Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism

Lincoln University Canterbury New Zealand

Department or Parks, Recreation & Tourisnt Lincoln University Canlerbury

Outdoor Education in AotearoalNew Zealand an annotated bibliography

by Pip Lynch Robyn Massam Catherine Peebles

o C CAS ION ALP APE. R NO.9

Outdoor Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand An Annotated Bibliography

Pip Lynch Robyn Massam

Catherine Peebles

June 1994

Occasional Paper No.9

Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Lincoln University

Canterbury

ISSN 1171 8374

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the assistance of the following people:

David Bailey who gave us permission to revise and update his 1989 bibliography (Bailey, 1989). Charles Antonovich who carried out the initial literature searches. Special acknowledgement is given to the library staff at Lincoln University and particularly June Taylor who processed numerous interloan requests.

This project has been funded by the Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism, Lincoln University.

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Sources consulted 2.1 'Outdoor education in New Zealand: a modern bibliography' 2.2 University catalogues 2.3 Other catalogues 2.4 Databases at Lincoln University Library 2.5 Serials

3. How to use the bibliography 3.1 Availability 3.2 Abbreviations

3.2.1 Phrases 3.2.2 Organisations

4. Annotated Bibliography

5. Keyword Index

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2 3 3 3 3 3

3 4 4 4 4

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1. Introduction

Interest in outdoor education has grown significantly over recent decades, and with this interest has come a growth in literature about outdoor education in AotearoaiNew Zealand. Much of this literature was collated in 1989 (Bailey, 1989). The present bibliography updates the 1989 effort with the added dimension of annotations in the form of an abstract for each publication listed. The publications listed include empirical research reports as well as literature that has a descriptive, conceptual or policy focus.

This bibliography is targeted principally toward those undertaking academic studies related to outdoor education. For this reason, material dealing solely with venues, equipment and activity ideas for outdoor education (e.g. guide books, activity manuals and technical books) has been excluded. Additionally, the latter publications are numerous and relatively easily accessible. This bibliography is a collation of material less readily available, but nonetheless valuable. The authors have noted the quality and quantity of information on outdoor education emanating from conferences. To increase awareness of this comprehensive source of information and to make it more readily available, individual conference papers as well as complete conference proceedings have been referenced.

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Outdoor education has been defined in broad terms. Literature on environmental education and outdoor pursuits has been included where it is linked to outdoor education in a general sense. Concepts, theories and applications of outdoor education in New Zealand are included, as is historical and contemporary information.

Where pOSSible, all literature has been physically sighted. There are two exceptions to this. First, some literature is recorded as missing by the original holding library; these items are noted in the bibliography as 'location unknown'. We suggest that readers contact the author (or organisation) for further information. Second, some literature is held in the National Library of New Zealand archives in Wellington and cannot be borrowed. These items have been noted as such. Readers wanting access to these references will need to personally visit this library. Items not Sighted for the above or other logistical reasons have been noted 'not seen'.

It would be helpful if users of this bibliography, noting any errors, omissions or suggestions for future editions would send information to:

Outdoor Education Bibliography Pip Lynch Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism PO Box 84 Lincoln University Canterbury

2. Sources consulted

The types of literature included in the bibliography are books, journal articles, reports, conference proceedings, conference papers, theses and academic research papers.

Annotations for the books, reports, conference proceedings, theses and academic research papers were created using information from the title, abstract, introduction and conclusion of each reference. All journal articles and conference papers were read in their entirety.

Searches were carried out using the following catalogues and databases and a pre-determined list of keywords:

2.1 'Outdoor education in New Zealand: a "modern" bibliography'

David Bailey's thesis (1989) was used as an initial starting point for the literature search (Reference No.1?).

2.2 University catalogues

University of Auckland Library catalogue Waikato University Library catalogue Massey University Library catalogue Victoria University of Wellington Library catalogue University of Canterbury Library catalogue Lincoln University Library catalogue Otago University Library catalogue

2.3 Other catalogues

Christchurch College of Education Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Research and Information Unit (This houses the NZCRS Diploma of Recreation and Sport thesis collection)

2.4 Databases at Lincoln University Library

Cab-Abstracts 1984-1992 ERIC 1982-September 1993 Science Citation Index 1992-September 1993

2.5 Serials

The following serials were systematically consulted:

Journal of Physical Education New Zealand The New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation The New Zealand Education Gazette NZEIL News (New Zealand Education International Ltd) Studies in Education Annual Research Report Ministry of Education The Journal: New Zealand Post Primary Teachers Association Education Matauranga 0 Aoturoa: Education and the Outdoors New Zealand Parks and Reserves Extending Education National Education

3. How to use the bibliography

All references are listed alphabetically according to the first author's family name. Where the 'author' is an organisation, the organisation name is given. Where the author, editor or compiler is unknown the item is indexed according to the first word in the title.

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For ease of access we have also assigned keywords to each entry. The keywords have been indexed, using as a guide the 'Sport Thesaurus 1990 Edition' used in the Sport database, Canada. A cross-referencing system has been built into the index. This means that some common words that are not keywords have been included to help direct the reader in her/his search. For example, there is no keyword for outdoor leader

because outdoor educator covers this area. However, the index lists outdoor leader and directs the reader to outdoor educator instead.

Keywords are based on the title, table of contents, introduction and abstract from each reference. Where an item has not been Sighted, the title only has been used.

The keyword index also includes some document types (e.g., conference), areas (e.g., Waikato) and venues (e.g., Outdoor Pursuits Centre) to assist the reader in her/his search. For reference the keyword 'outdoor education' is only given to those items that solely discuss outdoor education. Items about camp planning, therefore, do not have 'outdoor education' as a keyword.

The following details are given for each study:

1. Author(s) 2. Official title of the work 3. Publisher and place of publication. For unpublished works, as many details as possible are given to

aid the user in locating the work 4. Year of publication 5. Annotation 6. Keywords

In addition to this, page numbers are given for journal articles and conferences papers.

Each reference is numerically tagged; numerals in the index refer to entries in the bibliography, not to page numbers.

In determining alphabetical order the prefixes 'M', 'Mac' and 'Mc' are all treated as Mac and the next letter in the name determines the position of the entry.

3.1 Availability

All complete references are available in AotearoaiNew Zealand and enquiries should be directed through local libraries or library inter-loan services. See previous comments regarding access to National Library of New Zealand material and unseen material.

3.2 Abbreviations

Commonly used phrases and organisations have been abbreviated in the abstracts to avoid repetition. These are listed below.

OE: EE: EOTC: PE:

ACC: DOC: HC: MERC: NWE:

3.2.1 Phrases

Outdoor education Environmental education Education OutSide The Classroom Physical education

3.2.2 Organisations

Accident Compensation Corporation Department of Conservation Hillary Commission (Covers all titles, present and past for this organisation) Marine Education and Recreation Centre Northland Wilderness Experience

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NZAHPER: NZCRS: NZEI: NZFS: NZMSC: NZOIA: NZOTAB: NZPPTA: OPC: OTS: WONZ: YMCA: YWCA:

New Zealand Association of Health, Physical Education and Recreation New Zealand Council for Recreation and Sport New Zealand Educational Institute New Zealand Forest Service New Zealand Mountain Safety Council New Zealand Outdoor Instructors Association New Zealand Outdoor Training Advisory Board New Zealand Post-Primary Teachers Association Outdoor Pursuits Centre Outdoor Training Scheme Women Outdoors New Zealand Young Mens Christian Association Young Womens Christian Association

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4. Annotated Bibliography

1 ABBOTT, B. The Department of Conservation's role in outdoor education. pp.146-149. Paper presented at:

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Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference, 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

A workshop explaining the role of DOC in OE. Discusses DOC's educational roles and priorities, what DOC wants from outdoor educators and what DOC wants people to achieve from OE visits. Keywords: Conference, Conservation, Department of Conservation, Finance, Outdoor education, Policy, Protected Natural Area, Treaty of Waitangi.

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ABBOTT, B. Becoming outdoor leaders. pp.259-263. Paper presented at: Papers and reports from the 1981 conference on women and recreation, 31 Aug-3 Sept, 1981. Wellington. Wellington: NZCRS, 1981.

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Reviews the importance of training women outdoor leaders. Discusses NZOTAB: the reasons behind its establishment, its function and goals and suggests sources of training for outdoor leaders. Keywords: Conference, Goals, New Zealand Outdoor Training Advisory Board, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Training, Woman.

ABBOTT, C. The wilderness experience as personal development: why it works and how to enhance it­lessons from a drug rehabilitation program. pp.11-20. Paper presented at: Proceedings of the sixth national outdoor education conference, Sydney, January 1989. Edited by B.R. Hayllar. New South Wales Department of Sport, Recreation and Racing and Centre for Leisure and Tourism Studies, University of Technology, Sydney (Kuring-gai). CL TS publication NO.8. 1989.

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Details the personal, social, recreational and environmental outcomes of OE, based on the perceptions of some New Zealand outdoor educators. Identifies the ways in which outdoor educators can enhance personal development of partiCipants. Keywords: Conference, Outcome, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Perception, Personal development.

ABBOTT, C. Looking for leaders? pp.45-62. In: Outdoor education Year book of education No.7. NZEI, 1978.

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Abbott discusses the necessary and desirable attributes for outdoor leaders. The paper also discusses organisations that are involved in outdoor leadership training in New Zealand. Keywords: Leadership, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Training.

ABBOTT, C. Competence essential for teachers leading outdoor trips. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vol.9, NO.1: p.27, April 1976.

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Abbott reviews information supporting a training scheme for outdoor leaders and educators. Guidelines for a training scheme developed at a seminar are also mentioned. Keywords: Guidelines, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Training.

ABBOTT, C. Leadership in outdoor education. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1976.

Investigates the role of leadership in OE and the characteristics of a good leader. The author also discusses developments in outdoor leadership training and future directions. Abbott recommends the establishment of a national training scheme for outdoor leadership and a

national training centre to facilitate such a scheme. Keywords: Leadership, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Training, Trend analysis.

7 ADAMS, V.; WOLFENDEN, P. (eds). Outdoor education: the role of outdoor education, programmes

and approaches resources and personnel, staffing and funding. Compiled from material collected from the Secondary Teachers Inservice Training course, April 1990. Secondary Inservice Programme, College of Education, Palmerston North, 1990.

A general insight into school based OE under the 'Tomorrows Schools' curriculum.

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Identifies role of OE in schools, its purpose, administration and includes examples of programmes already present in some schools.

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Keywords: Administration, Curriculum, Outdoor education, Programme, School, Tomorrows Schools.

AITCHESON, R.W. Developing forms and the future of outdoor education in New Zealand. Paper presented at: New Zealand Educational Institute centennial education conference. 1975. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Outdoor education.

9 ALLAN, S. Toward safety and environmental frameworks for New Zealand outdoor education in the

1980s. The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust Fellowship Study. Turangi: Outdoor Pursuits Centre of New Zealand, 1983.

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Research report reviewing American safety practices and conservation ethics with regard to improving the quality of work of the OPC of New Zealand. Study objectives were to enable OE in New Zealand to develop environmental practices and to outline a safety checklist appropriate to administrators in OE. Report recommends that leader training be given higher priority especially by the Department of Education and that New Zealand OE programmers remain in contact with overseas OE as a form of training. Keywords: Camping, Environmental impact, Equipment, Impact, Legislation, Outdoor education, Outdoor Pursuits Centre, Programme, Risk, Safety, Training, U.S.A.

ALLEN, C. A Christian perspective on outdoor education for adolescents. Thesis. Diploma of Parks and Recreation. Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1989.

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This thesis provides a commentary on issues of value and effectiveness in OE from a Christian viewpoint. It tackles criticisms charging Christianity with anti-conservation ethics and provides a conciliatory alternative view. Keywords: Adolescent, Christian, Goals, Outdoor education, Perception, Religion.

ANDERSON, M. Rights and ethics of outdoor education policy. Paper presented at: Conference on community integration for people with intellectual handicaps conference, Dunedin, New Zealand, November 18·201988.

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Examines the rights of all individuals to enjoy the benefits gained by participation in OE activities. Anderson reviews these benefits and identifies barriers to participation and discusses how the exclusion of some individuals from OE activities is viewed as 'just' by some people. Keywords: Barrier, Benefit, Conference, Disability, Outcome, Outdoor education, PartiCipation, Policy.

ANDERSON, M.R. Outdoor education: a critical analysis of the main themes. Thesis. Master of Education. University of Otago, New Zealand, 1988.

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Anderson critically analyses the main themes of OE policy and investigates the underlying assumptions. The main themes identified were personal and social development, outdoor pursuits and leisure activities, adventure and challenge and EE. Each of these themes had an individualistic, personalistic and liberal basis, with the emphasis on self-development in areas such as self-reliance, self-confidence, self-esteem, self-awareness and self-control. The need for a single educational policy that imposes the values of a dominant group on all of society is questioned, as is the lack of recognition for the differing beliefs and values of ethnic minority groups. Keywords: Adventure, Belief, Benefit, Challenge, Environmental education, Ethnic group, Leisure, Outcome, Outdoor education, Outdoor pursuits, Personal development, Policy, Social development, Values.

ANDERSON, M. Outdoor education in Dunedin schools. Thesis. Diploma of Education Special Topic.

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University of Otago, New Zealand, 1984. This survey looked at OE in Dunedin State schools at primary, intermediate and secondary

levels. Its aims are three-fold. First, to review the literature on this topic; second, to describe OE within the schools, including teacher participation; third, to study the type and amount of training currently available to teachers in OE, and the training or experience teachers feel they need. Keywords: Dunedin, Literature review, Outdoor education, Participation, Qualitative research, Quantitative research, School, Survey, Teacher.

ARCUS, C. Using the outdoors for primary science. pp.150-153. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17·20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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Review of a workshop that concentrated on finding out about outdoor activities for science. Contains reasons for using the outdoors, how to use the outdoors and includes the teacher's role. Keywords: Conference, Curriculum, Outdoor education, Role, Science, Teacher, Teaching.

AUCKLAND REGIONAL COUNCIL. Recreation in New Zealand. Volume One. Auckland: Auckland Regional CounCil, 1971.

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Developed for students and the general public, this volume provides background literature on aspects of recreation in New Zealand. Articles relating specifically to OE and recreation include: the role of recreation in education; school camping; man in the park environment; recreation and park administration; open space for education; leadership in the bush; and scouting in New Zealand. Keywords: Administration, Camping, Education, Environment, Leadership, Open space, Recreation, School, Scouting.

AUSTIN, M. Keynote address. pp.142-145. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17·20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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Discusses the conflict between outdoor educators and teachers. Looks at the differences in attitudes between the two. Mentions the need for a unity of outdoor educators and teachers. Keywords: Attitude, Conference, Conflict, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Teacher.

BAILEY, D. Outdoor education in New Zealand: a 'modern' bibliography. Thesis. Diploma of Parks and Recreation Management. Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1989.

Bibliography of published and unpublished resources on 'modern' OE in New Zealand.

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Research sources are quoted and references are divided into particular areas of OE. Research for this bibliography was completed in 1988. Keywords: Bibliography, Outdoor education, Research.

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BAKER, G. Debriefing for beginners. pp.163-167. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington:

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HC,1992. Workshop review on debriefing. Discusses benefits, effectiveness, what to cover and

methods. Includes the Project Adventure experiential learning cycle. Keywords: Conference, Debriefing, Outdoor education, Project Adventure, Theoretical model.

BAKER, L.; RANDS, D. Women as outdoor leaders. pp.18-20. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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Review of workshop which identified the difficulties for women becoming involved in leadership, training and employment. Also identifies solutions. Keywords: Conference, Leadership, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Training, Woman.

BANKS, J. Closing address. pp.331-333. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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The official closing speech of the 1992 National outdoor education conference. Banks discusses the importance outdoor educators and leaders have in teaching people how to enjoy the outdoors and gain knowledge in outdoor pursuits. Suggests that New Zealand's resources are not being used by enough New Zealanders. Keywords: Conference, Natural resources, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Outdoor pursuits.

BATE, G. Curriculum evaluation of the third form outdoor education programme, Aranui High School, Christchurch. Thesis. Diploma of Education Research paper. University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1979. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Aranui High School, Christchurch, Curriculum, Evaluation, Outdoor education, School.

22 BAUER, F. Papakura probation outdoor pursuits courses: one year follow-up. Auckland: Justice

Department, 1982. Not seen. Keywords: Auckland, Outdoor pursuits, Probation, Programme.

23 BAYLEY, L. The development of outdoor education in the Wellington Education Board. New Zealand Journal

of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vo1.6, No.3: ppAO-43, November 1973. A review of school OE in the Wellington area. Mentions historical aspects and examines

the attitudes of parents and others towards school OE. Keywords: Attitude, History, Outdoor education, Parent, School, Wellington.

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24 BEAniE, J. A study of outdoor education in selected Christchurch primary schools. RECN 330,

Special Topic. Lincoln University, Canterbury, 1991.

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This study investigates the nature and status of OE in ten Christchurch primary schools, identifying the present structure's degree of commitment to OE, and resources available. The study concludes that OE is an integral part of the primary school curriculum and that there is a strong commitment to ensuring it remains as such. Resources available for OE vary considerably and can be a major constraint. Keywords: Christchurch, Curriculum, Outdoor education, Qualitative research, Quantitative research, School.

BELL, A. Outdoor education: a curriculum based non-residential programme. Thesis (and video).

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Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1989. This video production, photographs and written booklet combine to form an account of a

five day school based (non-residential) OE programme (held at separate venues), and follow up activities, combining core syllabus activities with experiences in the outdoors. The aims of the programme were to enhance a healthy attitude towards the environment, to conduct such an exercise using a whanau group of pupils combining pupils aged 8-11 years into co-operative cohesive groupings and to enhance the learning process by using an OE experience as the basis for follow up curriculum based activities at school. The author discusses the reasons for a non­residential programme and asserts that the programme was a success. Keywords: Curriculum, Goals, Non-residential programme, Outdoor education, Programme, School.

BELL, M. Women Outdoors New Zealand: networking to serve women's needs in the outdoors. pp.59-68.

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Paper presented at: Commonwealth and International Conference on Physical Education, Sport, Health, Dance, Recreation, and Leisure. Auckland 18-23 January, 1990. Conference proceedings Vol.6, Recreation, Leisure, Play. Au Purapura, Aku Purapura, Ka Puta Te Hua Creative Interaction - A New Direction.

Discusses WONZ, it's history and the importance of and need for networking. Contains a review of national policy and identifies major issues facing women in OE incorporated in the national policy. Mentions benefits for women participating in outdoor activities and also the constraints women face in outdoor pursuits. Keywords: Barrier, Benefit, Conference, History, Outdoor education, Outdoor pursuits, Policy, Woman, Women Outdoors New Zealand.

BESLEY, R. Outdoor education in Canterbury secondary schools. Education Department, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1991.

This study evaluates the usefulness and worthiness of OE in secondary schools by providing an inventory of OE programmes provided at secondary schools in the Canterbury region, identifying objectives which teachers attempt to achieve in OE programmes and measuring the extent to which selected objectives were achieved by the OE programme provided in a large Christchurch secondary school. The study consisted of interviews of teachers from 18 schools in the Christchurch area and a questionnaire of eight third form classes at a specific Christchurch high school. The author concludes that OE does not have a significant effect on perceptions, attitudes or behaviour. It is suggested that for students to gain more from camps the OE programme should be structured like other subjects, where there are specific teaching goals to be achieved. In addition, OE programmes are seen as valuable only if they can achieve something that cannot be achieved in the classroom. Keywords: Adolescent, Attitude, Behaviour, Camp, Canterbury, Child, Goals, Inventory, Outcome, Perception, Programme, Questionnaire, Residential outdoor education, School.

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28 BIGNELL, A. Forest parks and forestry. pp.46-54. Paper presented at: National outdoor education

conference: Proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21·24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

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A description of what the NZFS offers, how their resources can be used, NZFS concerns about OE, the basis of the NZFS involvement and commitment to OE and the difficulties that NZFS faces in servicing OE. Keywords: Administration, Conference, Definition, Finance, Forest park, Forestry, Funding, Management, New Zealand Forest Service, Outdoor education, Standard.

BLOOMER, D. The place of polytechnics in outdoor education. p.21. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17·20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

Review of a workshop that looked at what courses polytechnics offer for training in OE. Keywords: Conference, Outdoor education, Poly technical Institute, Training.

