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Institutionalizing Agroforestry for Accelerated Institutionalizing Agroforestry for Accelerated Impact and Improved Livelihoods by Smallholder Impact and Improved Livelihoods by Smallholder
Farmers in Southern AfricaFarmers in Southern Africa
A Proposed FANRPAN & World Agroforestry CentreCollaborative Project
Olu AjayiWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
Presented at the FANRPAN Regional Policy Dialogue
4-7 Sept, 2007
Lusaka, Zambia
Outline
• Background: Phase I & II of Agroforestry R & D
• New focus of agroforestry R & D in SA region
• Goal and impact of proposed Project
• Planned activities and expected outcomes
On-
statio
n
Research
Adoption
On-
Farm
Researc
h
Scalin
g up &
out
Late1980s
Early1990s
Mid 1990s >2000
Nu
mb
er
of
farm
ers
in
volv
ed
2005 Time
1st generation issues:
•Species Screening
•Management regimes
Suitability of technology in other sites
Farmers’ modifications
2nd generation issues e.g. pests
Farmer innovations & constraints
•Labour•Profitability•Grazing•Fire
•Seeds & germplasm
•Targeting
•Property rights- tenure
•Policy
•Diversification of options
•M & E
•Impacts on livelihood
Evolution of R&D on Agroforestry in Southern African Region
1. Improved fallows• Non coppicing fallows
• Coppicing fallows
• Mixed fallows
• Intercrops with sesbania and tephrosia etc
• Mixed cropping with gliricidia
2. Integrated nutrient management (Fallows supplemented with fertilizer)
3. Biomass transfer
4. Rotational woodlots
5. Fodder banks
6. Indigenous fruit trees
Agroforestry options being scaled up
Scaling up of Agroforestry in Southern Africa
Scaling up/outScaling up/out
Capacity Building
Marketing & processing
Germplasm Economics, Policies,
institutions
Diversification of AF options
Field with AF trees
Continuous field
Water-stressed maize after 21 days of dry spell in Zambia January, 2003
Maize in AF field
Maize with fertilizerMaize, no fert
Financial profitability of maize production systems per hectare over a five-year cycle in Zambia (Grain yield only)
Figures are on one hectare basis, using prevailing costs & prices and an annual discount rate of 30%
Value-Cost Ratio ($/$) of maize production systems in Zambia
• Solid evidence that agroforestry options are profitable and offer opportunities to enhance household food security and conservation of the natural resource base
• Identified as a technological success in NRM (by the Science Council of the CGIAR) and an example of “success story in African agriculture” (IFPRI African Agriculture Success survey)
• Technical characteristic & field performance of agroforestry are necessary and important but are not sufficient to guarantee their adoption by farmers.
• Appropriate institutions, policies and incentive mechanisms are required to facilitate the adoption of agroforestry
Lessons learnt
• Mid Term Review recommendations:
– Build on lessons learnt …but shift from direct implementation of scaling up of agroforestry
– Increasing emphasis on policy and mainstreaming agroforestry into national and regional programmes
– ICRAF’s science role/technical partner and knowledge brokerage
– Identify a strategic sub-regional organization to lead the policy and mainstreaming of agroforestry in southern Africa (FANRPAN)
– FANRPAN / ICRAF proposal
New Project focus
• Overall Goal of Project
– “increase the ability of smallholder farmers to diversify livelihood opportunities by producing sufficient food to feed their family, generating cash income, increasing the productivity of their farm and conserving their natural resources”
• Project Impact:
– By employing integrated agroforestry practices, at the end of four years of implementation of the Project, 250,000 additional farm families (1.25 million individuals) will achieve year-round food security by reducing the average food gap (number of months when food is unavailable) from four to zero. In addition, the annual income of 75% of participating families will increase from less than a dollar a day to a level 25% above the poverty line.
Goal and Impact of the proposed Project
Output Outcome1. Wider adoption of agroforestry catalyzed and mainstreamed into policy decisions at local, national, and regional levels.
Policies supporting agroforestry development will be in place and agroforestry will become an integral component of an increasing number of agriculture and rural development programmes in the region
2. Partners’ capability to apply long-term demand-driven national and regional and agroforestry strategies strengthened and institutionalized.
At least 100 institutions in the region able to provide capacity building on agroforestry and natural resources management; and their capacity to address agroforestry enhanced.
3. Strategies for the targeting, up- and out-scaling and assessing impact of agroforestry options developed by stakeholders.
Strategies for targeting, up-and out-scaling, and monitoring and evaluation of priority agroforestry systems adopted and implemented by stakeholders in the region.
Output Outcome
4. Increased participation of smallholder farmers in agroforestry tree product markets.
Information and technical support systems helping farmers to increase their participation in agroforestry tree product markets to improve their livelihoods.
5. Functional seed supply systems built and smallholder farmers have increased access to germplasm of priority agroforestry species.
Sustainable seed supply, nursery enterprises, and propagation services will be functional; production, distribution and access to agroforestry tree germplasm increased.
6. Existing agroforestry networks and producer organizations strengthened and supported for scaling up.
Regional and national networks and producer organizations in participating countries Actively promoting and supporting agroforestry.
• Implementing Partners:– FANRPAN is Project Manager, with ICRAF’s support under a formal MOU, and
participation from several national institutions
• Implementation strategy: Emphasis on three key scaling up thrusts/approaches: – mainstream agroforestry into broader agricultural development policies in five
project countries and at regional level– support appropriate extension delivery strategies by government, producer
organizations, NGOs and the private sector;– train and empower implementation partners in the three ‘Chinyanja Triangle'
countries.
• Implementing locations:– Primarily Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia; modest policy support in Tanzania
and Zimbabwe; and policy mainstreaming at the SADC and COMESA levels.
• Duration of Project: 4 years
• Proposed Budget: Circa CAD $ 5.0 million
Implementation of the proposed Project
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