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Assessing risk of functional decline in emergency departments MS Bakken, MD PhD student X EAMA Advanced Postgraduate Course in Geriatrics Martigny, Switzerland, January 2013

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Assessing risk of functional decline in emergency departments MS Bakken, MD PhD student X EAMA Advanced Postgraduate Course in Geriatrics Martigny, Switzerland, January 2013. Outline. Definitions Background Why? How? Current knowledge & trends Conclusions Questions. Functional decline. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Assessing risk of functional decline in emergency 

departments

MS Bakken, MD PhD student

X EAMA Advanced Postgraduate Course in GeriatricsMartigny, Switzerland, January 2013

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Outline

• Definitions• Background• Why? How? • Current knowledge & trends • Conclusions • Questions

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Functional decline

• Reduced ability to perform tasks of everyday living, due to decreased physical and/or cognitive functioning. Inouye 2000

• New loss of independence in self-care activities, or detoriation in self-care skills. May include physical and psychosocial problems. De Vos 2012

• Measurements & outcomes vary!

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Emergency Department (ED) 

• Accident and Emergency (A&E)• Emergency Room (ER)

• Acute care• Patients present  without prior appointment  

  

Emergency Primary 

Health Care

Emergency Department

Medical or Geriatric Ward

Settings vary!

Norway HospitalizedNon-hospitalized

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Background

• Patients 65+  ~ 20% of all consultations in EDs

• ED visits often followed by functional decline (other adverse outcomes)

• Age, premorbid functional status and cognitive function strong predictors of functional decline   

• Studies in ED patients scarce     -studies in hospitalized patients abundant

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Assessing risk of functional decline in EDs – Why?

• Prevention possible

• Identification of patients at risk     Improved care. Two – step procedure?     Gatekeeping 

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Assessing risk of functional decline in EDs – How?

Screening tools• Easily and rapidly used 

• Most studied validated tools: Identification of Seniors at Risk ISAR Triage Risk Screening Tool TRST Both: 6 items, completed by patient/ caregiver/clinician 

Other parameters• Biological parameters         

(IL-6, CRP, TNF)• Physical parameters   

(muscle strength, walking stick, gait speed, TUG, one leg balance)

• No studies!?      

Graf 2012, de Saint-Hubert 2010 

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An ideal tool

• Clinically relevant• Easy to use• Accurate

• The ROC*curve measures discriminating abilityTakes both specificity and sensitivity into account Interpretation:   0.90-1.00     excellent

             0.80-0.90     good              0.70-0.80 fair

                               0.60-0.70 poor                                                                      0.50-0.60     fail

*ROC -Receiver Operating Characteristic

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Screening tools to select high risk ED patients 

-validation studiesTools Items Settings Performance Outcomes

ISAR (1999) ADL(2), vision, cognition, hosp., 3+ drugs 

EDs 4 university hospitals (Can) N=676, 65+

≥2/6 =>Sens 72%Spec 58%

Functional decline 6 m., institution-alization, death 

TRST (2003) Walking, >5 drugs,cognition hosp./ED use, no caregiver, nurses concern

EDs 2 urban teaching hospitals (USA)N=647, 65+

≥2/6: Sens 64/55%, spes 63/66% at 30/120 d

Institutionalization & ED readmission, 30 + 120 days

Silver Code (2012)(validated in hospitalized patients in 2010)

Age, sex, marital status, day hospital/hospital, number of drugs (0-8, 8+). 

Geriatric ED (Italy) N=1632, 75+ 

Stratifies in 4 risk classes; predictive validity as for ISAR 

Need for hospitalization, ED return visit or hospitalization or death at 6 months

Excluded: Tools developed and validated for patients discharged ≥ 48 hours after attendance at ED: BRASS, Inouye, SHERPA; tool to assess complex care needs in hospital: COMPRI; tools for hospitalized patients: HARP, ISAR-HP.