30 BLOOMER, D. Matching risks and learning outcomes: should we take people outdoors anyway? p.168. Paper

presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17·20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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Reviews a workshop which examined some traditional outdoor activities, the risks associated with these activities and the learning outcomes they are intended to provide. Keywords: Activity, Conference, Outcome, Outdoor education, Risk.

BOOTHE, D.; WOODHAM, C. Marine and recreation in the Auckland area: a report on needs and use.

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Prepared with the advice and assistance of the Auckland Community Development Department, Auckland Regional Authority, 1983.

The aims of this survey were twofold: to collect information about the community needs and use of marine education and recreation facilities, both of which already exist in the Auckland area; and to examine the potential for a Marine Education and Rereation Centre at Long Bay. The survey shows that Maori and Pacific Island groups are some of the least involved in organised aquatic sports, although there is a great demand for aquatic facilities from this sector. Overall, the results of this survey indicate a very large unfulfilled demand for organised education in aquatic recreation among the groups surveyed. The survey revealed that most groups want to learn skills in sailing, canoeing, water safety, life-saving and underwater diving. Keywords: Auckland, Ethnic group, Facility, Maori, Marine Education and Recreation Centre, Needs, Outdoor education, Pacific Islander, Qualitative research, Quantitative research, Recreation, Research, Survey.

BOSWELL, W.H. Lonsdale Outdoor Education Centre: a pioneer in school camping. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vol.11 , No.1: pp.16-17, April 1978.

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Article mentions the benefits of OE. It covers the history of Lonsdale Outdoor Education Centre and provides information on its location, facilities and activities. Keywords: Activity, Benefit, Camp, Facility, Lonsdale Outdoor Education Centre, Outcome, Outdoor education, Residential outdoor education, School.

BOWATER, K. Outdoor and environmental education: survey of the involvement of primary schools in the South Island north of the Waitaki River. Christchurch: Christchurch College of Education,

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1993. Details of a survey conducted to identify the needs of schools which could be met by the

Outdoor and Environmental Education Curriculum Centre primary programme of the Christchurch College of Education. 138 schools were surveyed and 43 schools responded.

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Keywords: Christchurch, Christchurch College of Education, Environmental education, Needs, Outdoor education, Programme, Qualitative research, Research, School, Survey.

BOWATER, K. Outdoor education opportunities in a year for primary classes. pp.173-176. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992. Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

Suggestions, considerations and activity ideas for developing an OE programme. Keywords: Conference, Outdoor education, Programme, School.

35 BOYES, M. The decision making process for outdoor leaders. pp.34-45. Paper presented at: Step outside:

proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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Review of the level of risk in activities, the psychology of risk and how this affects the outdoor experience. Reviews types of risk (e.g., risk seeking, risk aversion) and individual reactions to risk activities. The role of the leader in creating and controlling situations is also discussed. Keywords: Conference, Experience, Leadership, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Risk.

BOYES, M. Professional training for teachers in outdoor education. pp.177-179. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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Review of a workshop that examined the current philosophy and practice of training teachers to use the outdoors as a resource in curriculum based activities. Keywords: Conference, Curriculum, Goals, Outdoor education, Teacher, Training.

BOYES, M. A concept of risk for outdoor teachers. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vol.24, No.4: pp.14-17, 1991.

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Article assesses risk activities, the optimal arousal theory and the stress process associated with risk. The responsibility of the teacher to ensure that the outdoor activities chosen for EOTC experiences match the skill level of the students is also discussed. Keywords: Education Outside The Classroom, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Risk, Skill, Teacher, Theoretical model.

BRADLEY, B. Outdoor education. pp.69-73. Paper presented at: New Zealand outdoor recreation planning symposium proceedings, August 1977. Wellington: NZCRS, 1978.

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Bradley defines OE and identifies the difference between education in, education for and education about the outdoors. Discusses training for OE, the needs of OE (such as OE areas, training, educators, etc.) and OE in schools. Keywords: Conference, Definition, Environmental education, Natural resources, Needs, Outdoor education, Safety, School, Skill.

BRAILSFORD, P. Training and assessment: do we need it? pp.22-25. Paper presented at: Step outside:

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proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors' 17·20 January 1992. Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

Discusses the importance of outdoor educators having the right knowledge and skills to run an activity safely and effectively, to increase the chances of goal achievement. Keywords: Activity, Benefit, Conference, Goals, Outcome, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Safety, Skill, Theoretical model.

BRAILSFORD, P. What is NZOIA and what does it have to offer outdoor instructors. pp.294-295. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17·20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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Details the NZOIA. Includes the associations aims, what it has to offer and the NZOIA award scheme. Keywords: Conference, Goals, New Zealand Outdoor Instructors Association, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator.

BROOKES, A. The role of Outward Bound in the training of character. Thesis. Diploma of Education, Massey University, New Zealand, 1966.

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The aim of this study was to consider the role of the Outward Bound concept in the training of character and to attempt to evaluate its position in relation to the objectives of a modern democratic educational system. The concept and practice of Outward Bound and its relation to a comprehensive system of education is considered. Keywords: Education, Goals, Outward Bound, Public opinion.

BROWN, D.; SUTHERLAND, A. Experiential education with special needs students: the Van Asch experience. pp.182-186. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second

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national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17·20 January, 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

Brown and Sutherland explain the programme of experiential education run by Van Asch College in 1991. They recognise the importance of location for education and also note that EOTC is encouraged for all subject areas for special needs participants. Keywords: Conference, Disability, Education Outside The Classroom, Experiential education, Outdoor education, Programme, School, Van Asch College.

BROWN, N.; HOLDSTOCK, M. Students as leaders: the experience of two Canterbury schools. pp.26-33.

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Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17·20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

A comparison of Kaiapoi High School and Villa Maria College and their outdoor leader training courses/curriculum. Keywords: Canterbury, Conference, Curriculum, Kaiapoi High School, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, School, Training, Villa Maria College.

BROWN. The academic aspects of outdoor education. Extending Education. Vo/'1, No.1, 1961. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Curriculum, Outdoor education.

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45 BRUCE-SMITH, M. The Rathkeale College outdoor programme. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport.

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NZCRS, Wellington, 1978. Describes the outdoor programme offered at Rathkeale College. Discusses the outdoor

pursuits activities offered at Rathkeale, including tramping, canoeing and cycling. The Duke of Edinburgh's Award is also discussed. Keywords: Activity, Canoeing, Cycling, Duke of Edinburgh award, Outdoor education, Outdoor pursuits, Programme, Rathkeale College, School, Tramping.

BRYANT, S. Fun and learning in the outdoors with the Girl Guides Association. pp.187-189. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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Paper discusses the Girl Guide Association and the outdoors involvement of each level of Girl Guides from pippins to rangers. Keywords: Conference, Girl Guide Association, Outdoor education.

BUBLITZ, L. Outdoor education: an overview. NZPPTA, 1975.

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Reviews OE in schools and illustrates where education is today (1975). The article recognises two divisions in OE: residential OE and day field trips or excursions. It mentions the results of the NZPPTA survey of OE in schools and also mentions the programme funding for OE centres provided by the government and by individual schools. Keywords: Facility, Field trip, Funding, Government, Outdoor education, Residential outdoor education, School, Survey.

BURNS, L. Interpretation for children in New Zealand parks. Dissertation. Diploma of Parks and Recreation (National parks). Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1982.

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This dissertation is designed for people involved in planning interpretation facilities and implementing programmes. Burns discusses the theory and justifications for interpretation for children and puts it into the perspective of the overall education system. Visitor facilities are analysed and programme planning and evaluation is discussed. Practical activities are introduced for the development of a living history programme. Keywords: Activity, Child, Education, Environmental education, Evaluation, Facility, Interpretation, National park, Planning, Programme, Research, School.

BURNS, L.; GOVENLOCK, P. Involving juniors. pp.155-160. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: Proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington:

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NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982. Outlines ideas in OE for children in the 5-7 and 8-10 year old age bracket. A reference list

of useful publications is included. Keywords: Bibliography, Child, Conference, Goals, Outdoor education, Planning, Programme, School.

BUSSELL, K. Guthrie-Smith Outdoor Education Centre at Tutira: a teachers guide to organisation and programmes. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1985.

The purpose of this dossier is to foster a better 'quality' of OE at Guthrie-Smith Outdoor Education Centre by informing teachers of programme possibilities and worksheets. This dossier complements the Guthrie-Smith Outdoor Education Centre Handbook (classified with this reference). A comprehensive list of programme possibilities is provided.

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Keywords: Administration, Camp, Economics, Evaluation, Food, Guidelines, Guthrie-Smith Outdoor Education Centre, Lake, Orienteering, Outdoor education, Programme, Residential outdoor education, Transport, Walkway.

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BUUTVELD, W.E. Resource for outdoor education. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1979.

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The suggestions in this booklet have been prepared to assist camp planning. The author discusses some general aims of OE, legal requirements and pre- and post-camp administration. An appendix of OE activities is included. Keywords: Activity, Administration, Camp, Curriculum, Goals, Outdoor education, Planning.

CAMPBELL, A.J. Pouto Camp. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1978.

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This study describes Pouto Camp, north of Auckland. It suggests a range of activities and safety precautions that could be implemented at the park. The author concludes that school camps can compliment curriculum studies and improve class tone, enabling children to discover things about themselves, their friends and environment. Keywords: Activity, Camp, Curriculum, Outcome, Personal development, Pouto Camp, Safety, School.

CANTERBURY EDUCATION BOARD. Outdoor education: guide booklet one. Christchurch: Canterbury Education Board, 1971.

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This booklet discusses the goals and purposes of OE and camps and provides information about conservation, pollution, tours and evaluation. Keywords: Activity, Camp, Conservation, Evaluation, Goals, Outdoor education.

CANTERBURY EDUCATION BOARD. Outdoor education: guide booklet two. Christchurch: Canterbury Education Board, 1971.

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This booklet discuses the planning and organisation necessary for a camp. Suggestions are made for camp activities and preparation and planning for tramping and climbing activities are discussed. Keywords: Activity, Camp, Climbing, Outdoor education, Planning, Tramping.

CARDWELL, B. Observations on Outward Bound: trends and developments. pp.190-192. Paper presented at:

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Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors' 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

Observations and lessons learnt are noted from visits to 10 wilderness, river and Outward Bound schools overseas. Keywords: Comparative study, Conference, Outdoor education, Outward Bound.

CARDWELL, B.R. Does an outdoor experiential learning programme improve personal and leadership skills in middle management police? Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. HC, Wellington, 1989.

Examines the use of outdoor experiential learning in management training, using as a case study, an eight day programme run at the Royal New Zealand Police College. To evaluate the effects of such a course, the author used a pre- and post-test questionnaire to assess various personal factors (ascendency, confidence in personal relationships, confidence and self esteem, and acceptance of challenges) of each participant. The author concludes that there was an improvement in both personal and managerial skills of middle management police officers. The

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author recommends that future management training courses at the Royal New Zealand Police College should use experiential training. Keywords: Case study, Experiential education, Outdoor education, Personal development, Qualitative research, Questionnaire, Skill, Survey.

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CARLSON, C.; DAVIS, A. Working with Polynesian youth. pp.193-194. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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Identifies one major objective to be met by outdoor leaders or instructors: 'Help our youth recognise and respect the cultural differences and values of the different ethnic groups'. Carlson and Davis state that outdoor leaders and instructors should be aware of identity, family, communication and trust when providing a programme for Polynesian youth. Keywords: Conference, Culture, Ethnic group, Leadership, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Pacific Islander, Programme, Values.

CATES, R. The Port Waikato outdoor education centre. pp.165-184. In: Outdoor education: Yearbook of education No.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978.

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Describes the Port Waikato Outdoor Education Centre, it's location, its facilities, its philosophy and administration. Also discusses the OE programmes at the centre. Keywords: Administration, Facility, Goals, Outdoor education, Philosophy, Port Waikato Outdoor Education Centre, Programme, Residential outdoor education.

CHAPMAN-TAYLOR, R. Education and national parks. Wellington: Department of Lands and Survey, 1976.

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This report was commissioned to gain further understanding of schools use of national parks and the effects this would use have on future OE policies. The report assesses each national park and reviews their potential for OE and the effects OE would have on the park. Contains survey results and recommendations. Keywords: National park, Outdoor education, Policy, School, Survey.

CHIDLOW, H. No classroom was ever like this: outdoor education for secondary schools. 1981.

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This book provides a practical guide for teaching OE in secondary schools. It provides ideas based on philosophy and guidelines, rather than a rigid syllabus. In addition, it aims to provide sufficient material to allow teachers to set up a structured system so that OE is an organised experience and not left to chance. A directory of resources, addresses and courses of instruction is provided. Keywords: Activity, Guidelines, Inventory, Outdoor education, Personal development, School, Social development.

CHIDLOW, H. Alternative outdoor education: Queen Elizabeth College. Journal New Zealand Post-Primary Teachers Association. Vo1.24, No.10: pp.27-29, 1976.

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Article detailing the outdoor pursuits course organised as a curriculum subject by Queen Elizabeth College. Reviews the aims of the course and suggests outdoor pursuit activities. This article encourages schools to expand their OE programmes to include OE activities. Keywords: Curriculum, Goals, Outdoor education, Outdoor pursuits, Programme, Queen Elizabeth College, School.

CHIPPER, J. Recreation at Titahi Bay Intermediate School and the school's use of the environment and resources. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1979.

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Chipper describes the development of recreation as a school based project which includes the needs of the children within the community. This study reflects the school's desire to develop education for leisure in its widest sense. The study aims to put forward the positive and negative features of the programme and make suggestions for future development. Keywords: Environment, Needs, Outdoor education, Programme, Recreation, School, Titahi Bay Intermediate School.

CLARK, G.G. Outdoor education and New Zealand schools: a general review. Christchurch Teachers College Research Leave Report, No.1. Wellington: Department of Education, 1977.

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This study informs teachers and the public of the possibilities for learning and teaching in environments outside the classroom. The study was based on a questionnaire distributed among teachers from primary and secondary schools throughout New Zealand. The author concludes that several influencing factors determine the success of OE, particularly residential OE. Keywords: Environment, Outdoor education, Questionnaire, Research, Residential outdoor education, Review, School, Survey.

CLIFTON, N.M. School use of national parks for outdoor education: a case study of Arthur's Pass National Park. Thesis. Master of Science, University of Canterbury (joint Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Canterbury and Lincoln College), New Zealand, 1981.

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This study is concerned with issues relating to school use of national parks for OE. Using Arthur's Pass National Park as a case studY,Clifton examines the reasons for using a national park for OE, the effectiveness of a park interpretation programme in promoting sympathetic attitudes towards national parks, and the degree to which school group use threatens the preservation of a national park in its natural state. Some impacts of school group use on Arthur's Pass National Park are identified but school OE is not seen to jeopardise 'park preservation'. Keywords: Arthur's Pass National Park, Attitude, Case study, Goals, Impact, Interpretation, Land use, National park, Outdoor education, Participation, Preservation, Programme, Research, School, Survey, Training.

COBHAM OUTWARD BOUND SCHOOL. The challenge is for everyone. 1987.

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Magazine containing general information about Cobham Outward Bound School at Anakiwa. Keywords: Anakiwa, Cobham Outward Bound School, Outward Bound, Programme.

COSGRIFF, M.; BELL, M.; MERRITT, R. Exploring diversity in landscapes and learning scapes in Aotearoa.

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Paper presented at: 17th Annual Conference of the Association for Experiential Education, Santa Fe, California, U.S.A. October 27-30,1989.1989.

Describes outdoor leadership programmes and some outdoor programmes in New Zealand. NWE, which offers programmes designed for 'youth at risk' is discussed. Paper mentions the NZOIA aim to develop a certification scheme for instructors. Also discusses EOTC and the Tihoi Venture School. Keywords: Adolescent, Conference, Education Outside The Classroom, Goals, Leadership, New Zealand Outdoor Instructors Association, Programme, Residential outdoor education, School, Tihoi Venture School, Youth at risk.

COTTON, D. Voluntary Youth Organisations. pp.23-28. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: Proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

A discussion about the history of voluntary youth organisations and their involvement with

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OE. Keywords: Adolescent, Boys' Brigade, Boy Scout Association, Conference, Equipment, Facility, Girl Guide Association, Girls' Brigade, Goals, History, Outdoor education, Red cross youth, Resource, St. John cadets, Voluntary youth organisation, YMCA, YWCA.

COUCH, E. An outdoor education centre: it's development, running and future potential. Not seen. Keywords: Management, Outdoor education, Residential outdoor education.

69 COWLEY, B.L. Outdoor education: a guide book for teachers, instructors and students. Campcraft.

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No.16 in the series. E.C. Keating. Wellington: Government Printer, 1979. Outlines the basics of camping, including aspects such as camp preparation, surviving if

lost, equipment, basic conservation and first aid. Keywords: Camp, Camping, Conservation, Equipment, Outdoor education, Safety.

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CRAIG, T. Outdoor programs from New Zealand prisons. pp.39-4S. Paper presented at: Proceedings of the first national symposium on outdoor/wilderness programmes for offenders, Birrigai, A.C.T., 2-4 October 1990. Edited by J. Cianchi. Adult Corrective Services. Australian Capital Territory Government, 1991.

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A review of the outdoor programmes offered to offenders in New Zealand prisons. The outdoor programmes of 12 named prisons are discussed, including Arohata prison and Dunedin prison. Reviews the achievements of OE programmes for offenders. Keywords: Activity, Offender, Outcome, Prison, Programme.

CREIGHTON, BA Orienteering: a programme for intermediate schools and youth groups. Thesis.

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Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1981. This thesis states reasons for including orienteering in intermediate school curricula and

illustrates how classrooms, school grounds, and the local environment can be used to teach orienteering skills. Equipment and worksheet resource ideas are also discussed. Keywords: Curriculum, Environment, Equipment, Orienteering, Programme, School.

CROSS, C.L.S. Outdoor recreation planning symposium: proceedings, August 1977. Wellington: NZCRS, 1978.

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Compilation of papers presented at the above conference. Papers are categorised under the following headings: user needs, research, planning, overseas experience and planning and the future. Keywords: Conference, New Zealand Council for Recreation and Sport, Outdoor education, Outdoor recreation, Planning.

CROUCH, E. An outdoor education centre: it's development, running, and future potential. Thesis.

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Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1978. Based on Rotoiti Lodge, this project reviews the administration and day to day

management of a camp lodge. It looks at lodge layout and operation, kitchen management, programme options and equipment. Keywords: Administration, Camp, Equipment, Outdoor education, Programme, Residential outdoor education, Rotoiti Lodge.

CULPAN, I.; McCONNELL, B.; SUTHERLAND, A. (compilers). Beyond four walls: taking pupils out of the

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classroom. Professional Studies Series No.10. Christchurch: Christchurch Teachers College. 1988.

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General information to prepare teachers for EOTC, including information on management, safety and leadership. Keywords: Education Outside The Classroom, Field trip, Guidelines, Leadership, Management, Outdoor education, Safety, School, Teacher.

CULPAN, I. The value of outdoor education: the research. pp.61-69. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: Proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington:

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NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982. Culpan reviews some of the research that has been done on OE in New Zealand. This

includes Besley's research (1981), Kelk's research (1980) and McKay's research (1980). McKay's research is considered the most extensive. He describes the purpose and results of this research and then examines the measurable outcomes of McKay's research, concluding with recommendations for New Zealand OE. Keywords: Conference, Outcome, Outdoor education, Research, Survey.

CUTLER, S. Extension and integration in outdoor recreation. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport.

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NZCRS, Wellington, 1986. Cutler investigates the role of extension and integration in outdoor recreation, focusing

particularly on orienteering, kayaking, OE, multisport events and expeditions. Extension is seen as a form of self-transcendence enabling individuals develop self-image, increase the capacity to learn and retain skills and knowledge, and increase self-esteem. Integration is seen as bringing together a range of skills into outdoor experiences or other fields of knowledge. From this philosophical base, the author describes various outdoor recreation pursuits and how they can be used to achieve extension and integration. Keywords: Activity, Extension, Integration, Kayaking, Multisport, Orienteering, Outdoor education, Outdoor pursuits, Outdoor recreation, Personal development, Self-image, Self-esteem, Skill.

