at line

frequency

Lamp power

is stable

No Filter

Capacitance

Solution


10/12/2018

15

Active Power Factor Correctors

Lower size and

weight

Lower cost for

high power

Additional

features

Buck - Boost

(a)

-

+

AC C 0

D

L

Q

L

AC C 0

D

Q

+

-

AC C 0

+

-

Q

D

(b) (c)

(a)

-

+

AC C 0

D

L

Q

L

AC C 0

D

Q

+

-

AC C 0

+

-

Q

D

(b) (c)

Flyback

Boost


Integrated Topologies

ETAPA

CFPINVERSOR

AC B.F.

RED

+

BUS CC

LAMPARA

AC A.F

BALASTO

DE UNASOLA ETAPA

+

(a)

(b)

AC B.F.

RED LAMPARA

AC A.F

Reduction in active

components

Simpler control

circuit

Lower cost


10/12/2018

16

Integrated Boost-Half Bridge

AC

AC

Q3

Q1

Q2

D1

D2

D3L

Lr

CrR

LA

RLA

CF

CF

Q1

Q2

D1

D2

D3

L

Lr

Cr

(a)

(b)


Integrated Buck-Half Bridge

AC+

D0 C0

CR

LR

CFR LA

+

Q1D1

Q2

D2

L0

Q0

AC

+D0 C0

CR

LR

CFR LA

+

Q1D1

Q2

D2

L0

(a)

D3

V sin tg

V sin tg -V0

-V0


10/12/2018

17

Current Shaper

Vo

Vs

t

q

ig

t

t

vg

Vo Vs

2

vs

Ig

(t)

(t)

REDINVERSOR

RESONANTE LAMPARA

VS

RS

Conformador

CO

vg VO

vsig


Example:

+

MAIN

AC

Q1 D1

Q2 D2

CF

LR

CR LAMP

L D

L1

D3

D4

C1

1 N1

N2


10/12/2018

18

Outline

Introduction

Load Modeling

Ballast Modeling





Digital control


GoalsBeing able to supply high intensity discharge lamps

using high frequency converters ( > 20kHz )

Reduction of ballast volume and weight

Incorporate new features not available in magnetic

technology

– Optimization of starting process

– Optimization of warming-up phase

– Lamp power control and regulation (dimming)

Increase lamp life

Target lamps: high press. sodium, metal halide

Characterization of lamp acoustic resonances


10/12/2018

19

The Problem of Acoustic Resonances

t

P)1k(pc

t

p

t

p V222

2

Wave Equation:

ESTABLE

RESONANCIA LONGITUDINAL

RESONANCIA RADIAL

p, pressure

P, power

t, time


Typical AR Spectra

100 200 500 1k 2 5 10k 20 50 100 250k50Hz

100 200 500 1k 2 5 10k 20 50 100 250k50Hz

100 200 500 1k 2 5 10k 20 50 100 250k50Hz

Arco estable Arco serpentea

Arco fluctúa Extinción de arco

(a) Vapor de mercurio de alta presión

(c) Vapor de sodio de alta presión

(b) Halogenuros metálicos


10/12/2018

20

AR Characterization


Laboratory Testbench


Equipment Thermic Chamber

10/12/2018

21

Some Results

Lamps: Philips CDM-T 35W/830


Methods for AR Compensation

Operation in AR-free windows

DC operation

Frequency modulation

Supply the lamp with sinusoidal waveform and

superposed third harmonic

Square Waveform

– Low frequency: < 500Hz

– High frequency: > 20KHz


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22

Example:

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

VLA

VLA1

VLA3

t

Lamp current

Lamp power

0 2 4 6 8 100

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

H j( )

H 0( )

j

0.15

0.30

0.05

1.00

Lamp power: harmonic content

2nd3rd

4th

Power is distributed in

harmonics 2º, 3º y 4º

0

AR threshold


Converter

T

T/3

V1

V3

t

t

t

LEG 1: operates at fundamental frequency

LEG 3: operates at three times the fundamental

frequency

RAMA 1 RAMA 3

GateDriver3f,

L1 L3

C

MHLamp

V1 V3GateDriver

f

VBUS

Igniter

(3kV)


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23

PrototypeControl Stage Power Stage

Starter

Lamp


Outline

Introduction

Load Modeling

Ballast Modeling





Digital control


10/12/2018

24

Goals

Use of piezoelectric materials in energy conversion

applications

Supply the loads at high frequency, maintaining low volume

and weight

Used in substitution of reactive components in traditional

electronic ballasts

A reduction in cost is expected in the future for high mass

production of piezolectric components

New converter topologies are to be studied in order to take

advantage of the piezoelectric transformers possibilities


Piezoelectric Transformer

Combination: sensor + actuator

ROSEN

ppT T

Primary

Secundary

P: polarization T: mechanical stress


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25

Transformadores Piezoeléctricos

Extensional

Vibration

Radial

Vibration

p TPrimary

Secundary p T

Primario

Secundario

P: polarización T: tensión mecánica

p

T

p T


Equivalent Circuit

Small size

No leakage inductance

No electromagnetic noise

Equivalent circuit incorporate a resonant filter

similar to those used in powe converters

CE

L R C 1:n

C2 SecundarioPrimario


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26

Topologies

Half bridge converter:

