Our Planet: Rio+20

8/2/2019 Our Planet: Rio+20

1/36OUR PLANET Rio+20 1

we beieve that e, as a ountr,an be aioneer or a ne aeoreneabe enersoures.aNGEla MERKElcHANcEllOR, gERMANy

RIO+20

PlanetCAMILLA TOULMIN 40 YEARS OF UNEP A.H. ZAKRI PERSPECTIVES ON Rio+20

ADNAN AMIN POWERING THE GREEN ECONOMY ELIZABETH THOMPSONREVOLUTION AT RIO

And the ne green Eonom diaoue thatere reatin toda ideeenour

ooerationeven urther, in reen buidinsandsustainabe deveoment.

BaRaCK oBaMapRESIDENT, UNITED STATES

china i honor itsommitmentto roin

a green Eonom.HU JINTao

pRESIDENT, cHINA

The green Brideinitiative ...i

strenthen theartnershi beteen

Euroe and Asia in theromotion oreen

eonomi oiies.NURsUlTaN NaZaRBaYEVpRESIDENT, kAZAkHSTAN

The UNEp green Eonom

reorthaenes the mth that thereis a trade-o beteen the eonomand the environment.

BaN KI-MooNSEcRETARy gENERAl,

UNITED NATIONS

Our oa is ear, that is to buidan eonomthatrotets theenvironment as e as an environment thatsuorts theroth o the eonom.sHEIKH MoHaMMED BIN RasHIDal MaKToUM

pRIME MINISTER AND VIcE-pRESIDENT,UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Our reen eonomi mantra isro-roth, ro-job,

ro-oor, ro-environmentand o ourse ro-business.

sUsIlo BaMBaNG YUHoYoNopRESIDENT, INDONESIA

Our

ThemagazineoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeFEBRUARY2012

we are heretoda...tomae the frstositivestestoardreeninour eonom.KaMla PERsaD-BIssEssaRpRIME MINISTER,

TRINIDAD AND TOBAgO

sPECIalIssU

E

ceebrting40yer

ofUNEP

Theutureo the ord is in reen and hen eanouruture e must do so on the basis oreen tehnooies.MElEs ZENaWIpRIME MINISTER, ETHIOpIA

I e ant to sovefnaniaandenvironmentarises, e need to fnd asoution or both and thatsoution invoves reen roth sustainabe roth.FElIPE CalDERNpRESIDENT, MEXIcO


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INNOVATION

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ElIZABETH THOMpSON: REVOlUTION AT RIORio+20 shoud be a seia enera meetin o the sharehoders oEarth Inororated, hartin a transition to a green Eonom.

A.H. ZAkRI: pERSpEcTIVES ON Rio+20A word Environment Oranization to serve deveoin nations.

ADNAN AMIN: pOwERINg THE gREEN EcONOMyEmbrain reneabe eneries is an essentia ste in buidinsustainabe and inusive eonomies that enerate roth and jobs.

JAcQUElINE McglADE: OpENINg THE EyEA ne, uttin-ede inormation servie aos everone to he buidu an unreedented detaied iture o hat is haenin to theenvironment around the ord.

cAMIllA TOUlMIN: lIE BEgINS AT 40!The ord has haned enormous over the ast our deades, etUNEps tas is more imortant than ever.

JOSEpH AlcAMO AND SUNDAy A. lEONARD:SETTINg pRIORITIESchoosin the emerin oba environmenta issuesor oimaers to address.

ElIX DODDS: ONly ONE EARTHThe summit must fnd unds to he a transition toeonomies based on sustainabe deveoment and estabish aword Environment Oranization.

kONRAD OTTO-ZIMMERMANN: AcTINg lOcAlHo loa government Oranizations an or ith a strenthenedUNEp to meet the haenes o the 21st centur.