DALE, P. Opening address: outdoor education - growing pains. pp.4-9. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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Addresses three issues in OE: professional development, organisational structure and the need to promote the outdoors. Discusses the changes to OE including the growth and the demise of OE. Looks at successes in the outdoors and OE in the education system. Keywords: Conference, Education, Outdoor education, School, Trend analysis.

DALE, P. What does it fee/like? pp.70-72. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference:

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Proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

A slide presentation that looks at what OE means for children, and the differences between their experiences of OE and what was specifically planned for the particular OE session. Keywords: Child, Conference, Definition, Experience, Goals, Outdoor education.

DALE, P.; DALE, A. Evaluation of a student perception survey on outdoor education at Rotoiti Lodge Outdoor Education Centre, Nelson Lakes National Park. Not seen. Keywords: Evaluation, Outdoor education, Perception, Residential outdoor education, Rotoiti

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Lodge, Survey.

80 DAVIDSON, G.S. A safety auditing instrument for adventure education. Thesis. Master of Education in

the College of Education and Human Services Professions of the University of Minnesota DUluth. 1992.

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Davidson reviews contemporary risk management practices in industry and applies them to OR programmes in OE centres. Explanation is given as to why linear models of risk analysis are not applicable to modern safety management theory. The risk management training scheme is moulded with contemporary industry risk and safety management practices. Davidson provides a clear and focused understanding of multiple causation models in contemporary OE. Keywords: Adventure education, Risk, Safety, Theoretical model.

DAVIDSON, G. The New Zealand Outdoor Instructors Association: a case study in forming a professional association: a personal view. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. HC, Wellington, 1988.

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This study outlines the strategies and events that led to the formation of the NZOIA. NZOIA was designed to set and maintain standards in outdoor instruction in New Zealand. The report gives an account of the author's involvement in this task and provides some insight into what is required when embarking on such a task. A summary, intended as a survival kit for those starting an association or instituting changes in their professional qualifications, is included. Keywords: New Zealand Outdoor Instructors Asociation, Standard.

DEMPSTER, S.; MESSERLI,K. (eds). Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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A compilation of papers presented at the conference. Questions and comments for each paper are included. There are one hundred and fifty papers including presentations, workshops, keynote addresses and practical sessions. Keywords: Activity, Administration, Conference, Environment, Hillary Commission, Outdoor education, Planning, Programme, School, Training, Woman.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Outdoor pursuit activities in further education and training safety and supervision guidelines. 1988. Prepared by the Department of Education in conjunction with the HC and the National Committee on EOTC. Wellington: Transition Division, Department of Education.

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Outdoor pursuit activities increasingly feature in the programmes offered by the education sector and community providers of further education and training. These guidelines outline the legal responsibilities of tutors and providers of post-school outdoor programmes and establish guidelines for the professional organisation and management of these activities. The guidelines are intended for all further education and training institutions, or agencies within the education service, Regional Employment and Access Councils, and community providers of Access and other training programmes. Keywords: Guidelines, Outdoor pursuits, Programme, Safety, Training.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. RMTA scheme: Risk Management Training and Assessment Scheme for Education Outside The Classroom. 1987.

A booklet providing information for teachers including the skills, field experience and decision making abilities that will enable teachers to manage students in EOTC activities. The RMTA scheme provides teachers with knowledge and greater understanding of the risk management processes.

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Keywprds: Education Outside The Classroom, Outdoor education, Qualification, Risk, Skill, Teacher, Training.

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Policy statement on Education Outside The Classroom. Wellington:

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Department of Education, 1986. Part one provides an outline of the policy background, aims, programme development,

safety issues, support services and training for EOTC. Part two outlines the policy statement of supporting agencies, including the Commission for the Environment, the Nature Conservation Council, the NZFS, Department of Lands and Survey, Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand Wildlife Service, NZMSC, New Zealand Water Safety CounCil, NZCRS, NZOTAB, and the New Zealand Police. Keywords: Camp, Education OutSide The Classroom, Goals, Policy, Programme, Safety, Training.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Principal's guide to Education Outside The Classroom. Wellington:

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Department of Education, 1986. These guidelines are designed to help school principals develop a wide range of effective

and safe educational programmes outside the classroom for students at all levels. EOTG is defined as all those activities, other than school sports, that do not take place within the school itself (encompassing many urban opportunities as well as more rural/wilderness opportunities). The guidelines outline the principal's responsibilities; programme development; support agencies; teacher training; leadership and safety guidelines for adventure activities; and what should be contained in a school's resource file. Keywords: Education Outside The Classroom, Guidelines, Leadership, Planning, Programme, Safety, School, Training.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Background paper: Education Outside The Classroom, approval and reimbursement circular. Wellington: Department of Education, 1979. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Education Outside The Classroom.

88 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Physical education: outdoor education and education for leisure,

secondary trial scheme. Wellington: Department of Education, 1977. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Leisure, Outdoor education, Physical education, Trial study.

89 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Growing, sharing, learning. Report of the Committee on Health and

Social Education. Wellington, 1977.

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This report contains recommendations for the Department of Education including upgrading OE in schools so that OE is viewed as a necessary part of the curriculum rather than a rare event. The report illustrates the need for teacher training in OE and also includes recommendations for funding to establish venues for OE. Keywords: Curriculum, Facility, Funding, Outdoor education, School, Teacher, Training.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Outdoor education: planning the school camp. Wellington: Government Printer, 1974. Location unknown.

Not seen. Keywords: Camp, Outdoor education, Planning, School.

91 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Outdoor education Auckland district. Department of Education, 1973.

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Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Auckland, Outdoor education.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. Outdoor education activities trial scheme. Wellington: Department of Education, 1973. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Activity, Outdoor education, Trial study.

93 DEVERSON, C.J. An outdoor education programme. Journal New Zealand Post Primary Teachers

Association. Vo1.22, No.7: pp.21-23, 1974.

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Article mentions the aims of the Hamilton Boys' High School OE programme, including a discussion of funding, field trips and the programme at the residential lodge. Keywords: Field trip, Funding, Hamilton, Hamilton Boys High School, Outdoor education, Programme, Residential outdoor education, School.

DEVLIN, P.J. Outdoor education and conservation: a partnership in environmental ethics. pp.31-44. In: Outdoor education: Yearbook of education No.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978.

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Discusses the importance of OE and conservation as a partnership. States the importance of a conservation ethic in OE programmes, that is 'lived' not 'taught' (i.e., it is part of a value system). It discusses how OE is a useful means of promoting conservation as a way of 'life' not as a 'choice'. Keywords: Conservation, Ethics, Outdoor education, Philosophy, Programme, Values.

95 DEVLIN, P.J. The 'mixed blessings' of outdoor education. Canterbury Environmental Journal. Vo1.3, No.11,

pp.12-13. December 1978.

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Discusses studies which suggest that promoting OE may lead to destruction of the resources. Reviews importance of the scientist, park manager and teacher of OE sharing common goals and working together to attain these goals. Keywords: Goals, Impact. Natural resources, Outdoor education.

DICKINSON, L. Outdoor leadership training in New Zealand. pp.66-71. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

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Overview of outdoor training programmes and national qualifications and the relationships between the main organisations involved in the outdoors. Keywords: Conference, Outdoor education, Qualification, Training.

DICKINSON, L. (compiler). Outdoor Training Scheme instructors' handbook. Instructors Resource No.2. Wellington: NZMSC, 1990.

A handbook for instructors who wish to run outdoor training courses. This handbook provides a framework to the modules which are taught by instructors through the Outdoor

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Training Scheme. The handbook details the scheme, it's aims and the reasons behind its set up. Keywords: Goals, Handbook, Outdoor educator, Outdoor Training Scheme, Training.

DINGLE, C. Keynote Address. pp.287-288. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17·20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington, HC, 1992.

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Dingle addresses the importance of training Maori outdoor leaders to give them more technical skills to run programmes for Maori and the importance of Maori role models for Maori youth. Keywords: Adolescent, Conference, Ethnic Group, Maori, Outdoor educator, Programme, Role, Skill, Training, Youth.

DINGLE, G. The outdoor world of Graeme Dingle. Wellington: Reed, 1983.

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This book is aimed at all those interested in the outdoors. Drawing upon his many experiences in the outdoors, Dingle conveys lessons about planning, leadership and execution of outdoor pursuits. The author also gives a brief commentary on the philosophy and practice of OE at OPC near Turangi. Keywords: Activity, Equipment, Goals, Leadership, Outdoor education, Outdoor Pursuits Centre, Philosophy, Planning, Safety.

DINGLE, G. The seven year adventure. Auckland: Hodder and Stoughton, 1981.

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Aimed at those interested in OE and recreation, this book gives an autobiographical account of a seven year period in the author's life. It covers the story of the establishment of the OPC, near Turangi in 1973. Keywords: Activity, Autobiography, Outdoor education, Outdoor Pursuits Centre, Recreation.

DOBSON, P. The establishment of a permanent base in Huxley Gorge for mountain adventure camps for young adults. Report. Wellington: NZCRS, 1983.

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In this study, the author examines the suitability and possibility of the Upper Lake Ohau area as a site for mountain adventure camps for young adults. The author organised and evaluated the effectiveness of a pilot course, run at Huxley Lodge in the Spring of 1982 using the facilities that existed at the time. The report gives an account of the preparation, organisation, implementation and evaluation of the pilot course. Keywords: Adolescent, Camp, Huxley Lodge, Lake Ohau, Pilot study, Residential outdoor education.

DOBSON, P. Faith, hope and charity: a mountain adventure camp for young adults in the Upper Lake Ohau area. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1982.

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The upper Lake Ohau area is reviewed as a possible area for a mountain adventure camp for young adults. Dobson evaluates a pilot course that is organised and run at Huxley Lodge. Keywords: Activity, Adolescent, Adventure education, Camp, EqUipment, Evaluation, Finance, Huxley Lodge, Lake Ohau, Outdoor recreation, Mountain, Natural resources, Pilot study, Planning, Programme, Residential outdoor education.

DOWLING, H.T. Why outdoor education? pp.7-30. Paper presented at: Outdoor education Yearbook of education No.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978.

Reviews reasons for the inclusion of OE in primary school programmes. OE programme objectives are listed and the OE curriculum national policy (1974) is reviewed along with learning

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opportunities in OE. Keywords: Child, Curriculum, Goals, Outdoor education, Policy, Programme, School.

104 DOWLING, H.J.; MacPHERSON, P.W.E. Outdoor education: notes from joint national course, Wallis

House, 17-21 June 1974. Wellington: Department of Education, 1975.

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The notes discuss the dimension of OE and provide recommendations for interdepartmental liaison, staffing, in-service courses, pre-service preparation, facilities (accommodation, equipment, sites and finance) and policy. The appendices include references and the seminars presented as part of the course. These include a discussion of the growth of school camps. Keywords: Camp, Conference, Equipment, Facility, Finance, Management, Outdoor education, Policy, School.

DOWLING, H.J. Towards a policy in outdoor education. Paper presented at: Symposium: 'Outdoor education in New Zealand' (15 March, 12 April 1973). New Zealand College of Education Occasional Papers Vol.4 Nos.1-8: pp.37-46.

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Dowling discusses OE as part of the curriculum and reviews the objectives of OE and school camps. An inventory of school camps in New Zealand is provided and a number of policy principles are suggested as guidelines for future developments. Keywords: Camp, Curriculum, Goals, Guidelines, Inventory, Outdoor education, Policy, School.

DOWLING, R. Environmental education: a school based educational approach to support the environmental component of outdoor education and recreation programmes. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1986.

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Dowling discusses the history and meaning of EE in New Zealand, and it's practical implications for OE and recreation. EE is defined in terms of its task, which is to prepare people so that they understand the environment, are concerned about it and involved with it. The author describes some practical applications of EE both in the classroom and in the outdoors. The author concludes that EE is an extremely important part of all outdoor recreation and education programmes. The author asserts that EE should result in the knowledge, desire and ability to direct one's conduct towards improving the overall quality of life. Keywords: Environmental education, Goals, History, Outdoor education, Recreation, School.

DU FEU, J.L. A documentation of outdoor education at Nelson College, Waimea College, Nayland College in the Nelson area. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1981.

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Du Feu offers a comparative study of the OE programmes offered at three secondary schools in the Nelson area. The information collected from this study is intended to be used by people planning new OE schemes, modifying old ones or looking for new ideas to make existing programmes more varied. The author recommends greater integration of educational and recreational skills and activities; vertical form trips; continued development of a comprehensive leadership course; and greater pupil involvement in preparation and planning for trips. The author also stresses the importance of staff training, the need for relieving staff and the need to raise the profile of OE. Keywords: Comparative study, Leadership, Nayland College, Nelson, Nelson College, Outdoor education, Planning, Programme, Public opinion, Questionnaire, School, Teacher, Training, Vertical form system, Waimea College. '

DUNEDIN COLLEGE OF EDUCATIONfTE KURA AKAU TAITOKA. Making a difference: taking education outside the classroom. Produced by C. Fitzgerald for the NZAHPER and Learning

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Media, Ministry of Education, Wellington, 1992/93. Video illustrates how Dunstan High School, in Central Otago has designed it's EOTC

programmes to encourage personal and social development of students. The school uses a Project Adventure approach and also uses the theory of the experiential learning cycle. The video also includes OE with special needs students. Keywords: Disability, Dunstan High School, Education Outside The Classroom, Personal development, Programme, Project Adventure, School, Social Development, Theoretical model.

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EGARR, G. Legislating for safety in the outdoors: some issues. pp.221-226. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: Proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington:

110

NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982. A discussion of safety issues and legislation pitfalls that relate to safety in the outdoors.

The ability to differentiate between dangers and hazards is also discussed. Keywords: Attitude, Conference, Legislation, Outdoor education, Risk, Safety.

FIELD, S. Scouting in New Zealand. In: Recreation in New Zealand. Volume One. Auckland: Auckland Regional Council, 1971.

111

Discusses scouting programmes in New Zealand. Mentions the involvement of scouts in bushcraft, mountaincraft and survival training, and includes the benefits and aims of scouting. Keywords: Goals, Outcome, Outdoor education, Safety, Boy Scout Association.

FISHER, T. Commandoes or confident kids? A rationale for involving pupils in activities having some degree of danger as a means to developing greater confidence in one's self worth. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vo1.23, No.1: pp.26-28, 1990.

112

This article reviews EOTC activities on outdoor apparatus and identifies reasons for involving students in risk activities. The author suggests that students' fears should be recognised and respected and that students should be encouraged to overcome their fears. Suggestions that encourage fearful students to complete activities are discussed and the importance of making sure experiences aren't negative is recognised. Keywords: Activity, Education Outside The Classroom, Outdoor education, Risk, Safety.

FRY, R. It's different for daughters. A history of the curriculum for girls in New Zealand schools, 1900-1975. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational Research, 1985.

113

A history of the education of girls in New Zealand Schools. Briefly mentions OE programmes in context of educational change and in particular the role of OE taking the emphasis out of competitive team sports. Keywords: Curriculum, Education, Girl, History, Programme, School.

FYFE, K. Outdoor pursuit courses for young offenders and 'at-risk' youth. Policy and Research Division, Department of Justice, 1990. Not seen. Keywords: Adolescent, Offender, Outdoor pursuits, Youth-at-risk.

114 GAINSFORD, BK Outdoor education and the primary school child. Paper presented at: Symposium:

'Outdoor education in New Zealand' (15 March, 12 April 1973). New Zealand College of Education Occasional Papers Vol.4, Nos.1-8, pp.8-23. 1973.

Reviews OE in schools. Recognises the need for an OE policy and also suggests using the present (1973) curriculum to the fullest to gain more opportunities for OE experiences.

115

Mentions the importance of involving parents in outdoor experiences, the importance of EE and looks at OE in the present and in the future. Keywords: Child, Curriculum, Environmental education, Parent, Outdoor education, Policy, School.

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GALLAGHER, R.C. Effective recreation for probationers. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport.

116

NZCRS, Wellington, 1983. This project discusses and reviews the possibilities for and the successes from outdoor

pursuits activities for probationers. The benefits derived from outdoor programmes for these people are discussed. The author looks at the types of course, leadership, setting and evaluation criteria neces,sary to run outdoor courses for probationers. Keywords: Evaluation, Leadership, Outcome, Offender, Outdoor education, Outdoor pursuits, Planning, Probation, Programme, Rehabilitation, Values.

GATES, V.M. Outdoor centres: a designer's guide. Dissertation. NZCRS, Wellington. Bachelor of Arts degree, Victoria University, Wellington, 1981.

117

This booklet provides a systematic approach for groups wanting to set up a residential centre. It discusses four main stages; establishing a need; investigating possible proposals; refining ideas; and developing a proposal. The appendices provide information regarding space requirements for activities; programme activities, equipment and areas; Department of Education recommendations and some inspirational quotes. Keywords: Equipment, Facility, Guidelines, Needs, Outdoor education, Planning, Residential outdoor education.

GATES, V.M. A Guide for establishing a residential outdoor education centre. A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the Bachelor of Architecture Degree, Victoria University, New Zealand, 1980.

118

This is a step by step guide for organisations wanting to establish a residential OE centre. The report is divided into four parts: establishing a need, investigating possible proposals, developing the proposal in detail and finalising development. These are then broken into tasks, which offer advice, information, sources and ideas, largely through the use of statements and questions. Keywords: Facility, Guidelines, Needs, Outdoor education, Planning, Residential outdoor education.

GAYTON, P.H. Taranaki Outdoor Pursuits and Educational Centre: another Taranaki success story. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vo1.22, NO.2:

119

pp.19-20, 1989. Article contains information about the Taranaki OPC. Includes background information to

it's establishment, planning, funding and the programmes offered for students. Keywords: Funding, FaCility, Outdoor Pursuits Centre, Planning, Programme, Residential outdoor education, Taranaki, Taranaki Outdoor Pursuits Centre.

GEBBIE, M. The adventure industry. pp.193-200. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

Gebbie discusses the commercial aspect of OE through adventure tourism and how we can promote this to overseas tourists. New Zealanders' attitudes are identified as one of the main barriers to providing good service to tourists. Keywords: Adventure, Activity, Attitude, Commercial recreation, Conference, Marketing, Outdoor

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education, Tourism.

120 GERRITSEN, T. Childrens' attitudes towards the natural environment. Research Report NO.88-3.

121

Research Affiliate Scheme, Education Department, University of Waikato, New Zealand, 1988.

Reviews children's attitudes to the natural environment and looks at the EE programmes and -activities offered at schools in the natural environment. Results showed that schools need encouragement and assistance in developing their EOTC programmes and children need to be encouraged to be sensitive to the natural environment. Keywords: Activity, Attitude, Child, Education Outside The Classroom, Environment, Environmental Education, Natural resources, Outdoor education, School, Survey.

GOLDRING, R.; GOLDRING, M.; HEPBURN, J. Planning outdoor programmes. pp.204-208. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education

122

conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

A workshop providing a planning process to achieve successful camps/trips in the outdoors. Keywords: Camp, Conference, Outdoor education, Planning, Planning process, Programme, Risk, Safety.

GOLDRING, R. Outdoor recreation and education opportunities within Craigieburn Forest Park. pp.79-80.

123

Paper presented at: Environmental education through outdoor education. Proceedings of the inaugural conference of the New Zealand Association for Environmental Education: Christchurch, May 8-11,1987. Edited by J. Rolfe and H. Ellis. Christchurch: New Zealand Association for Environmental Education Inc., 1988.

A review of Craigieburn Forest park, providing information about accommodation, facilities and services provided by the forest park. NB: Conference proceedings also include review of workshop held by Goldring titled 'Outdoor Activities at Craigieburn Forest Park'. Keywords: Accommodation, Conference, Craigieburn Forest Park, Facility, Infrastructure, Outdoor education, Service.

GRADY, D. Outward Bound at Anakiwa. Auckland: Century Hutchinson, 1987.

124

Documents the history and development of the Outward Bound School at Anakiwa in Marlborough. The book is a collation of interviews, personal reminiscences and students' diaries. The author discusses historical aspects of the school, such as the first course, the various wardens and instructors, the first womens' course, distinguished visitors, and the development of the facilities. In addition, the author describes some of the content of the courses offered at the school. The appendices provide a record of all the officials and staff of Outward Bound New Zealand, since its inception in 1962; a chronology of important events in the school's history; and how to get selected for an Outward Bound course. Keywords: Anakiwa, Cobham Outward Bound School, History, Outdoor education, Outward Bound, Programme, Research, Survey.