– Moderate switching frequency: < 100 kHz

– Zero Voltage Switching can be achieved

Class E converter

– Higher Frequencies: > 300 kHz

– Zero Voltage Switching can be achieved


Half Bridge Topology

VDC

M1

M2

D1

D2

CE

L R C 1:n

C2 R

L

LÁMPARA

TRANSFORMADOR PIEZOELÉCTRICO

Well known and tested converter

No external components are required

Good efficiency

Control ICs commercially available

Lamp soft switching can be achieved


10/12/2018

27

Clase E Converter

Useful for high frequency operation: > 300 kHz

One controlled switch

High voltage stress

Higher harmonic content in the transformer input voltage

Vg

L C

C2

Lámpara

LB

ig

iD

ires

uC1

C1


Outline

Introduction

Load Modeling

Ballast Modeling





Digital control


10/12/2018

28

GoalsStudy of new control methods for electronic

ballasts

Based on the use of variable magnetic

components:– Variable transformer

– Variable inductance

Application to:– Lamp power control (“dimming”)

– Lamp soft start

Advantages:– Operation at fixed frequency

– Optimized control

– Galvanic isolation

– High efficiency

Magnetic Regulators

Proposed Control

Magnetic Regulators

VDC

M1

M2

D1

D2

L

C

1:x

CB

A

B

LAMP

Fuente de

Corriente CC

IC

Variable

Transformer

Entrehierro

Control

Entrada

Carga

10/12/2018

29

VDC

M1

M2

D1

D2

L

C

CB

A

B

LAMP

Fuente de Corriente

CC

IC

Variable

InductanceEntrehierro

Control

LV

Proposed Control

Magnetic Regulators

Control Curves

Lamp Power:

4 104

5 104

6 104

7 104

8 104

9 104

0.001 0.0011

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40P

LA(W)

L

40k

45k

50k

55k

Magnetic Regulators

10/12/2018

30

LAQ=R / Z B

L LA

LC

Q

Soft Start Process

0.- Start

1.- Heating

2.- Ignition

3.- Steady state

Magnetic Regulators

Outline

Introduction

Load Modeling

Ballast Modeling





Digital control


10/12/2018

31

Regulator

Primary

Source BallastLamp

SensorMicrocontroller

Discretization

Digital Control Applied to Ballasts

Digital Control

GateDriverIR211mC

ST6253

Freq

OC

EMI Filter&

Power

Supply

AC Line

Vbus= 320V

Vcc=15V

Rs

UV LAMP

GPH436T5

TemperatureSensor

DissolvedOzoneSensor

A1

A2

B1

B2

VDD

A/D

A/D

NMI

A/D

ARTimer

GND

VbusSensor M1

M2

CF L

C

Vdd=5V

AD633

Vlamp

Ilamp

Plamp

R1

R2A/D

Analog Multiplier

& Filter

Low-Cost

mC

Half-Bridge

Inverter

Digital Control

Ballast for UV Lamp

10/12/2018

32

Laboratory prototypeDigital Control

Microcontroller:

PIC16F684 from Microchip, 14 pins, low cost.

8 bits, internal oscillator (8MHz), PWM module, A/D converter, and timers.

Electronic Ballast for HID Lamp with Digital Control

Digital Control

10/12/2018

33

PSoC Technology

Digital Control

Electronic Ballasts based on PSoC Technology

Digital Control

REGULATED DC

CURRENT

SOURCE

(FORWARD

CONVERTER)

IR2111

GATE

DRIVER

DIGITAL CONTROL CIRCUIT

Programmable System-on-Chip (Psoc)

CY8C29466

PWM2 Current

SenseLamp

Voltage

Lamp

CurrentPWM1

VDC

Variable Inductor

LCF

CRLAMPM1

M2

R1

R2

10/12/2018

34

Outline

Introduction

Load Modeling

Ballast Modeling





Digital control


Balasto electrónico para aplicaciones en automoción: BALCON

– Actualmente comercializado por la empresa A.S.D., S.A.

– Versiones 24V, 72V, 150V

– Lámparas: 4W hasta 58W

– Homologado en LGAI

– Normativa UIC 555, EMI 55015

COMPACT BALCON EN50311

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Generadores de ozono para purificación de aire: GEO

– Actualmente comercializado por la empresa ETRONECOLOGY

Cargadores Electrónicos para Baterías de Pb:

– Empresa: Oldham France

Balasto para lámparas de generación de O3 por UV:

– Empresa: ETRONECOLOGY, SL

Alumbrado de emergencia controlado por μC:

– Empresa: GSSA

Balasto controlado por la red eléctrica:

– Empresa: Hispano Montajes, SL

http://www.rilize.com/main.htmhttp://www.rilize.com/main.htm

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Lámparas de bajo consumo:

– Empresa: GSSA

Alumbrados de emergencia:

– Empresa: GSSA

Transformador electrónico para lámparas Halógenas:

– Empresa: DESAELEC

Balasto para lámparas fluorescentes 2x36W:

– Empresas: GSSA, DESAELEC

Thanks for your attention. Questions?

[email protected]

Outline...Cg T1 T2 Vdis O3 Generator P OG 2C d V DIS f > V PEAK V TH @ Dielectric Capacitance Gap...

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