OUTER PLANETS MINOR MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM …brownk/ES104/ES104.2010...Kuiper Belt Donut...
Transcript of OUTER PLANETS MINOR MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM …brownk/ES104/ES104.2010...Kuiper Belt Donut...
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OUTER PLANETSOUTER PLANETS
MINOR MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
SUN
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Jupiter J p(Earth for Scale)
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Jupiter’s bands are clouds
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Hubble view Hubble view of Jupiter
Arrow shows entry point of Galileo probe, pDec. 1995
• http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/hstimages.html
http://www.solarviews.com/raw/jup/vjupitr5.mpg
p jp g g g
Link to rotating view of Jupiter
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Galilean moonsGalilean moons
• http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00743
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Io
True color on topEnhanced color on bottomSurface covered with calderas (like Crater calderas (like Crater Lake…without the water!)
• http://www.nineplanets.org/io.html
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Volcanic Plume on Io
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EuropaEuropa
• http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00746
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Ganymedey
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Callisto
• http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/callist1.htm
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Four Inner moons of JupiterFour Inner moons of Jupiter
Metis Adrastea Amalthea Thebe• http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/ganymede/PIA01076.html
Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, ThebeAmalthea is 247 km acrossPhotos by Galileo probe, 1996-97
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Jupiter’s outermost ringJupiters outermost ring
Discovered by Voyager I • http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/callisto/p48188.htmlDiscovered by Voyager IThis photo by Galileo space probe--November 9, 19961996
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SaturnSaturn
Voyager I, II went there in 1980, 81This photo by Cassini in 2004
• http://www.nineplanets.org/saturn.html• http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/overview/index.cfm
This photo by Cassini in 2004
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True-color image of S ’ iSaturn’s rings
• http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/image-details.cfm?path=../multimedia/images/rings/images/PIA05421.jpg&type=image
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SaturnSaturn
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Saturn and some of its moons
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Titan
• http://ciclops.lpl.arizona.edu/view.php?id=575
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River system on TitanRiver system on Titan
• http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Cassini-Huygens/SEMHB881Y3E_1.html
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Enceladus
• http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/saturn/encelads.htm
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Uranus
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Uranus (by Hubble)( y )
• http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1996/15/image/a
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Neptunep
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Minor Members of Solar SystemMinor Members of Solar System
AsteroidsMeteoroidsCometsK i B l ObjKuiper Belt ObjectsDwarf Planets
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“Planet”Planet
Orbits SunNot a satelliteNot a satelliteDominates its orbital path
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“Dwarf Planet”Dwarf Planet
is in orbit around Sun has sufficient mass for its self gravity to pull has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to pull itself into near-spherical shape has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit is not a satellite
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Pluto and CharonPluto and Charon
HST image
• http://www.solarviews.com/cap/pluto/pluto3.htm
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Pluto and Charon
Pluto does not dominate its orbitPluto does not dominate its orbitPluto is the first discovered K i B l ObjKuiper Belt Object
“Plutonian objects” of which it is the original example
Pluto’s moon is Charon
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Orbits of outer planetsOrbits of outer planets
Notice Pluto is sometimes closer to Sun than Neptune p
• http://www.nineplanets.org/plutodyn.html
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Inclination of Planetary orbitsInclination of Planetary orbits
Notice Pluto’s large inclination to Sun’s equatorg q• http://www.nineplanets.org/plutodyn.html
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Kuiper Belt
Donut shaped area containing numerous icy bodies of various sizesbodies of various sizesEris is the largest discoveredPluto and Charon are someTriton moon of Saturn is likely one that was Triton, moon of Saturn, is likely one that was captured by Saturn’s gravityO i i f h bi S i Origin of numerous comets that orbit Sun in periods less than 200 yearsA division of Trans-Neptunian Objects
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Eris
Kuiper Belt ObjectLarger than PlutogDiscovered in 2003
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)
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Eris (2003 UB 313)
http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/#size
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Orbit of Orcus (2004 DW)K i B l ObjKuiper Belt Object
• http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Echad/2004dw/
In redCompare to p
Pluto in blackblack
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Inclination of Orbit of OrcusInclination of Orbit of Orcus
Pl d N Pluto in red Neptune in grayOrcus in blue wikipedia, Orcus-transNeptunian object, 2008-1013
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Trans-Neptunian Objectsp j
Earth for scale wikipedia, Orcus-transNeptunian object, 2008-1013Earth for scale wikipedia, Orcus transNeptunian object, 2008 1013
More Info: http://solarsystem nasa gov/planets/profile cfm?Object=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOs&Display=OverviewLong
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TNOs
Orbits of Makemake (blue), Haumea (green), contrasted with the orbit of Pluto (red) and the ecliptic (grey). The perihelia (q)[3] and the aphelia (Q) are marked ( ) p (g y) p (q) p ( )with the dates of passage. The positions on April 2006 are marked with the spheres illustrating relative sizes and differences in albedo and colour.