GREEN, C. Outdoor education/recreation as part of a life skills programme. pp.209-213. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC,

28

1992. Discusses Hamilton Skills Centre and the wilderness experience. Includes who the centre

caters for and the aims of the programmes.

125

Keywords: Conference, Experience, Goals, Hamilton Skills Centre, Outdoor education, Programme.

HADDOCK, C. Managing risks in outdoor activities. Edited by P. Wisheart. NZMSC Mountain Safety Manual 27. 1993.

126

This book is designed for all people taking responsibility for others in the outdoors. It discusses the concept of risk, with particular reference to people, resources and equipment and the environment. Ways to identify, manage and reduce risk are addressed. Keywords: Environment, Equipment, Leadership, Outdoor educator, Risk, Role.

HAIGH, L. New Zealand Mountain Safety Council instructors' handbook. Safety in the mountains.

127

Wellington: NZMSC, 1989. Handbook contains ideas and instructions for being an effective outdoor instructor. It

discusses the importance of learning skills, the teaching technique and problem solving techniques. Keywords: Child, Handbook, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Skill, Teaching, Training.

HARLEN, J. The school at Ocean Bay. Cape Catley Ltd, Queen Charlotte Sound. 1987.

128

Harlen tells the history of Ocean Bay School in the Marlborough Sounds, one of the first to introduce the concept of OE to the school curriculum. Keywords: Curriculum, History, Marlborough Sounds, Ocean Bay School, Outdoor education, School.

HARPER, K. Outdoor education: probationers research report. Thesis. Diploma of Criminology, University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1987. Not seen. Keywords: Outdoor education, Probation, Research.

129 HARRIS, M.C. King's College Venture Camp: a guide to the planning and conduct of an outdoor

education camp. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1987.

130

This study is a guide to the various OE and recreation opportunities available at King's College Venture Camp. Maps, administrative and safety instructions and activity options are provided in the study. Divided into two parts, part one sets out the steps to be taken in establishing an OE/recreation programme. These steps are illustrated by examples taken from King's College programmes. Part one also offers a description of those outdoor activities that can be conducted on the estate or in the district. Part two provides an updated collection of maps and other materials forming a supporting and complimentary resource for part one. Activities described include abseiling, archery, bushcraft, canoeing, firearms, horse riding, map reading, outdoor first aid and free time activities. Keywords: Activity, Administration, Camp, King's College Venture Camp, Outdoor education, Planning, Programme, Residential outdoor education, Safety.

HENDERSON, G.A. Tihoi Venture School: extended outdoor education experience vs normal school experience: an assessment of changes in physical development. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vo1.18, NO.3: pp.20-22, November 1985.

131

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The purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate the effects on the physical development of students of an extended OE programme and to compare these effects with the physical development of students in the normal school programme. Background information to the study including information on Tihoi Venture School, its curriculum and activities, is included. Keywords: Activity, Comparative study, Curriculum, Outcome, Outdoor education, Physical development, Residential outdoor education, School, Survey, Tihoi Venture School.

HENDERSON, G.A. Tihoi Venture School: extended outdoor education experience vs normal school experience: an assessment of changes in self concept and physical development. Faculty of Physical Education, Otago University, New Zealand, 1983.

132

Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Education, Experience, Outdoor education, Personal development, Physical development, Residential outdoor education, Self-concept, Tihoi Venture School.

HENDRY, R. Hoods in the woods: outdoor education for youth at risk. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1986.

133

This is a resource and reference book for people working in OE for alienated youth. Specific subjects covered include: reasons for the alienation of youth; examples of problems facing alienated youth; self esteem; a Maori perspective; types of therapy; the value of different outdoor activities; counselling skills; and examples of wilderness experience programmes. This thesis concentrates on the 'process' of OE rather than actual case studies. However, two programmes offered at Hamilton OPC are presented. Keywords: Activity, Adolescent, Adventure education, Age factor, Ethnic Group, Expectation, Experience, Hamilton Outdoor Pursuits Centre, Maori, Mountaineering, Outdoor education, Outdoor Pursuits Centre, Research, Residential outdoor education, Rock climbing, Self-esteem, Tramping, Wilderness, Youth-at-risk.

HILL, B.L. The effect of resident outdoor education on the self-concept of form one students. Thesis.

134

University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1978. Investigates the effect of a residential OE experience (Le., school camp) on the self­

concept of form one students. The students sampled were from an intermediate school in South Auckland and attended a residential OE programme at Port Waikato. Participating students were asked to fill out a self-perception inventory prior to the camp and again ten days into the camp. The results indicated that for those students sampled, there were no significant changes in self­concept after a ten-day period of the school camp. The author concludes that some caution should be used in claiming that self-concept is enhanced through resident OE experience. The study includes a literature review and discusses research methodology and limitations of the study. Keywords: Camp, Literature review, Personal development, Research, Residential outdoor education, School, Self-concept, Survey.

HILL, B.L. Outdoor education in New Zealand primary and intermediate schools, it's development, present function and future roles. Unpublished Master of Arts paper at Auckland University, Auckland, 1975. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Outdoor education, Role, School.

135 HILLARY COMMISSION FOR RECREATION AND SPORT. Your school charter and Education Outside

136

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The Classroom (EOTC). Pamphlet, 1992. The HC and the Department of Education EOTC Curriculum Guidelines Working Party

have designed statements to assist Boards of Trustees as they prepare the school's charter required by 'Tomorrows Schools'. The pamphlet outlines the charter requirements and makes suggestions for mission statements, goals and objectives. It also explains the benefits of EOTC. Keywords: Curriculum, Education Outside The Classroom, Goals, Outcome, Policy, School, Tomorrows Schools.

HILLARY COMMISSION FOR SPORT, FITNESS AND LEISURE. Training opportunities for outdoor educators. HC, 1991.

137

Lists specific centres/organisations which offer training programmes for OE. The training opportunities cater for beginners and outdoor educators wanting to increase their career skills. Keywords: Facility, Inventory, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Programme, Skill, Training.

HILLARY COMMISSION FOR RECREATION AND SPORT and NEW ZEALAND MOUNTAIN SAFETY COUNCIL. Risk management for teachers. Wellington, 1990. Not seen. Keywords: Management, Risk, Teacher.

138 HILLARY COMMISSION FOR SPORT, FITNESS AND LEISURE. Matauranga 0 Aoturoa: education and

the outdoors.

139

This newsletter is published three times a year by the HC. Each newsletter has a particular theme, such as 'Qualifications and accreditation in outdoor education' and 'Outdoor education in the regions'. Keywords: Hillary Commission, Outdoor education.

HOLLAND, J. (compiler). New Zealand Mountain Safety Council outdoor kitset, module one: resources for education and recreation in the outdoors. Wellington: NZMSC, 1984.

140

This module is one of a series, which together, form the NZMSC kitset. Module one is a directory of the various resources available in New Zealand, for OE and recreation. Resources include an inventory of natural areas that can be used for education and recreation, people who can assist with planning, accommodation, development and training opportunities and resource materials available for education and recreation in the outdoors. Keywords: Accommodation, Education, Inventory, Outdoor education, Planning, Recreation, Training.

HUMBERSTONE, B.; LYNCH, P. Girl's concepts of themselves and their experiences in outdoor education programmes. A comparative analysis of the implications for girls of outdoor/adventure education made available in New Zealand and England. Paper presented at: 7th International Symposium for Comparative Physical Education and Sport held at Bisham Abbey National Sports Centre, United Kingdom. 1991.

Highlights issues surrounding girls and young womens involvement in OE activities. Results were drawn from studies of girls in residential OE centre programmes. One result was that every girl, in both countries, stated that their self confidence had increased as a result of the programme. Comparisons are made of differences between the New Zealand and English programmes. States the need for more women instructors/teachers. Keywords: Britain, Comparative study, Conference, Girl, Outdoor education, PartiCipation, Programme, Residential outdoor education, Self-confidence, Survey, Woman.

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141 HUMBERSTONE, B. Outdoor pursuits and outdoor/adventure education: policy and practice in Britain

and New Zealand. Are these media through which the gender order may be challenged? University of Southampton, England, 1989.

142

Exploratory paper on outdoor activity as an education curriculum form. Includes history of women in outdoor pursuits and outdoor/adventure education. Looks at outdoor activities under patriachial systems and comparisons are made between Britain and New Zealand. Also briefly mentions cultural and historic influences affecting outdoor activity experiences and OE in New Zealand. Keywords: Adventure education, Britain, Comparative study, Culture, Curriculum, Gender, History, Outdoor education, Outdoor pursuits, Woman.

HUMBERSTONE, B. Outdoor education in New Zealand, Canada and Britain: a stark comparison. British Journal of Physical Education. Vo1.19, No.2: p.2, March/April, 1988.

143

Comparison between OE in New Zealand, Canada and Britain. Compares ratios of women to men in teaching institutions. Mentions New Zealand OE government policy and the advantages New Zealanders have of being so close to the outdoors. Differences in teaching and the resources available in the three countries are also mentioned. Keywords: Britain, Canada, Comparative study, Government, Outdoor education, Policy, Teaching.

HUMBERSTONE, B. Outdoor education in New Zealand: some reflections upon policy and practice.

144

Adventure Education: National Journal of Outdoor Education. Vol.4, No.3: pp.1 0-11, 1987. A reflective overview of EOTC in New Zealand. Assesses government policy on EOTC

and includes suggestions to increase understanding of OE experiences and provide inSight into the relationship between the form and the content of education practices and provisions. Keywords: Education Outside The Classroom, Government, Outdoor education, Policy.

IOANE, S. A Pacific Island perspective on environmental education. pp.47-50. Paper presented at:

145

Environmental education through outdoor education. Proceedings of the inaugural conference of the New Zealand Association for Environmental Education, Christchurch, May 8-11, 1987. Edited by J. Rolfe and H. Ellis. Christchurch: New Zealand Association for Environmental Education Inc., 1988.

Relates differences in New Zealand to the way of the cultures in the Pacific. Paper explains some cultural differences which may affect participation by children from Pacific cultures on school OE programmes. Keywords: Child, Conference, Culture, Environmental education, Ethnic group, Outdoor education, Pacific Islander, Participation, Programme, School.

JACKSON, A.P. The Turangi region: an ideal place for setting up an educational or recreational centre. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1980.

Investigates the outdoor activity potential of the Turangi region and it's suitability as a location for an OE and recreation centre (such as Outward Bound at Anakiwa or Outdoor Pursuits at Tuwhitikuri). The author examines Tongariro National Park, the Kaimanawa Forest Park, Lake Taupo, the Tongariro River and the Karangahape Cliffs. Rangipo Central Camp is identified as having considerable potential, due to its location and the presence of existing accommodation facilities. The author concludes that if a suitable agency, department or organisation could implement it, a centre would be of great value in providing recreational experiences that would benefit the community. Keywords: Benefit, Camp, Facility, Infrastructure, Prospective study, Rangipo Central Camp, Residential outdoor education, Turangi.

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146 JACKSON, E. Education Outside The Classroom: using our accessible environment as a learning resource.

pp.33-39. Paper presented at: Environmental education through outdoor education. Proceedings of the inaugural conference of the New Zealand Association for Environmental Education: Christchurch, May 8·11 1987. Edited by J. Rolfe and H. Ellis. Christchurch: New Zealand Association for Environmental Education Inc., 1988.

147

A paper presenting an outline compiled to aid schools in developing their own policy for EOTC. Notes the importance of developing a policy that has provision for pupils with special needs to ensure that there is an equal opportunity for all pupils to participate fully in EOTC. Includes a definition of what EOTC is, suggests some activities and provides information on organising activities. Keywords: Activity, Conference, Definition, Disability, Education Outside The Classroom, Participation, Planning, Policy, School, Theoretical model.

JENNINGS, N. Teachers/leaders: an overview. pp.105-120. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21·24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

148

An overview of leadership skills and attributes needed for effective group interaction. Includes theories of leadership, necessary skills for leaders and the needs of individuals and leaders. Keywords: Conference, Leadership, Needs, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Skill, Teacher, Theoretical model.

JOHNSTON, M.E. Peak experiences: challenge and danger in mountain recreation in New Zealand.

149

Thesis. Doctor of Philosophy in Geography. University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1989. Chapter five outlines the influences that various groups and organisations have had on OE

programme development. Contains a brief history of New Zealand leadership in outdoors such as that provided by Alpine GuLdes. The main issue covered is the need for provision of leadership for OE not associated with clubs. Keywords: Alpine Guides, Club, History, Leadership, Outdoor education, Programme.

JONES, E.T.; SILVER, M.J. A secondary school camp. New Zealand Journal of Health Physical Education and Recreation. No.2: pp.83, November 1967.

150

Reviews the establishment and history of the camping policy in Rangitikei College. Mentions values bestowed on the students from participating in the camp programme. Keywords: Camp, History, Outdoor education, Programme, Rangitikei College, School, Values.

JOWETT, W. Environmental education for all: why not? New Zealand Science Teacher. Vo1.60: pp.26-31, Autumn 1989.

151

This article mostly comprises of information on EE but includes a comparison of the development of both EE and OE. Keywords: Comparative study, Environmental education, Outdoor education.

KEAY, W.K. Outdoor education: Some aspects of its contribution to youth and society. Paper presented at: Symposium: 'Outdoor education in New Zealand', (15 March, 12 April 1973) New Zealand College of Education Occasional Papers, Vol.4, Nos.1-8: pp.26-33. 1973.

Notes some aspects of the OE contribution to youth and society. Mentions the importance of examining aims and methods of OE. Focuses on 'youth at risk' adolescents and how OE can benefit these people. Includes a brief study of Cobham Outward Bound School at Anakiwa

152

mentioning the methods and aims, and effects on adolescents who attend Outward Bound. Keywords: Adolescent, Anakiwa, Benefit, Cobham Outward Bound School, Goals, Outcome, Outdoor education, Outward Bound, Youth at risk.

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KEAY, W. Outdoor education. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vo1.6, NO.3: pp.8-12, November 1973.

153

See KEAY, WK 'Outdoor education: Some aspects of its contribution to youth and society'. 1973. (Reference No.151). Keywords: Outdoor education.

KERR, AK On the water. pp.151-163. In: Outdoor education: Yearbook of education No.7. Wellington:

154

NZEI,1978. Reviews OE and boating. Mentions the water skills needed in each level of boating. Also

reviews the 'Spirit of Adventure', what it is, its benefits and its programme. Keywords: Activity, Boating, Benefit, Outcome, Outdoor education, Programme, Skill, Spirit of Adventure.

KERR, W. Saint Paul's Collegiate Tihoi Venture School: a report. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1982.

155

Discusses the organisation of St Paul's Collegiate Tihoi Venture School - an extended residential site where both academic and outdoor curricula are facilitated. This study also discusses the school's history, development and activities. The author outlines staff responsibilities, as well as the various problems (such as isolation and financial constraints) that the school has had to face. Some possible solutions are outlined. Keywords: Activity, Administration, Curriculum, Funding, History, Residential outdoor education, School, Tihoi Venture School.

KNIGHT, C. Casting off the corsets: letting the curriculum take its natural shape. pp.3-12. Paper presented at:

156

Environmental education through outdoor education. Proceedings of the inaugural conference of the New Zealand Association for Environmental Education. Christchurch, May 8-11, 1987. Edited by J. Rolfe and H. Ellis. Christchurch: New Zealand Association for Environmental Education Inc., 1988.

Discusses the concept that the curriculum constrains the child in the classroom. This paper includes the various types of curricula, their history and the interests and needs that they cater for. Also mentioned is the need to focus on Pacific and global environments in the school curriculum through which outdoor and EE can be introduced. Keywords: Child, Conference, Curriculum, Environment, Environmental education, History, Outdoor education, School, Skill, Theoretical model.

KNOL, C. Programming for success: the role of building integrated programs for 'at-risk' youth. pp.67-79.

157

Paper presented at: Proceedings of the first national symposium on outdoor/wilderness programs for offenders, 2-4 October, 1990. Adult Corrective Services, Australian Capital Territory Government, 1990.

Discusses 'at risk' behaviour. Reviews the six phases of the Wortman-Brehm outdoor programming model. Mentions feedback and debriefing after an outdoor programme. Keywords: Adolescent, Behaviour, Debriefing, Outdoor education, Programme, Risk, Theoretical model, Youth-at-risk.

KOEWN, P.A. Recreational activities. pp.127-143. In: Outdoor education: Yearbook of education No.7.

158

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Wellington: NZEI, 1978. Identifies the importance of walking (including tramping and climbing) and discusses ideas

relating to the development of walking in the school OE programme. Looks at the skills taught for each age level. Also contains examples of tramping programmes. Keywords: Activity, Climbing, Outdoor education, Programme, Recreation, School, Skill, Tramping, Walking.

LATESS, D.R. Outdoor and adventure education: the potential benefits. New Zealand Journal for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vo1.25, No.2: pp.15-18, 1992.

159

A discussion of the psychological, sociological, educational, physical and health benefits for an individual of adventure education. Also discusses the benefits for the natural environment and society as a whole. Keywords: Adventure education, Benefit, Environment, Natural resources, Outcome, Outdoor education, Outward Bound, Personal development, Theoretical model.

LAVENDER, J. The outdoors: for all to enjoy. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vo1.14, No.3: pp.72-75, December 1981.

160

This article provides information about how to include people with disabilities in outdoor activities. Mentions safety, ideas for involvement and provides a checklist for outdoor programmes. Keywords: Activity, Disability, Guidelines, Programme, Safety.

LAW, B.; SCHUSSER, E. Education Outside The Classroom survey results: Southern region survey 1985-86. Unpublished.

161

This survey and report identifies the extent to which EOTC is used in schools, what resources are being used, what programme evaluation is carried out and what developmental priorities teachers should be concerned about. A 72% response rate was achieved and the results identify some of the implications and recommendations for developing EOTC in New Zealand. Keywords: Education Outside The Classroom, Evaluation, Questionnaire, School, Survey.

LAW, B.; SCHUSSER, E. Education Outside The Classroom: resource directory, Southern region.

162

Unpublished. ca. 1986. Compiled to be used in conjunction with the EOTC survey results (see Reference No.160),

this directory enables schools to find out what EOTC programmes are being offered. Contact people, programmes, field trips and facilities are listed for each school that completed the survey. Keywords: Education Outside The Classroom, Facility, Field trip, Inventory, Programme, School.

LAW, B. Some thoughts on outdoor education. Stretch. Vol. 1 , No.3: pp.12-15, 1983.

163

This article contains three definitions of OE and discusses OE in the school curriculum. Mentions that there is a need for outdoor educators to inform others of their programmes so that OE can grow and improve. Keywords: Curriculum, Definition, Outdoor education, Role, School.

LAW, E. Recreation opportunities in Canterbury. Vol.1. The recreation opportunity survey. Christchurch: DOC, 1991.

Contains a short section on OE, discussing the New Zealand trends and their implications. Brief mention is made of facilities used for OE in Canterbury. Keywords: Canterbury, Facility, Outdoor education, Recreation, Survey, Trend analysiS.

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164 LEBERMAN, S.1. The Outdoor Pursuits Centre of New Zealand: it's role and effectiveness in generating

a change in students' image of the outdoors and conservation. Thesis. Master of Arts in Recreation Administration. Victoria University, New Zealand, 1989.

165

An assessment of OPC's effectiveness in achieving its course aims of communicating an appreciation of the outdoors and an understanding of conservation to its course members. The author made observations at four courses over a period of three months in 1989. Questionnaires were given to course members before and after their course, to identify short term changes. Long term effects were assessed by means of a questionnaire given to the pupils from the same school, who attended the course in 1988. The results indicate that the OPC of New Zealand fulfils its aims of communicating an appreciation of the outdoors and conveying an understanding of conservation. Keywords: Conservation, Environment, Facility, Goals, Image, Natural resources, Outdoor education, Outdoor pursuits, Outdoor Pursuits Centre, Perception, Questionnaire, Research, Survey.

LEISURE 77 National Seminar: a summary of proceedings. Wellington: NZCRS, 1978.

166

Proceedings of the above conference. Keywords: Conference, Disability, Environment, New Zealand Council for Recreation and Sport, Outdoor education, Research, Training.

