OUR ROLE

We were given the responsibility to work as manufacturers & scientists.

A Manufacturer creates things useful for mankind.

A Scientist reads, investigates, observes various processes and concepts and concludes with a meaningful result.

To investigate about manufacturing and its features

To study the sources of raw materials

To outline the effects of Recycling

To Point out the main Industrial problems faced by Pakistan

To suggest the possible solution to the stated problems

To prepare an action plan for the people to contribute most to the betterment of the country.

WE DECIDED TO:

Collect Information about Manufacturing

Visit a manufacturing industry

Record the findings

Plan for the country to turn into the main leading manufacturer

MANUFACTURING

Manufacturing in very simple terms can be described as the process of producing something.

It involves

Production:

Products produced in a factory

Construction:

To build something on site.

An example from the Classics

THE THREE LITTLE PIGS

The three little pigs

built their homes with straws, sticks

and bricks.

A tale about materials…

The wolf blew off the houses made by sticks and straws but he was unable to blow the house made by bricks as it is the perfect material to construct the home.

RAW MATERIALS help us in everything we do.

RAW MATERIALS

Raw materials come from

sources which are located

under ground, on the

ground or above the

ground.

RAW MATERIAL AND THEIR USEFUL PRODUCTS: FROM AIR

Oxygen is used for breathing.

Air helps in the process of photosynthesis.

Nitrogen is used in the manufacture of ammonia & nitric acid.

Carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguisher.

Argon is used in bulbs.

Air consists of different gases

and they are very useful:

FROM ROCKS

Rocks can be useful for:For making show pieces.Rocks give us materials such as mud, granite, lime stone & marble.Marbles are used to make the tiles of floors.Granites were used to make houses.We can make houses from mud.Lime stones were used to make pyramids.

FROM WATER

Water is used as a drink for living things to survive.

We can get salt from water.

We can make ice from water by freezing it.

Water is used in cooking of food.

We can clean many things from water.

From the wool of sheep we can make blankets, carpets etc.From the sun flowers seed we can get cooking oil.From the skins of animals we can make leather bags, shoes etc.The animals flesh provide us food to eat.We can get dairy products from cows & milk.

FROM LIVING THINGS

FROM FOSSIL FUELSRaw materials & products

from natural gas:

Methane is used to heat homes & cook food.Ethane is used to make ethane for making plastics.

Raw materials & products from crude oil:

Wax is used to make candles.Gasoline is used as motor car fuel.

What would happen if there were no Fossil Fuels…

In that condition, it would be very difficult for us to survive!

THE INTERNET PRODUCT HUNT

Cement:

When limestone is heated with clay it forms cement, a substance that sets gradually when it reacts with water.

Cement can be made into mortar by adding sand and water. Mortar is used to set the bricks in walls, as when it dries it acts as an adhesive between the bricks.

WE SEARCHED ON INTERNET AND FOUND ABOUT AN ESSENTIAL PRODUCT:

Cement

ClayLimestone

Cement (cont)

Cement can also be made into concrete by adding water, sand and small stones or gravel.

Concrete is used for all kinds of building work, including paths, walls and large buildings.

Chemical Stuff

Chalk, Limestone and Marble are made of the same things, so share a chemical formula.

All forms of limestone are made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Calcium carbonate is an insoluble chemical, and is also a base.

Limestone CycleKey

Added to substance

Taken away from substance

Calcium Hydroxide (AQ)

Ca(OH)2

Limestone

Lime Water Lime

Used to detect for the presence of CO2. Turns cloudy if CO2 is bubbled trough it

Calcium hydroxide

(Ca(OH)2

Slaked Lime

Calcium oxide

(CaO)

H2O H2O

H2O

CO2

Heat

CO2

PLASTICS; MAN-MADE RAW MATERIALS

Plastics are man made raw materials.They have been successful in replacing many materials in the making of useful products.

This is because plastics can be shaped into almost any form and has a wide range of colour and hardness.

TYPES OF PLASTICS

There are four types of plastics:PVC (polyvinyl chloride): It is a strong, flexible, easily colored, resistant to chemicals & weather. products are: pipes toys, raincoats etc

Polystyrene: It is light weight plastic, odorless & inexpensive. Products are: cups, bowls etc.

TYPES OF PLASTICS

Polythene: It is light weight, flexible & feels waxy.products are: bags, pails etc.Bakelite: It is tough, withstands heat, resists wear.products are:radio, camera etc.

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MANUFACTURING CAPACITY OF PAKISTAN

The manufacturing capacity of Pakistan is still small, but production has been steadily expanding.

About 17 percent of the labor force is engaged in industry, including manufacturing and mining.

Important products include processed foods, cotton textiles, silk and rayon cloth, refined petroleum, cement, fertilizers, sugar, cigarettes, and chemicals. Many handicrafts, such as pottery and carpets, also are produced.

INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN & THEIR SOLUTION

PROBLEMS:1.Lack of technical education2. Lack of capital3. Scarcity of minerals4.Problem of industrial labor5.Political Instability6.Power Breakdown/Load shedding7. Disposal of Industrial waste8.Tough competition in the International market9. Industry to market access

SOLUTION:1.Promotion of Technical Institutes especially IT.2.Incentives to foreign/local investors3.Development of alternative resources4.Training institutes for various industries5. Planning setup should be from political

setup6. Careful conservation of Power resources of country7.Proper treatment of the waste before dumping8.Strict Quality-control measures9. Sites with better transportation links

Some waste materials can be recovered and used again, This is called recycling.We can recycle the used papers into new news papers or tissue papers. We can recycle plastic.The advantage is that our atmosphere would be

clean.

RECYCLING

How can we make a difference?

•Be Environmentally friendly

•Save Energy

•Recycle the waste i.e. paper, scrap metals, ground-up glass etc.

•Involve the community members to plant and stop deforestation.

SOURCES & REFERENCES

Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia

Books:

Starting Science by Alan Fraser & Ian Gilchrist

Excel in Geography by Goh Cheng Leong

Websites:

http://www.home.twcny.rr.com

http://www.resourcecommittee.house.gov

http://www.rrtenviro.com

http://www.wikipedia.com