PaGE 32

PaGE 28

PaGE 25

PaGE 18

PaGE 14

PaGE 10

PaGE 8

PaGE 6


4/36OUR PLANET Rio+204

www.unep.org/publicationsbkGreen Ecnmy in Bue Wrdpreared b the United Nations Environment proramme (UNEp) and a ide-ranin rou o artners,the ubiation taes a setor-b-setor aroah to examine the otentia o eah to deiver eonomiroth. with as muh as 40 er ent o the oba ouation ivin ithin 100 iometres o the oast,the ords oeans and oasts the Bue word rovide essentia ood, sheter and iveihoods tomiions o eoe. But as more and more eoe move to oasta reions, human imats are tain ato on both the eooia heath and the eonomi rodutivit o the ords oeans.

UNEP annu Reprt 2011The Annua Reort 2011 shos the u rane o UNEps or or the environment and deveomentand brins the or o UNEp in 2011 u ire and ba to the green Eonom ith its otentia to dea

ith mutie haenes and assist the internationa ommunit reaize and imementsustainabe deveoment.

UNEP Yer Bk 2012rom the deetion o soi arbon to deommissionin nuear reators, the UNEp yearBoo 2012 uts e emerin issues on the oba radar. In artiuar it oints out thatthe dramati imrovements in the a the ord manaes its reious sois i be eto ood, ater and imate seurit in the 21st centur and it hihihts another issue o

emerin oba onern the haenes o deommissionin the roin numbers oend-o-ie nuear oer reators.

Techngy Trnfer Perpective serie:Techngie fr adpttin Perpective nd Prctic ExperienceUNEP Rise Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable DevelopmentThis edition o the Tehnoo Transer persetives Series oets ten arties rom adatation exerts

and ratitioners around the obe. The arties disuss the onet o tehnooiesor adatation hih are divided into three broad themes: conet and context oTehnooies or Adatation, Assessments o Adatation Tehnoo Needs, and pratiaExerienes rom worin ith Tehnooies or Adatation.

Green Hi, Bue Citie:an Ecytem apprch t Wter Reurce Mngement fr africn Citie

Aria is urrent the east urbanised reion in the ord, but this is hanin ast. O thebiion eoe ivin on the Arian ontinent, about 40 er ent ives in urban areas. Theurban ouation in Aria doubed rom 205 miion in 1990 to 400 miion in 2010, and b2050, it is exeted that this oud have tried to 1.23 biion. O this urban ouation,

60 er ent is ivin in sum onditions. In a time o suh urban roth, Aria is ie to exerienesome o the most severe imats o imate hane, artiuar hen it omes to ater and oodseurit. This aes hue ressures on roin urban ouations.

Wmen t the frntine f cimte chnge - Gender rik nd hpewomen are oten in the rontine in reset to the imats o a hanin imate. gobathe ord is seein inreasin requent drouhts and floods hih are havin eonomibut aso roound soia onsequenes. The omen and eoe o Asia are urrent atreatest ris ith over 100 miion eoe aeted in this reion annua.

ony one Erth: The lng Rd vi Ri t sutinbe DevepmentBy Felix Dodds and Michael Strauss with Maurice StrongOn One Earth rovides a roadma o ho e have arrived at resent-da environmentaonerns and here e must o next. It resents a oi aenda or the survivao humanind on a anet ith fnite resoures addressin issues suh as theimementation a, the demora a, the overnane a and hat shoud be done tomove to an eonom that suorts sustainabe deveoment endin ith 21 issues or asurviva aenda.

Pwer Trip By Amanda LittleAter overin the environment and ener beat or more than a deade, Amanda litte deided thatthe on a to rea understand Amerias ener risis as to trave into the heart o it. She embarson a darin ross-ountr oer tri, and desribes in vivid, ast-aed rose the most extreme andexitin rontiers o our ener andsae. Hard-hittin et orard-thinin, poer Tri is a ive

and imassioned trave uide or a readers trin to naviate our shitin andsae and a ear-eedmaniesto or the ouner enerations ho are inheritin the earth.



refle

ctions

achim steinerUN Under-Seretar-genera and

Exeutive Diretor, UNEp

Fourty years ago in the Swedish capital city ofStockholm history was made at a UN conference on thefuture of humanity and the planet. Amid rising concernover pollution, the growing loss of species and the dyingof forests as a result of acid rain, governments agreedthat a UN body charged with coordinating a globalresponse to such challenges should be established.