LlGHTBOURNE, C.P. Recreational activities. pp.1 07-126. In: Outdoor education: Yearbook of education No.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978.

167

Discusses concept of school OE programmes providing recreational experiences which educate the participants for leisure (one aim of OE). Provides information on a wide range of activities and their benefits for the individual. Keywords: Activity, Benefit, Leisure, Outcome, Outdoor education, Programme, Recreation, School.

LINDLEY, R. What is outdoor education in the primary school? Should more emphasis be given to outdoor education in the curriculum? Paper presented for Diploma of Teaching. Christchurch College of Education, Christchurch, 1975. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Curriculum, Outdoor education, School.

168 LONSDALE, A.R. A syllabus: primer 1 to form 5. pp.267-294. In: Outdoor education Yearbook of

education No.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978.

169

A comprehensive syllabus offered as a model for OE activity in schools. Mentions outdoor pursuits, school camping, syllabus objectives, activity suggestions and EE. Also suggests ways to enhance the classroom curriculum with outdoor activities. Keywords: Activity, Camping, Curriculum, Environmental education, Goals, Outdoor education, Outdoor pursuits, School.

LONSDALE, A.R. School camping teaching programmes. New Plymouth: Taranaki School Camp Committee, 1973. Reference collection at Turnbull Library in Wellington. Not seen. Keywords: Camping, Programme, School, Teaching.

36

170 LUCAS, P.H. Educational visits to national parks. Paper presented at: Symposium: 'Outdoor education in

New Zealand', (15 March, 12 April 1973) New Zealand College of Education Occasional Papers, Vol.4, Nos.1-8: pp.52-53. 1973.

171

Suggests ways of making an OE trip to national park a success. Stresses the importance of leaving intentions with the park rangers before arriving in the park. Lists facilities available in national parks for educational studies and suggests possible studies. Keywords: Education, Facility, National park, Outdoor education, Planning, Safety.

LUKETINA, F. Assessment of the Camp Peak pilot scheme. Research section. Department of Social Welfare evaluation of the pilot scheme. Department of Social Welfare, 1978.

172

This report involves a critical assessment of the Camp Peak pilot scheme, identifying a number of biases in the original study. This report places less emphasis on the impact of the pilot project on the participants and more emphasis on the provision of constructive comments on the type of programme offered, and suggests ways in which courses could be improved. Keywords: Camp, Camp Peak, Department of Social Welfare, Evaluation, Offender, Outdoor Pursuits Centre, Programme, Review, Survey.

LYNCH, P. Issues and trends in outdoor education. World Leisure and Recreation. Vo1.34, NO.2: pp.11-12, Summer 1992.

173

Article looks at the challenges and questions put to OE. Focuses on influences on OE at present, (i.e., clarification of meanings, accountability and economic pressures). Article also looks at what professionalism in OE will induce. Keywords: Definition, Outdoor education, Trend analysis.

LYNCH, P.M. Fat girls don't abseil? Paper presented at: 7th National outdoor education conference, Melbourne, Australia, January 1991.

174

An overview of female participation in school OE programmes in New Zealand; and the factors which affect the equality of that participation. A sociological analysis, it is based on feminist theory with indicators for practical application. Keywords: Attitude, Education, Gender, Girl, Outdoor education, Participation, Programme, School, Self-esteem, Teaching.

LYNCH, P. Girls and outdoor education. Thesis. Master of Education. University of Otago, New Zealand, 1991.

175

This study investigates girls' experiences of OE using quantitative survey data, qualitative interviews and participant observations. It attempts to identify what, if any, factors in school OE cause girls to be deterred from participation in outdoor pursuits. As feminist research it is political in intent. Results from this study may contribute to an understanding of girls' experiences' of both education and recreation in outdoor environments and may also contribute to improvements in OE programmes offered to girls. Keywords: Adolescent, Barrier, Education, Girl, Outdoor education, Participation, Programme, Qualitative research, Quantitative research, Recreation, Research, School, Survey.

LYNCH, P. Mainstreaming outdoor education. Wellington: HC, 1991. KiwiAble Booklet compiled to suggest adjustments to OE activities to enable participation

by people with disabilities. Contains general information on OE activities and suggests adaptations for 11 activities. The information is directed at teachers of OE in schools but would also be useful to outdoor recreation workers and community group leaders. N.B. Also found as a discussion in New Zealand Journal of Health, PhYSical Education and

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Recreation, Vo1.24, NO.1: pp.20-22, 1991. Keywords: Activity, Disability, Guidelines, Mainstreaming, Outdoor education, School.

176 LYNCH, P. Elements of compulsion in outdoor education. The Journal of Adventure Education and

Outdoor Leadership. Vo1.8, No.4: pp.1 0-12, Winter 1991.

177

Provides information on how to make compulsory elements in OE lead to positive endings for the participants and the outdoor educators. Mentions how levels of compulsion affect students differently and discusses the importance of encouraging students in activities. Keywords: Outcome, Outdoor education, Participation, Teaching.

LYNCH, P. 'Tomorrows' outdoor education: the effects of educational reform on outdoor education in New Zealand. The British Journal of Physical Education. Vo1.22. No.2: pp.40-42, Summer. 1991.

178

Article discusses the positive and negative effects and implications of the 'Tomorrows Schools' education reform on OE. Discusses the implications that will arise for disadvantaged groups. Reviews briefly how the education reform affects funding, staffing and facilities of OE. Keywords: Administration, Evaluation, Facility, Funding, Outdoor education, Policy, School, Tomorrows Schools.

LYNCH, P. Jo Straker outdoors executive. pp.123-127. In: Wilderness Women. Auckland: Penguin Books, 1989.

179

A brief biography of Jo Straker's life; her involvement in outdoor pursuits, her experiences and attitudes. Also includes a history, including the goals and objectives of OPC. Jo Straker was an instructor at the centre in the past and in 1988 was the centre's director. Keywords: Attitude, Goals, History, Outdoor educator, Outdoor pursuits, OPC, Woman.

LYON, D. Outdoor programs within a probation service context in New Zealand. pp.25-37. Paper presented at: Proceedings of the first national symposium on outdoor/wilderness programs for offenders, 2·4 October 1990. Edited by J. Cianchi. Adult Corrective Services. Australian Capital Territory Government, 1991.

180

Lyon provides an outline of the New Zealand probation service and the history of outdoor programmes with offenders. Reviews a study by Kevin Harper (1987) and includes results of the study. Reviews 'The Journey' and the wilderness experience course offered by the Hamilton Skills Centre. Lyon also refers to the Cobham Outward Bound School at Anakiwa and the effects this has on offenders. Keywords: Anakiwa, Cobham Outward Bound School, Conference, Hamilton Skills Centre, History, Offender, Outward Bound, Probation, Programme, Research, Review.

McCABE, M. Administrative reform: tomorrows schools. pp.94-102. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

181

A summary of the authors thesis which reviewed the immediate effects of 'Tomorrows Schools' on secondary school OE. According to McCabe, the effects were predominantly negative. Includes research methodology and result summary. Keywords: Conference, Outcome, Outdoor education, Research, Review, School, Tomorrows Schools.

McCABE, M.J.C. Administrative reform: its effect on secondary school outdoor education. Thesis. Victoria University, New Zealand, 1990.

182

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This research involved a baseline study to ascertain what effects the administrative reform of 'Tomorrows Schools' has had on secondary school OE. A postal questionnaire was issued to a sample of schools in the Central South Education District and the Canterbury Education District. Information from 55 schools was analysed. The effects of administrative reform were found to be predominantly detrimental rather than beneficial in terms of OE provision. An absence of consistency between past curriculum practice, charter content and the provision made within the school for OE was discovered. Other concerns including obtaining teacher relief for OE, and increasing pupil participation costs are noted. No clear associations were found between these effects and sample demographics such as school location, size, pupil socio-economic background and gender profile. Keywords: Administration, Canterbury, Cost analysis, Outdoor education, Questionnaire, Research, School, Sex factor, Socio-economic factor, South Island, Survey, Tomorrows Schools.

McCAUGHAN, B. MERC: A dream come true. Parks and Recreation. Vo1.5, No.4: pp.9-10, August, 1990.

183

Reviews MERC situated at Long Bay in Auckland. The centre was established in March 1990. The article reviews the objectives of the centre (such as who it caters for and why it was established) and discusses benefits gained by the students. The main reason for the introduction of MERC was to provide an opportunity for either financially disadvantaged children or children with phYSical disabilities to experience waterbased and other activities. Keywords: Auckland, Disability, Facility, Goals, Marine Education and Recreation Centre, Outcome, Socio-economic factor.

McCONNELL, B. Keynote address: 'Just where do you think you're going'. pp.135-141. Paper presented at:

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Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

McConnell compares OE in 1982 and ten years on (1992) and looks at what has been achieved. The future of OE and ways to improve OE participation, recognition and experiences are discussed. Keywords: Conference, Experience, Future, History, Outdoor education, Participation, Trend analysis.

McCONNELL, B.; LAW, B. Outdoor and environmental education: a developing process at the Christchurch College of Education. World Leisure and Recreation. Vo1.34, No.2: pp.32-36, 1992.

185

This report identifies the training opportunities available in OE and EE (and particularly EOTC) at Christchurch College of Education. The resources for training are discussed. The objectives of the courses are listed. Keywords: Christchurch College of Education, Environmental education, Education Outside The Classroom, Goals, Outdoor education, Training.

McCONNELL, B. Outdoor education: does it work? Christchurch Teachers College Research News. No.9, November 1985. Christchurch Teachers College, 1985.

186

McConnell assesses McKay's (1980) research and outlines the limitations of McKay's results. Explains background to the research programme. Samples of questionnaires used to gather information for the research are also included. Keywords: Outdoor education, Questionnaire, Research, Review.

McCONNELL, B. Outdoor education in New Zealand today. pp.8-15. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: Proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington:

187

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NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982. McConnell discusses the history of OE in New Zealand (and the research associated with

it) and uses a model integrating environmental studies, outdoor pursuits and personal and social development to discuss OE. The importance of quality in OE is also addressed. Keywords: Conference, Environmental education, History, Outdoor education, Outdoor pursuits, Personal development, Questionnaire, Research, School, Social development, Theoretical model.

McCONNELL, B. Outdoor education is alive and well at Dunstan High. Christchurch Teachers College Research News. No.9. 1985.

Article reviewing McConnell's experience of the OE programme at Dunstan High School. The article evaluates the OE programme and records the results. Keywords: Dunstan High School, Evaluation, Outdoor education, Programme, School.

188 McCONNELL, R.J. Development of an outdoor education programme at Christchurch Teachers

College. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1977. Not seen. Keywords: Christchurch, Christchurch Teachers College, Outdoor education, Programme.

189 McFADZIEN, D. People with disabilities. pp.225-226. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the

second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17·20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC,1992.

Discusses approaches used to include people with disabilities in OE programmes. Includes a philosophy of OE. Keywords: Conference, Disability, Goals, Outdoor education, Philosophy, Programme.

190 McGECHIE, N. Ngamuwahine Camp: a handbook for management, administration and instruction.

191

ThesiS. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS. Wellington, 1986. The purpose of this booklet is to assist teachers (and in particular, those new to the

Tauranga Intermediate School, and/or inexperienced in OE), by providing a comprehensive guide to procedures, expectations and safety requirements of class camps at the Turangi Intermediate School's campsite at Ngamuwahine, in the Kaimai-Mamaku State Forest Park. The booklet contains samples of procedural work, organisation schedules, preparation guidelines and step-by­step checklists to make camping as straight forward as possible. Safety limits, accident, emergency and search and rescue procedures are standardised. Suggestions for balanced menus and costing schedules are made. Keywords: Administration, Camp, Camping, Cost analysis, Guidelines, Handbook, Management, Ngamuwahine Camp, Planning, Safety, School, Standard, Tauranga, Tauranga Intermediate School.

MacKAY, B.J. The evaluation of outcomes of resident outdoor education: a study of selected Christchurch schools. Thesis. Master of Science. University of Canterbury (Joint Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Canterbury and Lincoln College), New Zealand, 1981.

This thesis describes an exercise in curriculum evaluation of resident education programmes in New Zealand. Selected outcomes of resident OE were determined from a survey of 80% of Christchurch schools. Outcomes selected were self concept, social skills and environmental attitudes. Two major claims emerge from this study. First, the success of camps depends on advance classroom preparation. Second, environmental attitudes would be better promoted in the classroom than on school camps. Keywords: Adolescent, Attitude, Camp, Camping, Canterbury, Christchurch, Environment,

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Evaluation, Outcome, Outdoor education, Personal development, Programme, Research, Residential outdoor education, School, Self-concept, Social development, Survey.

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McKENZIE, C.J. Resource assessment for outdoor education: planning, review and implementation.

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Thesis. Master of Science. University of Canterbury (Joint Centre for Environmental SCiences, University of Canterbury and Lincoln College) New Zealand, 1981.

The study is concerned with OE sites in natural environments. The general study aim is to promote more co-ordinated site management within a region, based on educational and resource capability. McKenzie assesses the natural environments that are used for OE and the impacts OE has on these areas. Two case studies were assessed to identify their value for OE, the vulnerability of the OE activities to the soil, vegetation and wildlife and their management requirements. An approach to determine regional resource availability for OE and site potential is outlined. Keywords: Accessibility, Administration, Camping, Carrying capacity, Case study, Environment, Impact, Natural resources, Outdoor education, Planning, Research, Review, Teaching, Wilderness.

McKERROW, B. Keynote address. p.282. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

194

McKerrow talks about the importance of OE as a means of getting away from the pressures of life and back to simplicity. Mentions how important EE is to OE. The contribution of Ocean Bay School at Port Underwood in the Marlborough Sounds to OE in New Zealand is discussed. DOC and it's role in EE and OE and the role outdoor educators have in promoting conservation and sustainable OE is also discussed. Keywords: Conference, Conservation, Department of Conservation, Environmental education, Ocean Bay School, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Role, School.

McLAREN, K. Reducing reoffending: what works now. Department of Justice Penal Division. Wellington, New Zealand, 1992.

195

This publication reviews international research to identify whether correctional interventions can reduce reoffending and if so, how. The review identifies the most promising principles and characteristics of effective interventions, including outdoor programmes. It also notes an important limitation of current research in that cultural factors are rarely taken into account and McLaren notes the need to address those factors in New Zealand. Keywords: Culture, Ethnic Group, Offender, Programme.

MacPHERSON, P. Outdoor education in New Zealand. pp.77-83. Paper presented at: History of sport and physical education in the Pacific region: international conference. Theme: developments in the past, pOinters for the future. November 20-24, 1978. School of Physical Education, University of Otago, New Zealand, 1979.

196

Paper presents a history of OE in New Zealand schools, including a brief history of OE in the Maori culture and at the time of early European settlers. The report identifies the trends in OE. Keywords: Conference, Culture, Ethnic group, History, Maori, Outdoor education, School, Trend analysis.

MacPHERSON, P. Some Predictions. pp.63-82. In: Outdoor education Year book of education NO.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978.

197

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OE is reviewed and given three dimensions: education in the out-of-doors, education for the outdoors, and personal and social development. Looks at objectives and vision for the future of OE. Looks at the potential of OE for achieving aims in education and growth and development of individuals. Keywords: Education, Goals, Outcome, Personal development, Social development, Trend analysis.

McRAE, K. (ed). Outdoor and environmental education: diverse purposes and practices. Melbourne:

198

The MacMillan Company of Australia PTY Ltd., 1990. This comprehensive book on OE has been written primarily from an Australian perspective

for those wanting to use the outdoors for teaching. The first four chapters explore the major forms of OE, whilst the fifth attempts to integrate these forms by use of a model. Chapters 7 to 10 discuss different approaches to, and settings for OE. Environmental ethics, OE and special groups, and programme evaluations are also discussed. Comparisons in OE in other countries are made, including Canada, Britain, West Germany and New Zealand. Colin Abbott and Ian Street discuss OE in New Zealand. Abbott reviews EOTC, the relevance of cultural traditions in the outdoor experience and the ACC system. Street provides a description of the organisations involved in OE in New Zealand. There is also a brief history of OE in New Zealand and its aims. Keywords: Accident Compensation Corporation, Australia, Comparative study, Culture, Environmental education, Environmental ethic, Education Outside The Classroom, Ethics, Ethnic Group, Evaluation, Goals, History, Outdoor education, Programme, Theoretical model.

MADDEVER, L. Some field trips from Wellington for senior secondary pupils. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1981.

The necessary ingredients for successful field trips are discussed in this project. Preparation for field trips and itineraries are reviewed. Keywords: Field trip, Itinerary, Outdoor education, Planning, School, Wellington.

199 MAHONEY, F.R. School camping. pp.43-45. In: Recreation in New Zealand. Volume one. Auckland:

200

Auckland Regional Authority, 1971. A brief history of camping in the school curriculum. Mentions OE programme design and

relevance to the camp environment. Includes benefits of school camping and also includes an example of a school camp daily routine. Keywords: Camping, Case study, Curriculum, Outcome, Outdoor education, Programme, Residential outdoor education, School.

MAINS, R.S. Outdoor education programmes. Journal New Zealand Post-Primary Teachers' Association.

201

Volume unknown, pp.31-33, 1975. Reviews the OE programme at Kaikorai Valley High School in 1975.

Keywords: Case study, Kaikorai Valley High School, Outdoor education, Programme, Review, School.

MAINSBRIDGE, J.C.S. A personal view on trends in environmental and outdoor education in Canada and New Zealand. Mongonui School, Mongonui, 1983. Not seen. Keywords: Canada, Comparative study, Environmental education, Outdoor education, Trend analysis.

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202 MAIR, J.S. Adventures in outdoor education. pp.83-106. In: Outdoor education: Yearbook of education

No.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978.

203

Discusses OE, what it is and its uses. Looks at the role of adventure in OE. Discusses camping, adventure and the responsibilities of outdoor educators in adventure activities and OE programmes. Keywords: Adventure, Camping, Definition, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Programme, Role.

MAIR, J.S. Professional loneliness. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation.

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Vo1.10, No.2: pp.42-45, July 1977. Article discusses ways of improving professional relationships with the result of enriching

education in general. Reviews what OE is and how improving relationships in this area will benefit the education of the students. Keywords: Definition, Education, Outdoor education.

MATAIRA, J. Toi Te Whenua. pp.39-41. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21·24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

205

Mataira discusses Maori attitudes to land and provides definitions of Maori concepts relating to the land. Mataira identifies opportunities for OE teachers to address Maori needs and impart New Zealand's history through OE. Keywords: Attitude, Conference, Culture, Definition, Ethnic group, History, Land use, Maori, Needs, Outdoor education, Values.

MATHESON, C.F. A mountain safety seminar. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1980.

206

The author outlines various guidelines and ideas for running a mountain safety seminar for youth leaders participating in OE. The study outlines seminar aims; eligibility criteria; location considerations; cost; resource material; pre-course information; and programming and scheduling. The author also discusses possible seminar content including discussions on packs and equipment; food; trip preparation and leadership; first aid; safety with firearms; river crossing; bush navigation; loss of route; survival; fire-fighting; search and rescue; weather and radios. The study includes a list of reference books and addresses of relevant organisations. Keywords: Cost analYSiS, Equipment, Guidelines, Inventory, Outdoor educator, Planning, Programme, Safety.

MAZEY, J. Using our national parks and reserves. pp.42-46. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21·24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington:

207

NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982. In this paper Mazey (supervisor of national parks), questions the need for large,

sophisticated outdoor education centres. The theory pertaining to 'locking-up' land is also discussed. Keywords: Child, Conference, Facility, Land use, National park, Outdoor education, Reserve, Residential outdoor education, Teaching, Training.

MENZIES, M. The kids: who does it? pp.83-87. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21·24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB,

208

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1982. Menzies discusses OE programmes from the perspective of the National Youth Council,

briefly reviewing some OE research. Barriers preventing children participating in OE are discussed. These barriers include access to information, socio-economic status and discretionary family income, occupation, ethnic background, and initiative and skills required for certain activities. Keywords: Accessibility, Activity, Adolescent, Barrier, Child, Conference, Demand, Demography, Ethnic group, National Youth Council, Participation, Outdoor education, Research, Socio­economic factor, Skill, Training, User information.