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Dwarf planetsDwarf planets
Large Kuiper Belt ObjectsPlutoPlutoErisM k kMakemakeHaumea
The asteroid CeresOther KBOs likely to be discovered that are Other KBOs likely to be discovered that are also dwarf planets
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Ceres compositionCeres composition
• http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/050907_ceres_planet.html
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AsteroidsAsteroids
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Gasprap
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AsteroidsAsteroids
Ida, Gaspra, Deimos, Phobos
• http://www.nineplanets.org/asteroids.html
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Detail of CometDetail of Comet
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Hale BoppHale Bopp
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MeteorsMeteors
• http://www.jplnet.com/img2002/meteor.jpg• http://www.dmsweb.org/
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Major Impact StructuresMajor Impact Structures
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Meteor Crater ArizonaMeteor Crater, Arizona
• http://www.xtec.es/recursos/astronom/craters/METEOR.jpg
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Manicouagan, Quebec
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Shoemaker Levy 9Shoemaker-Levy 9
• http://www.nineplanets.org/sl9.html
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SL9 scar on JupiterSL9 scar on Jupiter
• http://nssdc gsfc nasa gov/planetary/sl9/image/sl9g hst5 gif• http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/sl9/image/sl9g_hst5.gif
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Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum
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SpectrumSpectrum
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Continuous SpectrumContinuous Spectrum
From glowing gas under pressureLike the interior of Sun
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Dark Line SpectrumDark Line Spectrum
White light passing through cold, low pressure gasGas absorbs its elemental wavelength signatureg g
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Bright Line SpectrumBright Line Spectrum
Incandescent hot gas emits its elemental Incandescent hot gas emits its elemental wavelength signature
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3 types of spectra3 types of spectra
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SunSun
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Photo of Sun’s granular surfacePhoto of Suns granular surface
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Detail of SunspotDetail of Sunspot
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Group of Sunspotsp p
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Sunspot Variation over timeSunspot Variation over time
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Spicules of the ChromosphereSpicules of the Chromosphere
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Solar CoronaSolar Corona
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Solar wind blows comet tailsSolar wind blows comet tails
http://www.astro.uva.nl/demo/sun/inter.htm
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Solar ProminenceSolar Prominence
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0109/sunplume_soho_big.gif Video clip http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap030223.html
Another video clip http://spacescience.com/headlines/images/prominence/prominence_10jan00.mov
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AurorasAuroras
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Aurora photo from SkylabAurora photo from Skylab
http://www.astro.uva.nl/demo/sun/aarde.htm
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Surface Detail of SunSurface Detail of Sun
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Solar InteriorSolar Interior
Nuclear Fusion of 4 Hydrogen to 1 HeliumDifference in atomic mass is released as Difference in atomic mass is released as energyReleased as photons—light particlesConvection brings photons to photosphereConvection brings photons to photosphereSun will last about another 5 billion years
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Structure of SunStructure of Sun
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Sun StructurePh t h t i ibl t “S f ”Photosphere: most visible part— “Surface”
Hydrogen and heliumG l Granules, sunspots
Chromosphere: lower atmosphereSpicules from granules of photosphereprominences
Corona: outer atmosphereIonized gasesgSolar wind
Solar flaresSolar flaresCreate aurorasAssociated with sunspotsAssociated with sunspots
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Sun now and later
This page was copied from Nick Strobel's Astronomy Notes. Go to his site at www.astronomynotes.com for the updated and corrected version
Sun now and later
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Red Giant BetelgeuseThis page was copied from Nick Strobel's Astronomy Notes. Go to his site at www.astronomynotes.com for the updated and corrected version
g
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Nebula eventual SunNebula—eventual Sun
http://www.astro.uva.nl/demo/sun/leven.htm
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Main Sequence to Red Giant to White Main Sequence to Red Giant to White Dwarf
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/dwarfs.html
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BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
Earth Science 11th edEarth Science 11 ed.Pages 660-680
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Lagoon Nebulag