It was the birth of UNEP and between June 1972 andthe UN General Assembly that year, countries lobbiedto host this new environmental body. In the end Kenyawon the diplomatic debate and in doing so became therst developing country to host a UN headquarters .

Black and white photographs taken on 2 October 1973at the inaugural celebrations show President Kenyatta,anked by forest rangers and game wardens, wavinghis signature y whisk while 43 year-old CanadianMaurice Strong, UNEPs rst Executive Director, standsto attention.

It was originally set up to coordinate the rest of theUN systems activities on environmental issues andto provide the science to member states on emergingtrends in environmental change.

The emphasis on science has perhaps been amongUNEPs most important contributions that in turn hasled to governments negotiating key global treaties toaddress emerging environmental crises.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Depletethe Ozone layer the protective shield that lters outdangerous levels of the suns ultraviolet rays is a casein point. Without the Montreal Protocol, atmosphericlevels of ozone-depleting substances could haveincreased tenfold by 2050 which in turn could haveled to up to 20 million more cases of skin cancerand 130 million more cases of eye cataracts, not to

speak of damage to human immune systems, wildlifeand agriculture.

Bringing forward the science and convening treaty negotiationscontinues to this day.

In the late 1980s, as the world was struggling to understandthe implications of rising greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization establishedthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Its scientic work has become the premier risk assessment andreference work for governments on the likely trends and impactsof global warming and the IPCCs ndings played a key rolein the decision to establish the UN climate convention and itsemission reduction treaty, the Kyoto Protocol.

At the World Summit on Sustainable Development inJohannesburg in 2002, UNEP was asked to spearhead apartnership in order to accelerate a global phase-out of leadedpetrol. Lead is especially damaging to the brain of infants andthe young.

Since then around 80 developing countries including Ghana,

Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa and Vanuatu have removedlead from transport fuels and only now are the enormousbenets emerging.

Scientists calculate that improvements in IQ, reductions incardiovascular diseases, and decline in criminality are amongthe annual $2.4 trillion benets linked to ridding the world ofleaded petrol.

It is yet another example of how environmental measures andaction also links directly to the social factors and issues ofpoverty, equity and livelihoods.

Since 2008, UNEP has also been championing theGreen Economy as a way of generating development andemployment but in a way that keeps humanitys footprint withinecological boundaries.

Part of the Green Economy work has been to assess andcommunicate to governments the multi-trillion dollar servicesthat nature provides, but which until recently have been all butinvisible in national accounts of prot and loss .

So what of the future? As Environment Ministers gather inNairobi for their annual meeting of the UNEP Governing

Council in February 2012, all eyes are on the follow-up to the

Earth Summit of 1992, or Rio+20.

This meeting, taking place in June, may prove to be an opportunitywhere the Green Economy initiative is translated into a fresh andforward-looking way of nally realizing sustainable developmentfor seven billion people, rising to over nine billion by 2050.

And in their submissions to the Summit, many governments are

also signaling that the time has come to evolve UNEP itself ontoa higher level, perhaps into a World Environment Organization.

Whatever the nal outcome of Rio+20 it is a great compliment

to an institution when after 40 years member states express thewish to strengthen it and to do so in its African home.


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We cant solve problems, saidAlbert Einstein, by using the samekind of thinking we used when wecreated them. His warning is veryrelevant as world leaders considerhow to construct multilateralapproaches and solutions tosurmount the social, environmentaland economic challenges facinghumanity. As Rio+20 approaches,they have a rare opportunity to adoptthe revolutionary thinking neededto craft solutions for change andchart a new path of sustainabledevelopment for countries, citizens,communities, companies andPlanet Earth.