MEYES, J. Mount Aspiring; a base for secondary school outdoor education. Special Study No.1 040.

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School of Physical Education, University of Otago, New Zealand, 1977. Reference collection at Turnbull Library in Wellington. Not seen. Keywords: Mount Aspiring, Outdoor education, School.

MEYS, H. Outdoor education in New Zealand secondary schools. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1979. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Outdoor education, School.

210 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION. Anywhere, everywhere: EOTC curriculum guidelines for primary schools,

secondary schools, and early childhood centres. Wellington: Learning Media, Ministry of Education, 1992.

211

Curriculum guidelines for teachers leading EOTC activities. Includes a discussion of goals and outcomes of successful EOTC programmes, planning and evaluating EOTC experiences. Contains suggestion for EOTC activities and the resources available. Keywords: Activity, Curriculum, Education Outside The Classroom, Evaluation, Goals, Guidelines, Outdoor education, Outcome, Planning, Policy, Programme, School.

MITCHELL, H.A.; MITCHELL, M.J. A study of aspects of self-concept over a two year period: possible effects of an intervening Outward Bound course. Final report - impacts of the course. Report NO.2. Nelson: Mitchell Research, 1988.

212

Report reviews a three year study investigating the effects of a standard 24 day Outward Bound course, after completion, on partiCipants aged 16-25 years. The report looks at the short and longer term effects of the course on the partiCipants. Results were obtained through a questionnaire survey. It concludes that Outward Bound has strong positive effects on many aspects of the individual such as confidence/self esteem and persistence. These effects were still apparent two years after the course. Keywords: Adolescent, Anakiwa, Cobham Outward Bound School, Evaluation, Outdoor education, Outward Bound, Personal development, Questionnaire, Self-concept, Self-confidence, Self-esteem.

MOYLE, T. Outdoor education. Journal of New Zealand Post-Primary Teachers Association. Vo1.21: pp.33-35, April 1975.

Brief article reviewing OE at Taumarunui High School. Mentions the students experiences at the camp, the facilities at camp and the importance of keeping OE in the school curriculum flexible. Keywords: Camp, Curriculum, Experience, Outdoor education, Facility, School, Taumarunui High

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School.

213 MULLINS, W. Some training programmes. pp.206-213. Paper presented at: National outdoor education

conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

214

A detailed analysis of the outdoor educators supervisors' scheme. Keywords: Conference, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Outdoor educators supervisors' scheme, Programme, Training.

MYERS, R. Developing environmental sensitivity in and out of the classroom. Christchurch: NZFS, 1985.

215

Provided as a resource for teachers and environmental educators. This publication contains ideas, curriculum frameworks and activities for use inside and outside the classroom. Includes a discussion on philosophies and definitions of EE and OE. Keywords: Activity, Curriculum, Definition, Environmental Education, Goals, Outdoor education, Philosophy.

NEVILLE, B.; NEVILLE, J.; JONES, M.; DUNN, R. Tihoi Venture School a six month extended outdoor education experience for fourth formers: the pros and cons. pp.314-316. Paper presented at:

216

Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

The background of Tihoi Venture School is discussed, including the history of the school, use of the school and the positive and negative outcomes of the school experience on participants. The authors believe the gains far outweigh the negative aspects. Keywords: Conference, History, Outcome, Residential outdoor education, School, Tihoi Venture School.

NEVILLE, B. Tihoi Venture School. p.67. Paper presented at: Environmental education through outdoor education. Proceedings of the inaugural conference of the New Zealand Association for Environmental Education: Christchurch, May 8-11,1987. Edited by J. Rolfe and H. Ellis. New Zealand Association for Environmental Education Inc. Christchurch, 1987.

217

A paper providing information on accommodation, facilities and courses (including outdoor pursuit activities) at St. Paul's Collegiate venture school at Tihoi. Keywords: Accommodation, Conference, Facility, Outdoor pursuits, Programme, Residential outdoor education, School, Tihoi Venture School.

NEW ZEALAND COLLEGE OF EDUCATION. Symposium: 'Outdoor education in New Zealand' (15 March, 12 April 1973) New Zealand College of Education Occasional papers Vol.4. Nos.1-8. 1973.

218

Proceedings of the above symposium, including papers, commentary, questions and replies. Keywords: Child, Conference, Curriculum, Education, National park, New Zealand College of Education, Outdoor education, Policy.

NEW ZEALAND EDUCATION INSTITUTE. Outdoor education: Yearbook of education No.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978.

The yearbook discusses particular areas of OE including leadership, walking, tenting,

219

conservation, facilities, Outward Bound, the playground and more. Keywords: Camping, Conservation, Facility, Leadership, Outdoor education, Outward Bound, Walking.

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NEW ZEALAND FOREST SERVICE. Outdoor education: accommodation and activities. Wellington:

220

NZFS, 1980. Reference collection at Turnbull Library in Wellington. Not seen. Keywords: Accommodation, Activity, Facility, Outdoor education.

NEW ZEALAND OUTDOOR TRAINING ADVISORY BOARD. Outdoor training guide. Interim edition.

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Wellington: NZOTAB, 1980. This training guide has been produced to help improve training programmes for leaders of

groups in the outdoors. Effective leadership is seen as an important for the avoidance of unnecessary accidents and tragedies; the achievement of the highest possible quality in outdoor experiences for young people; and the promotion of understanding and care for the environment, all of which are essential for the future of outdoor activities. Keywords: Administration, Environmental education, Equipment, Funding, Guidelines, Legislation, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Personal development, Planning, Programme, Safety, Training.

NEW ZEALAND PHYSICAL EDUCATION BRANCH. Outdoor education: planning and organisation.

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Wellington: New Zealand Physical Education Branch, 1974. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Outdoor education, Planning.

NEW ZEALAND PHYSICAL EDUCATION BRANCH. Outdoor education: programme suggestions.

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Wellington: New Zealand Physical Education Branch. 1974. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Outdoor education, Programme.

NICHOLLS, M.A. Expectations realised: a study of the standard course Cobham Outward Bound School, Anakiwa. Dissertation. Diploma of Parks and Recreation. Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1984.

224

A review of the history and establishment, goals and objectives of the Cobham Outward Bound School in Anakiwa. Keywords: Anakiwa, Cobham Outward Bound School, Evaluation, Expectation, Goals, History, Outcome, Outdoor education, Outward Bound, Programme, Research, Survey.

NOBEL, R. You can do it. Service. Vo1.2, No.4, pp.22-24, September, 1989. Article discussing the experiences of Department of Social Welfare workers on a five day

OPC programme. The experience was a result of the Equal Employment Opportunity Programme for the region. The article mentions the benefits the women gained from the experience such as greater confidence and teamwork skills. Keywords: Department of Social Welfare, Experience, Outcome, Outdoor Pursuits Centre, Personal development, Self-confidence, Skill, Woman.

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225 NORRIS, E.A. Primary school camping aims. Education. Vo1.28, No.8: pp.29, 1975. Wellington.

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A brief article that discusses issues such as objectives for school camps. Includes suggestions for activities/challenges for the camp participants. Keywords: Activity, Camp, Goals, School.

O'BRIEN, M. Northland Wilderness Experience: an experiential programme for the youth of Taiokerau: a report. Education Department. University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1990.

227

. This report concentrates on the youth 'at-risk' aspects of the NWE activities. The outdoor programme involved a physically challenging 10 day expedition, followed by an 18 month 'follow-up' period of activities offered fortnightly. Results, from data collected after the 10 day expedition, indicate that the course had a positive impact on most of the participants. There were also substantial shifts away from 'at-risk' behaviour, especially in relation to trouble with the law and there were improved relations reported with families and friends. The work of Northiand WE is explained briefly as a function of therapeutic and educational processes and it is suggested that Northland Wilderness Experience could be utilized by the mainstream education system as an effective process for working with young people 'at-risk'. Keywords: Activity, Adolescent, Experiential education, Northland Wilderness Experience, Offender, Outcome, Programme, Questionnaire, Self-esteem, Survey, Youth-at-risk.

O'BRIEN, M. The outdoor educator as evaluator. pp.120-130. Paper presented at: Proceedings of the sixth national outdoor education conference, Sydney, January 1989. Edited by B.R. Hayllar. New South Wales Department of Sport, Recreation and Racing and the Centre for Leisure and Tourism Studies, University of Technology, Sydney (Kuring-gai). CLTS publication No.8. 1989.

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This paper provides a discussion of OE evaluation processes and includes evaluation results from the Northland Wilderness Experience as an example. It identifies the relationship of Bandura's (1977) and Stake's (1986) work. The importance of bringing together the work of the outdoor educator and that of the evaluator is emphasised. Keywords: Conference, Evaluation, Outdoor education, Northland Wilderness Experience, Research, Review, Role, Theoretical model.

O'BRIEN, M.; STREET, I. Reaching the unreachable: the challenge of youth 'at-risk' to experiential education. Education Department, University of Auckland, New Zealand. (n.d.).

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This is a substantially revised version of a paper presented by O'Brien at the Australian fifth national outdoor education conference, Perth, January 1987. This paper describes why youth become 'at-risk'; the main reason being a history of experiencing failure. However, outdoor experience based programmes are encouraged as a means of providing successful experiences thus halting the path to delinquency. The paper also discusses issues which should be addressed when providing experiential programmes for 'at-risk' youth. Keywords: Adolescent. Experiential education, Programme, Youth-at-risk.

O'NEILL, B.M. Tail Pieces. pp.295-308. In: Outdoor education: Yearbook of education No.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978.

Discusses the concept of using walkways in school OE experiences, including the history and legislation of walkways. Chapter also includes hire costs of equipment available to schools from an Auckland Education Board and Taranaki Camp Advisory Committee and a list of educational and publicity material published by MSC. Some information is outdated but is of historical interest and the walkways information is still relevant. Keywords: EqUipment, History, Inventory, Legislation, Mountain Safety CounCil, Outdoor education, School, Walkway.

230 O'NEILL, W.A. Chalet classroom: an educational experiment. New Zealand Journal of Health Physical

Education and Recreation. No.2: pp.63-66, November 1967.

47

Details the experiment by New Plymouth Boys High School to teach students at North Egmont Chalet for a week as an outdoor study course. Discusses the methods and results of the experiment including attitudes of the students' parents recorded by questionnaire.

231

Keywords: Attitude, Goals, Outcome, Outdoor education, New Plymouth, New Plymouth Boys High School, Parent, Questionnaire, Residential outdoor education, School.

OUTDOOR education and leadership seminar: community needs, community resources and outdoor education. Christchurch Teachers College. 1976. Not seen. Keywords: Community, Leadership, Needs, Outdoor education.

232 OUTDOOR SAFETY INSTITUTE. (compiler). Outdoor leadership and risk management training: course

director's report. Wellington: HC and NZMSC, 1994.

233

A manual designed for use by the director and/or co-ordinator of the Outdoor Leadership and Risk Management Training (OLRMT) courses. The manual discusses outdoor leadership and risk management theory, assessment, crises, roleplaying, course planning and how to manage risk in the outdoors. Keywords: Assessment, Leadership, Management, Planning, Risk, Theoretical model.

PEARCE, T.; KERMODE, R. Outdoor education as part of 6th form and Bursary PE. pp.239-250. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

234

Review of a workshop that discussed OE as part of the 6th form and Bursary PE curriculum. Contains a history and description of both courses and provides insight to the future of these courses. Includes guidelines and methods of assessment. Keywords: Assessment, Conference, Curriculum, Evaluation, Guidelines, History, Outdoor education, Review, School, Workshop.

PHILLIPS, V. The outdoor classroom: a guide for teachers. Wellington: NZFS, 1983.

235

This book is an aid for teachers considering using the outdoors as part of the curriculum. It contains information on outdoor activities such as tramping and camping and mentions the benefits of these type of activities. It discusses OE programmes, resources and information that teachers need to be familiar with when taking pupils into the outdoors. Keywords: Activity, Camping, Curriculum, Guidelines, Outcome, Outdoor education, Programme, School, Teacher, Tramping.

POOLE, G.E. Study of outdoor therapeutic projects for at-risk youth: United Kingdom, Italy and Israel. 1990 Winston Churchill Fellowship. G.E. Poole, Kerikeri, New Zealand, 1990. Not seen. Keywords: Adolescent, Comparative study, Risk, Youth-at-risk.

236 PORT WAIKATO SCHOOL CAMPS COMMITTEE. The practice of school camping. Hamilton: South

Auckland Education Board, 1976. Location unknown. Not seen.

Keywords: Camping, School.

237 PORT WAIKATO SCHOOL CAMPS COMMITTEE. School camp handbook. Hamilton: South Auckland

Education Board.

238

Location and date unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Camp, Handbook, School.

POSA, G. Outdoor education resources of Northern Wairoa. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport.

239

NZCRS, Wellington, 1984. This study aims to provide a comprehensive index and evaluation of available OE

resources in the Northern Wairoa area. The index is divided into sites, personnel and other resources. Keywords: Equipment, Evaluation, Facility, History, Inventory, Personnel, Policy, Resource,

. Wairoa.

POTTINGER, M.J. Outdoor education and the rehabilitation of at-risk adolescents. Thesis. Master of Arts (Education). University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1984.

Pottinger evaluates an OE programme for adolescent females in a residential institution.

48

Comparisons of changes in self-concept, classroom behaviour and social adjustment were made with a control group in a regular programme. The results showed that the OE programme did not provide the impetus for change in the partiCipants. Pottinger considers the potential worth of OE in rehabilitating at-risk adolescents.

240

Keywords: Adolescent, Behaviour, Comparative study, Girl, Outcome, Outdoor education, Personal development, Programme, Rehabilitation, Research, Risk, Self-concept, Social development, Youth-at-risk.

POUTNEY, C. Keynote address: Saturday 18 January. pp.11-1S. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

241

Poutney addresses relevant issues in OE including Maori issues, professionalism, the issue of OE being a conquest rather than a participation exercise, and the conservation issue. Keywords: Conference, Conservation, Culture, Ethnic group, Maori, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator.

POUTNEY, C. Keynote address: Monday, 20 January 1992. pp.32S-330. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

242

Poutney reflects on the key issues of the conference. Mentions the benefits and problems caused by competitiveness in OE, and identifies ways that organisations can be culturally sensitive and cope with cultural diversity. Also mentions importance of outdoor educators contributing to the development of partnerships between cultures. Keywords: Conference, Culture, Ethnic group, Outcome, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Role.

POWELL, B.E. Outdoor education: an alternative non-residential programme. Thesis (and video). Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1987.

243

In conjunction with the video, Powell provides a non-residential programme for OE. The main aims of the programme are the development of a healthy attitude toward the environment, the growth of self confidence and the gaining of skills which would enable pupils to relate comfortably to the world beyond the home and school. The programme is a combination of a school based recreation programme and core syllabus. The programme is seen as an ideal contingency plan for a camp, (for example, if a camp is cancelled), or if such a programme is preferred by the class teacher. The video presents an alternative non-residential four day programme at separate venues. Keywords: Attitude, Curriculum, Environment, Goals, Non-residential programme, Personal development, Programme, Self-confidence, School, Skill.

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PRIEST, S. Global perspectives of outdoor leadership. World Leisure and Recreation. VoI.3D. No.2: pp.34-41, 1988.

244

See PRIEST, S. 'Preparing effective .outdoor pursuit leaders'. 1987. (Reference No.245). Keywords: Certification, Leadership.

PRIEST, S. Agreement reached on outdoor leadership certification? Bradford-Papers-Annual, Bradford Woods Outdoor Education Center, Indiana University, No.3: pp.38-43, 1988.

245

See PRIEST, S. 'Preparing effective outdoor pursuit leaders'. 1987. (Reference No.245). Keywords: Leadership.

PRIEST, S. 1987. Preparing effective outdoor pursuit leaders. Institute of Recreation Research and Service. Oregon University, Eugene. 1987.

246

Reviews a survey of 169 outdoor experts from five countries: Australia, Great Britain, United States of America, Canada and New Zealand. The study was designed to identify differences in approaches and attitudes towards outdoor leadership training. ResearcherS wanted to ascertain what constituted an effective leader, what is the most effective training and why outdoor leadership training may differ between countries. Keywords: Attitude, Australia, Britain, Canada, Comparative study, Leadership, Outdoor pursuits, Survey, Training, USA.

PRIEST, S. An international survey of outdoor leadership preparation. Journal of Experiential Education. Vol.1D, No.2: pp.34-39, Summer 1987. See PRIEST, S. 'Preparing effective outdoor pursuit leaders'. 1987. (Reference No.245). Keywords: Leadership, Survey. '

247 PRIEST, S. Certification: always an issue, but no longer a trend! Bradford Papers Annual, Bradford

Woods Outdoor Education Center, Indiana University, No.2. pp.37-44, 1987.

248

See PRIEST, S. 'Preparing effective outdoor pursuit leaders'. 1987. (Reference No.245). Keywords: Certification.

PRIEST, S. Outdoor leadership: a comparison of kiwi experts' attitudes and approaches with those from other nations. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. VoI.2D, No.3: pp.3-6, December 1987.

249

See PRIEST, S. 'Preparing effective outdoor pursuit leaders'. 1987. (Reference No.245). Keywords: Attitude, Comparative study, Leadership.

PRIEST, S. Outdoor leadership 'down under'. Journal of Experiential Education. Vo1.8, No.1: pp.13-15,

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Spring 1985. Results of a comparison between the New Zealand and the Australian model programmes

of outdoor leadership development in relation to the British Mountain Leadership Certificate System. Also discusses risk management. Keywords: Australia, Comparative study, Leadership, Risk.

250 RANDS, D.; LYNCH, P. Outdoor programming for girls and women. pp.251-257. Paper presented at: Step

outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

251

A review of a workshop discussing participation barriers in outdoor programmes faced by some women. The review recognises womens needs in the outdoors and the importance of training outdoor instructors/educators to cater for these needs. Also discusses gender issues in OE. Keywords: Barrier, Conference, Gender, Girl, Needs, Outdoor education, Programme, Training, Woman, Workshop.

RAWSON, G. Education Outside The Classroom: legal aspects and programme approvals, guidelines for Boards of Trustees and principals. EOTC coordinator. Marlborough: Rural Education Activities Programme (REAP), 1990. Not seen. Keywords: Education Outside The Classroom, Programme, School.

252 RAWSON, G. (ed). Outdoor pursuits: guidelines for educators. 3rd ed. Wellington: Quest Rapuara - The

Career Development and Transition Education Service, 1991.

253

These guidelines discuss the organisation and management of outdoor pursuits activities. Key sections discuss what can be achieved through outdoor activities and provide suggestions for effective programmes. Legal aspects, organisation leadership and supervision issues are covered. The book also discusses the outcomes, such as the improvement of self-concept, and how these can be achieved through outdoor programmes. Keywords: Activity, Guidelines, Leadership, Legislation, Outcome, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Outdoor pursuits, Programme, Self-concept.

REDDIT, D.G. Effect of camp on social attitudes. Special study. School of Physical Education, Otago University, 1974. Not seen. Keywords: Attitude, Camp.

254 RICHARDS, A.D. Outdoor education on Banks Peninsula. Thesis. Diploma of Natural Resource

Management. Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1980.

255

Banks Peninsula provides a wide range of teaching opportunities for land and water based recreational pursuits. This study is concerned with the use of Banks Peninsula by school groups for the purposes of OE. Keywords: Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, Outdoor education, School, Teaching.

RINGER, M. From strength to strength or inspired leadership - developing leadership skills incorporating existing strength and integrating outdoor technical skills with 'people' skills. Background paper for a workshop at the National outdoor education conference, Melbourne, January 1991 .

256

Introduces the importance of both people skills and technical skills for outdoor leaders. Mentions role theory in outdoor leadership and its implications for training outdoor leaders. Keywords: Conference, Leadership, Outdoor educator, Skill, Training.

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ROBERTSON, B. Land resource and its management. pp.31-38. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington:

257

NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982. Robertson reviews the demands on natural resources for OE and other outdoor activities,

and the conflicts and costs that can arise from different organisations competing for resources. He summarises by stating that people in OE and outdoor recreation should be aware of, and be prepared to get involved in the planning process. Keywords: Administration, Conference, Conflict, Cost analysis, Department of Lands and Survey, Management, Land use, Natural resources, Outdoor education, Outdoor recreation, Planning, Planning process, Resource, Setting, Statistics, Theoretical model.