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Reviews Tools appropriate to assess risk of functional decline in older patients 

attending acute medical units (EDs in all reviews) McCusker et al 2002

Hoogerduijn et al 2006

Sutton et al2008

de Saint-Hubert 2010

Objective Predict functionaldecline in olderhospitalizedpatients, >60yrsphysical decline,nursing home adm

Identify valid,reliable andclinical userfriendlytool for functional decline in older people

Identify screeningtools in ED,elderly patients,risk of functionaldecline, >65yrs,any condition

Identify tools todetect risk offunctional declineat and afterdischarge

Aspects offunctionaldeclineconsidered

ADL ability,NH adm,Death

ADL abilityNH placementMortalityHospital costs

ADL abilityPhysical  andCognitive functionNH adm, QoL

ADL abilityNH admDeath

Conclusion Heterogeneity limits synthesis. Moderate short-term predictive ability?

ISAR (HARP, COMPRI) should be further investigated. ISAR most userfriendly? 

No «gold standard»Only ISAR acceptable discrimination (ROC 0.71).

Comparisons difficult. Many tools – because  no gives full satisfaction.

Umbrella review of tools to assess risk of poor outcome in older people attending acute medical units. Edmans 2012 Medical Crises in Older People. Discussion paper series

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Current knowledge & trends

• ISAR only tool shown to predict decreased physical or cognitive function (readmission, resource use, institutionalization and mortality) 

• Validity, reliability, clinical utility• Fair predictive value according to systematic reviews*

Poor-fair predictive value in more recent studies      Potentially suitable selecting high risk patients

      Supporting clinical decision-making!

• ISAR & TRST high negative predictive values (NPVs)       Can be used to safely select patients for discharge (?)

*Silver Code, not included in reviews.                                  Edmans 2012. 

                                                                     

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Conclusions

Few studies focus on ED patients at risk of functional decline  

Tools, settings & outcomes vary 

No gold standard   

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QuestionsAssessing risk of functional decline 

• How?  Sole instrument? Other (physical/biological) parameters? Two-step procedure: screening + CGA? 

• Where?  

• Gold standard? 

• Really assessing (an/several aspect/s of) frailty? Terminology!

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References• Identification of older patients at risk of unplanned readmission after discharge from the 

emergency  department. Comparison of two screening tools. Graf C et al. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012.

• Frailty in Older Adults Using Pre-hospital Care and the Emergency Department: A Narrative Review. Goldstein JP et al. Can Geriatr J. 2012. 

• Predicting functional adverse outcome in hospitalized older patients: a systematic review of screening tools. De Saint-Hubert M et al. J Nutr Health Aging 2010.

• Screening tools to identify hospitalized elderly patients at risk of functional decline: a systematic review Sutton M et al. Int J Clin Pract 2008.

• Screening for Frailty in the Elderly Emergency Department Patients by Using the Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR). Salvi F et al. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012.  

• The Hospital Elder Life Program: a model of care to prevent cognitive and functional decline in older hospitalized patients. Hospital Elder Life Program. Inouye SK et al. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000.

• Integrated approach to prevent functional decline in hospitalized elderly: the Prevention and Reactivation Care Program (PReCaP). de Vos AJ et al. BMC Geriatr. 2012.

• Umbrella review of tools to assess risk of poor outcome in older people attending acute medical units. Edmans JA et al. Medical Crises in Older People. Discussion paper series. 2012.

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ISAR (yes/no)1. Before the illness or injury that brought you to the Emergency, did you need someone to help you on a regular basis?

2. Since the illness or injury that brought you to the Emergency, have you needed more help than usual to take care of yourself?

3. Have you been hospitalized for one or more nights during the past 6 months (excluding a stay in the Emergency Department)?

4. In general, do you see well?

5. In general, do you have serious problems with your memory?

6. Do you take more than three different medications every day?                                                                                                                      2011/02 Version    www.smhc.qc.ca/en/research/our-research/research-made-practical