Rio+20s Zero Draft which willform the basis of the negotiatingtext was released on January 10thafter a transparent process whichpublished all submissions online.Writing it was an enormous task,involving distilling and capturingthe essence of those documents,faithfully following the submissionsof member-states, injecting the textwith all the important elements,nding language which did notconict with previous multilateral

agreements or offend anygeopolitical grouping, and decidingwhat length of document bestachieved all these objectives withoutexceeding practical functionality.

Member-states must now liftthis draft to a higher level bytransforming it into an ambitiousplatform for sustainabledevelopment, catalysing a globalGreen Economy. As the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations says:to make sustainable developmenthappen we have to be preparedto make major changes in ourlifestyles, our economic models, oursocial organization, and our political

life We need Revolutionarythinking. Revolutionary action.

The Rio+20 Outcome mustsimultaneously serve multipleinterests. It must respect the Northsindustrialisation and desire forcontinued growth and satisfy theSouths development needs andnuances. It needs to assure largeemerging economies that theirdevelopment trajectories will not behalted or present gains reversed.

It should present LDCs, SIDS andAfrica with new opportunities tobolster development prospects. Andit will be expected to increase theresilience of middle income countriesto cope with disasters and crises.

Rio should promote positive South-South and triangular collaborationsand establish effective partnershipsbetween governments and privatesectors. It should identify thenancial resources that the morevulnerable developing countries willneed to effect the transition andcreate a more stable and sustainableglobal economic system. It must nda list of Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs) around which all cancoalesce. Even, more important, itmust challenge politicians to considerdevelopment beyond the narrowpolitical cycle. Put succinctly, the RioOutcome, together with the Reportof the Secretary Generals GlobalSustainability Panel (High LevelPanel), must craft the future wewant for the people and planet. Thismay be a tall order, but as NelsonMandela has told us it alwaysseems impossible until its done.

ElizabEth thompsonExecutive CrdintrRi+20 Cnference

Revu R

OUR PLANET Rio+206

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Despite Agenda 21, a universallyaccepted denition of sustainabledevelopment, and keenly pursuedMillennium Development Goals,poverty has not been eradicated.There must therefore be a renewedglobal effort to end poverty andachieve social equity and justice.Member-states are expressinga strong desire to enhance theinstitutional frameworks effectivenessin implementing sustainabledevelopment; this involves addressingseveral questions:

Given their importance and impacton growth, why have sustainabledevelopment issues remained theprovince of environmental ministries

rather than being embraced byheads of government and ministriesof nance/economic affairs?

How can the multilateral systemand international developmentinstitutions function moreefciently, effectively andcollaboratively to deliver globalsustainable development?

How can any defects in theexisting architecture for

sustainable development beprevented from being replicated inthe new structures?

To what extent will appropriatenational structures need to evolveto complement, and deliver,on the multilateral sustainabledevelopment agenda?

What policies, strategiesand mechanisms areessential to mainstreamingsustainable development?

How can understanding thatenvironmental and economicissues are synonymous bereinforced at the highest levels ofgovernment and business?

How do we best demonstrateto business that sustainabilityequals protability?

Recent social uprisings, from the ArabSpring to Occupy Wall Street, have

represented citizens calls for greaterequity, sustained well being, greater

involvement in their governanceand a fair share in the benets of

globalisation. The near completeinability of both North and Southto escape the contagious food,fuel and nance crises has servedto emphasize the interconnectionof economy, environment andsociety or, as some express it,people, planet, prot/prosperity.There may be differences over thedenition of the Green Economy, itspotential for universal applicationand its capacity for transformation but it must be conceded that thestatus quo has not produced theneeded development solutions. Newapproaches must be tried to allowus to prosper while living withinplanetary boundaries.