ROLFE, J.; ELLIS, H. (eds). Environmental education through outdoor education: proceedings of the inaugural conference of the New Zealand Association for Environmental Education, Christchurch, May 8-11,1987. Christchurch: New Zealand Association for Environmental Education (Inc.), 1988.

258

These conference proceedings are aimed primarily at teachers involved in OE and EE. A number of different models of OE and EE are discussed. In addition, an account of Maori and Pacific Island perspectives of EE are provided. Topical environmental issues, such as those related to the Christchurch estuary and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide are also described. There are number of case studies mentioned including the Tihoi Venture School and interpretation in the South Pacific. Keywords: Awareness, Case study, Conference, Conservation, Culture, Curriculum, Environmental education, Ethnic group, Interpretation, Maori, New Zealand Association for Environmental Education (Inc.), Outdoor education, Pacific Islander, Perception, Pollution, School, Theoretical model, Tihoi Venture School.

ROLLO, R.S. The philosophy of Outward Bound. pp.185-198. In: Outdoor education Yearbook of education No.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978.

259

Discusses the philosophy and history of Outward Bound. Also looks at the role of the instructors. Reviews the types of experiences and activities provided and the benefits derived from each activity. Keywords: Activity, Anakiwa, Cobham Outward Bound School, Experience, Goals, History, Outcome, Outdoor educator, Outward Bound, Philosophy, Role.

SAl LOUIE, B. Leaders' guide for a Christian venture camp: Steadfast Park, Piha. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1986.

Written with the Boys' Brigade campsite at Piha in mind, this study provides a Christian perspective for a summer venture camp. The purpose of this study is to try and prepare the voluntary leader for his or her role and responsibilities on such a camp. The study discuses pre­camp administration, camp programme administration, activities, and post-camp follow-up procedures. Keywords: Activity, Administration, Adolescent, Auckland, Boy, Boys' Brigade, Camp, Christian, Evaluation, Guidelines, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Religion, Residential outdoor education, Role.

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260 SAMPSON, C.W. Tautuku Outdoor Education Centre: activities 1975-1980. A report for the Department

of Lands and Survey recreation survey - South East Otago, January 1981. 1981.

261

This report provides a brief overview of the activities undertaken from Tautuku Outdoor Education Centre. Options for programmes include physical pursuits, field studies and recreational activities. Tracking in the area is also discussed. Keywords: Activity, Outdoor pursuits, Residential outdoor education, Tautuku Outdoor Education Centre.

SAMPSON, S. Centres for the outdoors. pp.187 -193. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: Proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

262

A summary of some of the OE centres in New Zealand and the facilities they provide. Keywords: Borland Lodge, Conference, Facility, Maori, Outdoor education, Residential outdoor education, Rotoiti Lodge, Tautuku Outdoor Education Centre.

SCHUSSER, E. 101 ways to make kids feel bad about themselves: teaching outdoors to improve the classroom climate. pp.117 -120. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC,

263

1992. Reviews the methods used by the author on forms 5, 6, and 7 OE classes at Dunstan High

School to develop trust, cooperation and team work before taking part in outdoor activities. Also includes two improvisation ideas. Keywords: Activity, Conference, Dunstan High School, School.

SCHUSSER, E. Expectations and effects of outdoor education camps, Mt. Aspiring. Research project, Dunstan High School. 1992.

264

Schusser examines the results of a questionnaire about expectations and effects of OE camps. The results show trends in campers expectations and the importance of evaluating OE programmes so they can be accountable. Research contains graphs of results. Keywords: Camping, Dunstan High School, Expectation, Evaluation, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Questionnaire, Research, School, Trend analysis.

SCHUSSER, E. Drive your students up the wall: a goal setting sequential programming approach to increasing self esteem by climbing on buildings. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1985.

265

An instructor's guide to 'buildering' - a term used to describe climbing on buildings and structures. The author discusses the rationale behind buildering and various goals for buildering programmes. Safety considerations, techniques, sequential programming, goal setting, evaluation/debriefing techniques and types of climbs are all discussed. Keywords: Climbing, Debriefing, Evaluation, Goals, Programme, Safety, Self-esteem.

SCOTT, G.B. School based environmental education in New Zealand: conceptual issues and policy implications. Volume one: text. Thesis. University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1986.

This study investigates the implications of EE for educational policy in New Zealand. Subjects covered include: the nature of EE; the implementation of curriculum innovations; a national framework for EE; EE in existing classroom practice; and policy implications. The author concludes that it is not possible to recommend the dissemination of the present model of EE by

53

standard approaches within New Zealand education. Keywords: Curriculum, Education, Environmental education, Policy, School.

266 SCOTT, L. Keynote address. p.16. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national

outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

267

Addresses the need for OE programmes that are financially accessible to all and mentions the importance of this in programme planning. Keywords: Accessibility, Conference, Funding, Planning, Programme, Socio-economic factor.

SHEFFIELD, R. Leadership in the bush. pp.73-76. In: Recreation in New Zealand. Volume one. Auckland:

268

Auckland Regional Authority, 1971. Article mentions the importance of outdoor leaders knowing the bush craft manual.

Reviews what a good leader would do on a bush trip and the importance of knowing what to do in any bush situation. Keywords: Leadership, Outdoor educator, Role, Safety.

SHULTIS, J.D. Natural environments, wilderness and protected areas: an analysis of historical Western attitudes and utilisation, and their expression in contemporary New Zealand. Thesis. Doctor of Philosophy, University of Otago, New Zealand. 1991.

269

Shultis reviews attitudes to New Zealand's environment. He analyses two surveys that measured attitudes, perception and utilisation of natural environments, wilderness and protected areas in New Zealand. Baseline data on use patterns and characteristics of backcountry visitors is presented. Keywords: Attitude, Environment, Perception, Survey, Wilderness.

SIKKING, M.J. Sub-cultures and outdoor pursuits: an interpretive study of therapeutic outdoor recreation programmes for youth at risk. Thesis. Master of Applied Science. Lincoln University, New Zealand. 1993.

270

Sikking provides an interpretive study of therapeutic outdoor recreation programmes for youth-at-risk and examines the socio-historical development of therapeutic outdoor recreation. Strategies used by leaders working with youth-at-risk are examined, and data is collected by way of participant observations and interviews. Keywords: Interpretation, Outdoor pursuits, Outdoor recreation, Youth-at-risk.

SIMMONS, B. Experience based training and development. pp.121-124. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference' A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

271

Reviews the experiential learning cycle and looks at where experience based training and development fits into this cycle. Reviews ways to ensure OE programmes are effective. Paper contains the results of the outdoor training survey and a learning process model. Keywords: Conference, Experiential education, Programme, Survey, Theoretical model, Training.

SIMPSON, C. Women and recreation research from 'down under': a summary. World leisure and recreation. Vo1.33, NO.3: pp.19-22, Fall 1991.

This article examines New Zealand recreation research on women under the subjects biography, PE, sport, outdoor education/recreation and historical perspective. The OE section

272

outlines the amount and focus of completed and current research in this area. Keywords: History, Outdoor education, Research, Woman.

SIMPSON, P. The value of environmental education. pp.73-79. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington:

273

NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982. An examination of the similarities between OE and EE and how they are integrated. A

brief history of EE is included. Simpson examines the issues in EE based on Graeme Scott's national survey of perceived environmental problems. The value of EE in personal terms is briefly mentioned. Keywords: Conference, Definition, Environmental education, Experience, History, Outdoor education, Personal development, Review, Survey, Values.

SKILTON, J. Charleston Lodge handbook: Buller High School (Westport) outdoor lodge. Thesis.

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Diploma of Parks and Recreation. Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1983.

274

This dissertation provides a compilation of information on the natural and cultural history of the Charleston region used by Buller High School for its existing and proposed OE programmes. Keywords: Adolescent, Buller High School, Camp, Charleston Lodge, Culture, Handbook, History, Outdoor education, Programme, Residential outdoor education, School, West Coast.

SMAILL, A. The missing 51% - women and girls as participants: where are they? pp.125-126. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

275

Review of workshop discussing women and girls participation in OE. Looks at barriers to womens participation and the strategies to overcome them. Keywords: Barrier, Conference, Girl, Outdoor education, Participation, Woman.

SMAILL, A. How to include women and girls in programme planning. pp.271-272. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17-20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

276

Workshop review on women and girls in OE programmes and barriers to participation. Identifies the need for education of outdoor leaders in this area. Some strategies to overcome barriers are identified. Keywords: Barrier, Conference, Education, Girl, Outdoor education, Participation, Programme, Training, Woman, Workshop.

SMITH, C.J. The communications of the aims of Outward Bound to students. Thesis. Master of Arts (Applied) in Recreation Administration. Victoria University, New Zealand, 1981.

This thesis assesses the effectiveness with which the philosophy of Cobham Outward Bound School is communicated to its students. The author reviews literature related to the philosophy of the Outward Bound schools. A sample of students was questioned about the aims of Outward Bound. The operational philosophy of the school is compared to the students' perceptions of that philosophy. It was found that the students did recognise the three main aims identified by the instructors - the development of self-awareness, interpersonal skills and personal resources. Keywords: Anakiwa, Cobham Outward Bound School, Goals, Outdoor education, Outward Bound, Perception, Personal development, Philosophy, Residential outdoor education, Self-

awareness, Survey.

277 SMITHELLS, P.A. Towards a philosophy of outdoor education. pp.1-6. In: Outdoor education Yearbook of

education No.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978. Provides historical references which show the development of the authors philosophy on

OE. States the need for a philosophy of OE in New Zealand.

55

NB: This paper is also published in the New Zealand College of Education Symposium on OE in New Zealand (see Reference No.217). Keywords: Goals, History, Outdoor education, Philosophy.

278 SOUTH AUCKLAND EDUCATION BOARD SCHOOL CAMPS COMMITTEE. The philosophy and practise

of school camping. Hamilton: South Auckland Education Board, 1968. Reference collection at Turnbull Library in Wellington. Not seen. Keywords: Camping, Philosophy, School.

279 SOUTH AUCKLAND EDUCATION BOARD SCHOOL CAMPS COMMITTEE. The tenth jubilee of school

camping. Hamilton: South Auckland Education Board, 1966. Reference collection at Turnbull Library in Wellington. Not seen. Keywords: Camping, School.

280 SOUTH AUCKLAND EDUCATION BOARD SCHOOL CAMPS COMMITTEE. Camping out. Hamilton: South

Auckland Education Board, 1966. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Camping.

281 SOWMAN, P.D. The development of Outward Bound: a critical analysis. Thesis. Master of Arts (Applied)

in Recreation Administration. Victoria University, New Zealand, 1979.

282

This study traces the developments of Outward Bound in New Zealand from 1960 to 1979, especially during 1960-62 when the school at Anakiwa was set up. Outward Bound is then examined in the wider context of other organisations using the outdoors as an environment for teaching, focusing particularly on two other New Zealand outdoor centres. Keywords: Anakiwa, Comparative study, Cobham Outward Bound School, History, Outdoor education, Outward Bound, Residential outdoor education, Teaching.

STONE, L. The establishment and development of Outward Bound in New Zealand. Thesis. Waikato University, New Zealand, 1980. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Outward Bound.

283 STOTHART, RA A chronology of New Zealand Physical Education 1850-1990. Wellington: NZAHPER.

1990. Report detailing the history of PE. There is brief mention of the history of OE and also

historical information of relevance to OE, such as the introduction of the EOTC policy. Keywords: Education Outside The Classroom, History, Outdoor education, Physical education,

56

Policy.

284 STOTHART, B. Woodsmoke in your eyes. pp.245-253. Paper presented at: National outdoor education

conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21·24

285

August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

A summary of the 1982 National outdoor education conference. Stothart summarises some of the problems, challenges and benefits of OE. The major components of the Council for Recreation and Sport outdoor recreation policy are outlined. Keywords: Conference, Outdoor education, Education, New Zealand Council for Recreation and Sport, Outcome, Outdoor recreation, Policy, Trend analysis.

STOTHART, R. Environmental/outdoor education: historical survey. In: Environmental/outdoor education working papers. Wellington: Department of Education, 1978. Not seen. Keywords: Environmental education, History, Outdoor education, Survey.

286 STOTHART, R.A. The development of physical education in New Zealand. Auckland: Heinemann

Educational Books (N.z.) Ltd, 1974.

287

A history of PE in New Zealand. This book is relevant to the development of OE in the school curriculum but doesn't contain specific references to OE. Keywords: Curriculum, History, Physical education, School.

STREET, I. Ecology and experiential learning: education for a healthy planet. Thesis. Master of Philosophy in Education. University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1990.

288

This thesis is based on the idea of developing a Mountain School of New Zealand; a practical model for experiential education, ecological awareness and holistic development. Keywords: Awareness, Education, Experiential education, Personal development, Residential outdoor education, School.

STREET, I. The outdoor educator as an evaluator. pp.25-31. Paper presented at: Proceedings of the sixth national outdoor education conference, Sydney, January 1989. Edited by B.R. Hayllar. New South Wales Department of Sport, Recreation and Racing and the Centre for Leisure and Tourism Studies, University of Technology, Sydney (Kuring-gai). CLTS publication No.8. 1989.

289

Paper presenting the benefits of self development (e.g. self-confidence and self-esteem) gained from successful experiences in OE. Also compares OE as a curriculum subject with two other subjects; liberal studies and mathematics and looks at the different outcomes on students taking these subjects. Paper also briefly reviews the works of Albert Bandura (1977) and Schunk (1986) and the consequences their theories and study results have had in relation to the education of school children. Keywords: Conference, Curriculum, Education, Outcome, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Personal development, Research, Review, School, Self-confidence, Self-esteem.

STRONG, N.G.L. Sixtus Lodge: an outdoor education centre. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington. 1979.

Strong documents the history and development of Sixtus Lodge, north of Palmerston North, and provides a blueprint for others undertaking similar projects. Information covered includes a literature review, financial aspects, design and construction, environmental features and considerations, walking tracks, and future plans. The author conducted face-to-face and

290

telephone interviews and surveyed the Lodge's 1978 usage via the booking records. Keywords: Cost analysis, Facility, History, Literature review, Outdoor education, Palmerston North, Residential outdoor education, Sixtus Lodge, Survey.

57

SUMMERS, G.B. Planning for a class camp. Education. Vo1.24, No.3: pp.28-29, 1975. Wellington. Article provides suggestions for teachers planning a class camp.

Keywords: Camping, Guidelines, Planning, Teacher.

291 SUTHERLAND, A. Kids as leaders. pp.137-152. Paper presented at: National outdoor education

conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

292

A review of the Kaiapoi High School leadership programme. It provides some ideas for training student leaders and lists comments made by students and teachers regarding their experiences with leadership. Keywords: Adolescent, Child, Conference, Experience, Kaiapoi High School, Leadership, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Programme, School, Training.

SWAIN, P. Camp Peak: an outdoor pursuits programme for delinquent youth. New Zealand Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vo1.13, No.3: pp.69-72, December 1980.

293

Reviews the attempt to combine the objectives of the Department of Social Welfare and outdoor pursuits into a camp for delinquent youth. This article reviews the aims and objectives, the programmes run at Camp Peak and also includes a follow up study. Keywords: Adolescent, Camp, Camp Peak, Department of Social Welfare, Evaluation, Experience, Goals, Outdoor pursuits, Outdoor Pursuits Centre, Youth-at-risk.

SWAIN, P.M. Camp Peak outdoor pursuits as a treatment programme for delinquent youth. Thesis.

294

Diploma of Education. Massey University, New Zealand, 1979. This thesis describes and records the establishment of Camp Peak, an experimental OPC

set up by the Department of Social Welfare in 1977. The camp provides an alternative treatment programme to the department's long-term training programmes. Courses were aimed at developing the phYSical, emotional and social skills for delinquent children in their care. The evaluation of a two month pilot scheme and the following twelve months of operation are discussed. Results from tests evaluating the effectiveness of outdoor pursuits as a treatment alternative to long term care were inconclusive. Keywords: Camp, Camp Peak, Department of Social Welfare, Evaluation, Outdoor pursuits, Outdoor Pursuits Centre, Personal development, Physical development, Rehabilitation, Residential outdoor education, Skill, Social development.

SWANSON, H.L. Tenting. pp.145-150. In: Outdoor education: Yearbook of education No.7. Wellington:

295

NZEI, 1978. Reviews the camping area and programme used by Highlands Intermediate School in New

Plymouth. Most activities in the OE programme take place in the school grounds including camping. This chapter also looks at the equipment used for camping on the school grounds. Keywords: Camping, Equipment, Highlands Intermediate School, Outdoor education, Programme, New Plymouth, School.

TAYLOR, B. Time for a change: progressive planning for 4th formers at Otago Girls High School. pp.127-132. Paper presented at: Step outside: proceedings of the second national outdoor education

296

conference 'A focus on youth outdoors', 17·20 January 1992 at Wellington College of Education. Edited by S. Dempster and K. Messerli. Wellington: HC, 1992.

58

Review of workshop outlining the changes to the OE programme at Otago Girls High School in 1991 as a result of a concerns by the staff and administration. Concerns included cost and disruption to the school curriculum. The programme was altered and this workshop mentions the results, advantages and disadvantages of the changes. Keywords: Conference, Cost analysis, Otago Girls High School, Outdoor education, Programme. Planning, School, Workshop.

TAYLOR, J.W. Educational use of national parks and similar areas. Paper presented at: Symposium: 'Outdoor education in New Zealand', (15 March, 12 April 1973) New Zealand College of Education Occasional Papers, Vol.4, Nos.1-8: pp.54-58. 1973.

297

Reviews the use of OE facilities located in national parks. Mentions problems associated with use of national parks and the plans for the future. Also mentions the level of involvement by park staff in the educational visits. Keywords: Conference, Facility, National park, Role.

TAYLOR, P. Community education possibilities. pp.121-131. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21·24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington:

298

NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982. Explains how leadership training classes were set up at Cambridge Intermediate School.

This paper outlines the course structure which involved weekly two hour sessions over a ten week period. Results from a sUNey of course participants is included. Keywords: Cambridge Intermediate School, Conference, Goals, Leadership, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, School, SUNey, Training.

THOMPSON, C. Social experience adventure camp. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1982.

299

A review of camp preparation and activities. Keywords: Activity, Camp, Experience, Facility, Outdoor pursuits, Planning, Programme, Southland.

TOYNBEE, P.; BLAKE, L. (eds). National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Wellington:

300

NZCRS & NZOTAB. 1982. Proceedings of the above conference. Conference papers are divided into major sections;

these comprise of the land, the experience, the kids, teachers/leaders, the community, the skills, the system, and opening and closing addresses. The proceedings also contain a list of OE associations. Keywords: Conference, Disability, Environmental education, Experience, Child, Facility, Land use, Legislation, Management, New Zealand Council for Recreation and Sport, New Zealand Outdoor Training Advisory Board, Outdoor education, Outdoor educator, Programme, Safety, Skill, Teacher.

TOYNBEE, P. Providing leadership training. pp.132-136. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21·24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

A description of NZOTAB; it's aims, leadership training programmes, funding and

301

associated organisations. The greater part of the paper is devoted to discussion about the available training programmes and the advisory role that Toynbee plays in the NZOTAB. Keywords: Conference, Goals, Funding, Leadership, Outdoor education, New Zealand Outdoor Training Advisory Board, Programme, Training.

59

TRIST, A. Brickbats and bouquets. pp.15-22. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

302

A topical, yet somewhat cynical discussion on where OE is in New Zealand in 1982. Discusses the role of the Department of Education in OE and commends the work done by leading individuals and organisations in OE in New Zealand. Keywords: Conference, Department of Education, Outdoor education, Role, Trend analysis.

TRIST, A. Safety, a destroyer of adventure. pp.213-221. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

303

An overview of some of the safety issues and concerns of leaders and parents of children going into the outdoors. Mention is made of the possibility of certification to participate in certain activities. Keywords: Adventure, Certification, Conference, Outdoor education, Parent, Perception, Risk, Safety.

TROTMAN, I. Rationalising the organisations. pp.229-239. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

304

Trotman describes the goals of organisations and the roles that people play within them. He classifies the types of organisations that are involved in OE and the problems and benefits associated with these. Options for how these organisations can work together more effectively are discussed. Keywords: Conference, Definition, Goals, Outcome, Outdoor education, Theoretical model, Role.

UPCHURCH, R.; YOUNG, I. Camps, courses, trips and trails. Environmental and outdoor education.

305

Education. Vo1.27, NO.8: p.9, 1978. Wellington. Changes in OE attitudes and curricula are discussed. Resources, safety and future ideals

are also mentioned. Keywords: Attitude, Camp, Curriculum, Outdoor education, Resource, Safety.

VAN ASCH COLLEGE. Policy statement on Education Outside The Classroom. Christchurch: Van Asch College, 1990. Not seen. Keywords: Education Outside The Classroom, Policy, School, Van Asch College.

306 WADE, B. Environmental education. Paper presented at: Outdoor education and leadership seminar,

C.T.C, (Christchurch Teachers College) 5 November 1976. Christchurch Teachers College Occasional Paper No.1, 1976.

Discusses the idea that the term OE should be divided into environmental education and recreation education. Two programmes that use these terms are reviewed.

307

60

Keywords: Conference, Definition, Education, Environmental education, Facility, Nature, Outdoor education, Programme, Recreation.

WALKER, C. The outdoors as an extended classroom. pp.223-266. In: Outdoor education Yearbook of education No.7. Wellington: NZEI, 1978.

308

Walker focuses on the problem of subjects 'losing' their identity when they are taken outdoors. This issue is discussed along with the idea of 'subject oriented experience' and the benefits of incorporating outdoor activities into the classroom syllabus. The discussion includes a definition of OE, an OE teaching strategy including models of learning strategies, and states the purpose of camps. Mentions EE. Keywords: Activity, Camp, Definition, Environmental education, Outcome, Outdoor education, Teaching, Theoretical model,

WALKER, J.G. An educational approach to outdoor pursuits. Special study. School of Physical Education, Otago University, New Zealand, 1973. Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Education, Outdoor pursuits.

309 WEIR, A. Outdoor Pursuits Centre. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1981.

310

Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Outdoor Pursuits Centre.

WHITLEY, J. Co-operative park development at Awhitu regional reserve. pp.26-28. In: Conservation notebook 1979. Auckland Conservation Week Committee, 1979.

311

This paper was presented at a seminar entitled 'Towards Conservation Week'. It details the establishment of Awhitu Camp, including the philosophy, aims and various organisational aspects. Mentions OE programmes available at primary school level and a camp based programme for forms 4-6. Mentions the need for teacher training in OE. Mostly mentions EE. Keywords: Awhitu Camp, Camp, Environmental education, Goals, Philosophy, Planning, Programme, Residential outdoor education, School, Training.

WILKINSON, D. Outdoor education for the handicapped. pp.96-1 01. Paper presented at: National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington:

312

NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982. Wilkinson identifies some ways to enable children with disabilities to integrate with others in

school camps and in OE activities. Keywords: Activity, Camp, Child, Conference, Definition, Disability, Mainstreaming, Outdoor education, School, Skill,

WILSON, P. Real needs: catering for the needs of children. pp.88-95. Paper presented at National outdoor education conference: proceedings of a national outdoor education conference, 21-24 August 1982, Wellington, New Zealand. Edited by P. Toynbee and L. Blake. Wellington: NZCRS & NZOTAB, 1982.

A review of the contributions OE has made as a medium in the process of education. Wilson also looks at the needs of children in everyday life and how OE can help to fulfil these needs.

313

Keywords: Adventure, Challenge, Child, Conference, Education, Experience, Leisure, Needs, Outdoor education, Recreation, Theoretical model.

WOOD, M.P. Off to camp. Girl Guides Association New Zealand (Inc.), 1968.

314

Written for Girl Guides Association, this publication details how to organise and run a camp, including planning programme activities and setting up the camp. Keywords: Activity, Camp, Girl Guide Association, Guidelines, Management, Planning, Programme.

WOODLEY, K.J. The Elsdon Youth Camp, Porirua: a study of present and potential amenity. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1978.

The value of developing the Elsdon Youth Camp as a study centre for the educational, recreational and cultural enrichment of the Porirua-Tawa District is discussed. A survey of the actual and potential amenity value of the Elsdon Youth Camp and its local environment is presented. Specific areas covered include a description of the camp site and environments; future developments of the camp site; population pressure and environmental change; educational and recreational amenity in the Porirua Basin; educational and recreational field resources; and recommendations and suggestions for further research.

61

Keywords: Camp, Culture, Elsdon Youth Camp, Porirua, Residential outdoor education, Survey, Values, Wellington.

315 WOODS, L. Motu Moana. Thesis. Diploma of Recreation and Sport. NZCRS, Wellington, 1976.

316

Woods investigates the history and development of the Motu Moana Boy Scouts Camp near Auckland. The author discusses the various aspects of operating the camp, such as staffing, publicity, finance, camping, vandalism and equipment. Attached to the main report are various articles relating to hire charges, facility layout and design and construction specifications for various facilities. Keywords: Administration, Auckland, Camp, Camping, Cost analysis, DeSign, Equipment, Facility, Motu Moana Boy Scout Camp, Outdoor education, Planning, Research, Residential outdoor education, Scouting.

WRIGHT, B.T. An assessment of Camp Peak. Wellington: Department of Social Welfare, 1978.

317

Location unknown. Not seen. Keywords: Assessment, Camp, Camp Peak, Outdoor Pursuits Centre.

YOUNG, T. A statement on the nature of environmental and outdoor education. Wellington: Department of Education, 1977. Not seen. Keywords: Environmental education, Outdoor education.

5. Keyword index

A

Accessibility 192 207 266

Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC)

197

Accommodation 122 139 216 219

Activity 30 32 39 45 48 51 52 53 54 60 70 76

829299 100 102 111 119 120 129 130 132

148 153 154 157 159 166 168 175 207 210

214 219 225 226 234 252 258 259 260 262

298307311 313

Administration 7 15 28 50 51 58 73 82 129

154 177 181 190 192 220 256 315

Adolescent 1027666798101 102113132

151 156 174 191 207 211 226228 235 239

259 273 291 292

Adventure 12 80 119 202 302 312

Adventure education 80 102 132 141 1 58

Age factor 132

Alpine Guides 148

Anakiwa 65 123 151 179 211 223 258 276

281

Aranui High School 21

Arthur's Pass National Park 64

Attitude 16 23 27 64 1 09 119 120 1 73 1 78

191 204230 242 245 248 253 268 304

Auckland 22 31 91 182259315

Australia 197 245 249

Autobiography 100

Awareness 257 287

Awhitu Camp 310

B Banks Peninsula 254

Barrier 11 26 174 207 250 274 275

Behaviour 27 156 239

62

Belief 12

Benefit 11 12 26 32 39 145 151 153 158 166

Bibliography 1749

Boating 153

Borland Lodge 261

Boys' Brigade 67 259

Boy Scout Association 67 110

. Britain 140 141 142245

c Camp 27 32 50 51 51 52 53 5469 73 85 90

101 102 104 105 121 129 133 145 149 171

190 191 212 225 237 253 259 273 292 293

298304307310311 313314315316

Camping 9 1569 168 169 190 191 192 199

202 218 234 236 263 278 279 280 290 294

315

Camp Peak 171 292 293 31 6

Canada 142 201 245

Canoeing 45

Canterbury 27 43 163 181 191 254

Carrying capacity 192

Case study 56 64 192 199 200 257

Challenge 12 312

Charleston Lodge 273

Child 27 48 49 78 103 114 120 126 144 155

206207217291 299311 312

Christchurch 21 24 33 188 191

Christchurch College of Education 33 184

Christchurch Teachers College 188

Christian 10 259

Climbing 54 157 264

Cobham Outward Bound School 65 123 151

179211 223258276281

Commercial recreation 119

Comparative study 55 107 130 140 141 142

150 197201 235239245248249281

Conference 12 311 1416181920262829

30 34 35 36 38 39 40 42 43 46 49 55 57 66 67

72 75 77 78 82 9698 104 109 119 121 122

124 140 144 146 147 155 165 179 180 183

186 189 193 195 204 206 207 213 215 216

217 227 233 240 241 250 255 256 257 261

262 266 270 272 274 275 284 288 291 295

296 297 299 300 301 302 303 306 311 312

Conflict 16 256

Conservation 1 53 69 94 164 193 218 240

257

Cost analysis 181 190 205 256 289 295 315

Craigieburn Forest Park 122

Culture 57 141 144 194 195 197204240241

257273314

Curriculum 7 14 21 2425 36 43 44 51 52 61

71 89 1 03 1 05 112 114 127 130 135 1 41 1 54

155 162 167 168 199 210 212 214217 233

234 242 257 265 286 288 304

Cycling 45

D Debriefing 18 156 264

Definition 28 38 78 146 1 62 172 202 203 204

214 272 303 306 307 311

Demand 207

Demography 207

Department of Conservation (DOC) 1 193

Department of Lands and Survey 256

Department of Social Welfare 171 224 292

293

Design 315

Disability 11 42 108 146 159 165 175 182 189

299311

Duke of Edinburgh Award 45

Dunedin 13

Dunstan High School 108 187 262 263

63

E Economics 50

Education 1541 4877 112 131 139170173

174 196 203 217 265 275 284 287 288 306

308312

Education Outside The Classroom (EOTC)

37 42 66 74 84 85 86 87 1 08 111 120 135 143

146160161 184197210251 283305

Elsdon Youth Camp 314

Environment 15 62 63 71 82 120 125 155 158

164 165 191 192 242 268

Environmental education (EE) 12 33 38 48

106 114 120 144 150 155 168 184 186 193

197 201 214 220 257 265 272 285 299 306

307310317

Environmental ethic 197

Environmental impact 9

Equipment 9 67 69 73 99 102 104 116 125

205220229238294315

Ethics 94 197

Ethnic group 12 31 5798 132 144 194 195

197 204 206 240 241 257

Evaluation 21 48 50 53 79 102 115 160 171

177187191197210211223227233259

263 264 292 293

Extension 76

Expectation 132 223 263

Experience 35 78 124 131 132 183212224

258272291 292298299312

Experiential education 42 56 226 228 270

287

F

Facility 31 32 47 48 58 67 89 104 116 117

118 122 136 145 161 163 164 170 177 182

206212 216 218 219 238 261 289 296298

299306315

Field trip 47 74 93 161 198

Finance 1 28 102 104

Food 50

Forest park 28

Forestry 28

Funding 28 47 89 93 118 154 177 220 266

300

G Gender 141 1 73 250

Girl 112 140 173 174239250274275

Girl Guide Association 46 67 313

Girls' Brigade 67

Goals 210252736394041 4951 535861

64 66 67 78 85 95 97 99 103 105 106 110 124

135 151 164 168 178 182 184 189 196 197

210 214 223 225 230 242 258 264 276 277

292 297 300 303 310

Government 47 142 143

Guidelines 5 50 60 7483 86 105 116 117 159

175 190 205 210 220 233 234 252 259 290

313

Guthrie-Smith Outdoor Education Centre 50

H Hamilton 93

Hamilton Boys High School 93

Hamilton Outdoor Pursuits Centre 132

Hamilton Skills Centre 124 179

Handbook 97 126 190 237 273

Highlands Intermediate School 294

History 23 26 67 106 112 123 127 141 148

149 154 155 178 179 183 186 195 197 204

215 223 229 233 238 258 271 272 273 277

281 283 285 286 289

Huxley Lodge 101 102

Image 164

Impact 9 64 95 192

Infrastructure 122 145

Instructor (use Outdoor educator)

Integration 76

Interpretation 48 64 257 269

64

Inventory 27 60 105 136 139 161 205229238

Itinerary 198

K Kaiapoi High School 43

Kaikorai Valley High School 200

Kayaking 76

King's College Venture Camp 129

L Lake 50

Lake Ohau 101 102

Land use 64 204 256 299

Leader (use Outdoor educator)

Leadership 4 6 15 1935 57 66 74 86 99 107

115 125 147 148218231 232243 244245

246 248 249 252 255 267 291 297 300

Legislation 9 109 220 229 252 299

Leisure 12 88 166 312

Literature review 13 133 289

Lonsdale Outdoor Education Centre 32

M Mainstreaming 175311

Management 28 68 74 104 137 190 232 256

299313

Maori 31 98 132 195 204 240 257 261

Marine Education and Recreation Centre

(MERC) 31 182

Marketing 119

Mountain 1 02

Motu Moana Boy Scout Camp 315

Mountaineering 132

Multisport 76

N National park 48 59 64 170 206 217 296

National Youth Council 207

Nature 306

Natural resources 20 38 95 1 02 120 158 1 64

192256

Needs 31 333862116117147204231 250

312

Nelson 107

New Zealand Association for Environmental

Education (Inc.) 257

New Zealand College of Education 217

New Zealand Council for Recreation and

Sport (NZCRS) 72 165 284 299

New Zealand Forest Service (NZFS) 28

New Zealand Outdoor Instructors

Association (NZOIA) 40 66 81

New Zealand Outdoor Training Advisory

Board (NZOTAB) 2299300

Ngamuwahine Camp 190

Non-residential programme 25 242

Northland Wilderness Experience (NWE) 226

227

o Ocean Bay School 127 193

Offender 70 113 11 5 171 179 194 226

Open space 1 5

Orienteering 50 71 76

Otago Girls High School 295

Outcome 3 11 12 27 30 32 39 52 70 75 110

65

115 130 135 151 153 158 166 176 180 182

191 196 199 210 215 223 224 226 230 234

239241 252258284288303307

Outdoor education (OE) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 26 28

293031 323334353637383940424344

45 46 47 49 50 51 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

62 63 64 67 68 69 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 82

8488899091 92939495969899 100 103

104 105 106 107 1 09 110 111 114 115 116

117 119 120 121 122 123 124 126 127 128

129 130 131 132 134 136 138 139 140 141

142 143 144 147 148 149 150 151 152 153

155 156 157 158 162 163 164 165 166 167

168 170 172 173 174 175 176 177 180 181

183 184 185 186 187 188 189 191 192 193

195 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205

206207208209 210 211 212 213 214 217

218 219 220 221 222 223 227 229 230 231

233 234 239 240 241 250 252 254 256 257

259 261 263 271 272 273 274 275 276 277

281 283 285 288 289 291 294 295 297 299

300 301 302 303 304 306 307 311 312 315

317

Outdoor education centre (use Residential

outdoor education or specific name of centre)

Outdoor educator (includes Outdoor instructor

and Outdoor leader) 2 3 4 5 6 16 19 20 35 37

394043579798125126136147178193

202 205 213 220 240 241 252 255 258 259

263267288291 297299

Outdoor Educators Supervisors' Scheme

213

Outdoor Pursuits 12 20 22 26 45 61 76 83

113115141164168178186216245252

260 269 292 293 298 308

Outdoor Pursuits Centre (OPC) 9 99 100 118

132164171 224292293309316

Outdoor recreation 72 76 102 256 269 284

Outdoor Training Scheme 97

Outward Bound 41 55 65 123 151 158 179

211218223258276281282

p

Pacific Islander 31 57 144 257

Palmerston North 289

Parent 23 114 230 302

Participation 11 13 64 140 144 146 173 174

176 183207274275

Perception 3 10 27 79 164 257 268 276 302

Personal development 3 12 52 56 60 76 108

131 133 158 186 191 196211 220224239

242 272 276 287 288 293

Personnel 238

Physical development 130 131 293

Physical education (PE) 88 283 286

. Pilot study 101 102

Planning 48 49 51 54 72 82 86 90 99 102 107

115 116 117 118 121 129 139 146 170 190

192 198 205 210 220 221 232 256 266 290

295298310313315

Planning process 121 256

Policy 1 11 12 26 59 85 103 1 04 105 114 135

142 143 146 177 210 217 238 265 283 284

305

Polynesian (use Pacific Islander)

Polytechnical institute 29

Porirua 314

Port Waikato Outdoor Education Centre 58

Pouto Camp 52

Preservation 64

Prison 70

Probation 22 115 128 179

Programme 7 9 22 25 27 33 34 42 45 48 49

50575861 626465667071 7382838586

93 94 98 102 103 107 108 112 11 5 118 121

123 124 129 136 140 144 148 149 153 156

66

157 159 161 166 169 171 173 174 179 187

188 189 191 194 197 199 200 202 205 210

213 216 220 222 223 226 228 234 239 242

250 251 252 264 266 270 273 275 291 294

295298299300306310313

Project Adventure 18 1 08

Prospective study 1 45

Protected Natural Area 1

Public opinion 41 107

Q

Qualification 84 90

Qualitative research 13 24 31 33 56 174

Quantitative research 13 24 31 174

Queen Elizabeth College 61

Questionnaire 27 56 63 107 160 164 181 185

186 211 226 230 263

R Rangipo Central Camp 145

Rangitikei College 149

Rathkeale College 45

Recreation 15 31 62 100 106 139 157 163

166174306312

Red Cross Youth 67

Rehabilitation 11 5 239 293

Religion 10 259

Research 1731 33 4863 64 75 123 128 132

133 164 165 174 179 180 181 185 186 191

192207223227239263271 288315

Reserve 206

Residential outdoor education 27 32 47 50

5863 6668737993 101 102 116 117 118

129 130 131 132 133 140 145 154 191 199

206 215 216 230 259 260 261 273 276 281

287289293310314315

Review 63 171 179 180 185 192 200 227 233

272288

Risk 9 30 35 37 80 84 109 111 121 125 137

156 232 235 239 249 302

Rock climbing 132

Role 14 98 125 134 162 193 202 227 241 258

259 267 296 301 303

Resource 67 238 256 304

Rotoiti Lodge 73 79261

s Safety 9 38 39 52 69 74 80 83 85 86 99 109

110 111 121 129 159 170 190 205 220 264

267 299 302 304

School 7 13 1521 23 2425 27 32 33 34 38

42 43 45 47 48 49 52 59 60 61 62 63 64 66 71

74 77 82 86 89 90 93 103 104 105 106 107

108 112 114 120 127 130 133 134 135 144

146 149 154 155 157 160 161 162 166 167

168 169 173 174 175 177 180 181 186 187

190 191 193 195 198 199 200 208 209 210

212 215 216 225 229 230 233 234 236 237

242 251 254 257 262 263 265 273 278 279

286 287288 291 294 295 297 305 310 311

Science 14

Scouting 15

Self-concept 131 133 191 211 239 252

Self-confidence 140 211 224 242 288

Self-esteem 76 132 173 211 226 264 288

Self-image 76

Service 122

Setting 256

Sex factor 181

Sixtus Lodge 289

Skill 37 38 39 56 76 8498 126 136 147 153

155 157207224242255293299311

Social development 12 60 108 186 191 196

239293

Socio-economic factor 181 182 207 266

South Island 181

Southland 298

Spirit of Adventure 153

Standard 28 81 190

Statistics 256

St. John Cadets 67

67

Survey 13 31 33 47 56 59 63 64 75 79 120

123130133140160163 164171174181

191 223 226 245 246 268 270 272 276 285

289297314

T Taranaki 118

Taranaki Outdoor Pursuits Centre 118

Taumarunui High School 212

Tauranga 190

Tauranga Intermediate School 190

Tautuku Outdoor Education Centre 260 261

Teaching 14 126 142 169 173 176 192 206

254281 307

Teacher 13 14 163637748489 107 137 147

234290299

Theoretical model 18 37 39 80 108 146 147

155 156 158 186 197 227 232 256 257 270

303307312

Tihoi Venture School 66 130 131 154 215

216257

Titahi Bay Intermediate School 62

Tomorrows Schools 7 135 177 180 181

Tourism 119

Trial study 88 92

Training 2 4 5 69192936436482838485

8689969798107126136139 165 184206

207 213 220 245 250 255 270 275 291 297

300310

Tramping 45 54 132 157 234

Transport 50

Treaty of Waitangi 1

Trend analysis 6 77 163 172 183 195 196201

263284301

Turangi 145

u USA 9 245

User information 207

v Values 12 5794115149204272314

Van Asch College 42 305

Villa Maria College 43

Vertical form system 107

Voluntary youth organisation 67

w Wairoa 238

Walking 157 218

Walkway 50 229

Wellington 23 198 314

Wilderness 132 192 268

Woman 2 19 26 82 140 141 178 224 250 271

274275

Women Outdoors New Zealand (WONZ) 26

v Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA)

67

Young Womens Christian Association

(YWCA) 67

68