Governments have a criticalleadership role in mainstreaming andpractising sustainability. However,the transition to a global Green

Economy will not be possible withoutthe constructive engagementof non-state actors and theinvolvement and cooperation of theprivate sector; especially if, as NaomiKlein contends, of the top 100economies, 51 are companies andonly 49 are countries. Moving theprivate sector toward taking greatercorporate social responsibility,practising sustainability and making

green investments will be critical increating decent work, generating

wealth and eradicating poverty whileprotecting our natural resource base.

In a resource-constrained internationaleconomy, investment in andmanagement of natural capital willbe pivotal in enhancing shareholdervalue and raising brand or companyprole. As Andre DuBrin puts it, acompany that pursues the ideals ofa Green Economy will therefore gainsome competitive advantage in theglobal market. Governments shouldcreate the enabling policy, legal, scal,and regulatory frameworks for privatesector involvement: moving towardnancial transparency and thepossibility of a convention for businesssustainability are signicant

inclusions in the Zero Draft.

Thinking and action after Rio+20 mustblur the line between so-called softissues like the environment and hardones such as the economy, betweensocial equity on one hand and GDPand interest rates on the other; theemergence of new metrics which gobeyond GDP to encompass quality oflife and social indices as part of the

new sustainability paradigm holdspromise. The Rio Conference will be asuccess if it is perceived and treatedas a special general meeting of all theshareholders of Earth Incorporated,aimed at demonstrating the costs,benets and value of simultaneouslybuilding natural, human and socialcapital; fostering social cohesion andeconomic sustainability.

When the gavel goes down at Rio

we should be walking away withan immense sense of satisfaction,carrying in our hearts a commitment tosustainable development, carrying inour minds the intent to make it happenand carrying in our hands a tangibleset of policies and initiatives that willmake the transformative differenceacross the globe. In ConferenceSecretary General Sha Zukangswords: history has given us an

opportunity to make a difference.Let us all seize that.

There may be dierences over

the defnition o

the Green Economy,

its potential or universal

application and its capacity or

transormation but it must

be conceded that the status quo

has not produced the needed

development solutions.

New approaches must be tried to

allow us to prosper while living

within planetary boundaries.

OUR PLANET Rio+20 7


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In June leaders from around the world will gather in Rio de Janeiro to mark the20 year anniversary of the 1992 Earth Summit, a summit that was largelyresponsible for setting up the global governance architecture for environment.High among the priority issues is recognising the grim reality that the currentgovernance arrangements for environment have failed to meet expectations;indeed, have not reversed or even contained the decline of the environment overthe last decades. Hence, today leaders must face facts that taking the modestand incremental approach they took in Rio 20 years ago is not enough and thatonly a major overhaul of the governance system will heed the reforms needed to

address the challenges of environmental sustainability.

The most sensitive issue that will be discussed is the creation of a WorldEnvironment Organization (WEO) to anchor the global efforts for the environment.Almost instinctively, the words world and organization, when heard together bydeveloping country diplomats, makes them react, We are against it, it would beanother World Trade Organization (WTO) and thats the last thing we need.Its a deeply embedded and suspicious view expressed time and time again inNew Yorks diplomatic circles.

The reality is that there is a serious need for a WEO and that proposals for it look

nothing like a WTO. Most United Nations specialized agencies actually are not likethe WTO at all. Most , such as the WHO, FAO or UNESCO, are organizations that

perecve R+20

a.h. zaKRiscience advir tthe Prime Miniter f Myi

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provide consultative and facilitativefunctions and assist countries tomeet the global commitments derivedfrom mutual agreements. They arenot at all regulatory, like the WTO,which sets standards and reducesbarriers to trade.

A WEO is the kind of organizationwe need now badly; more than ever.Right now environmental issuesare governed internationally by ahodgepodge of institutions spreadacross the UN. In fact, there are morethan 40 different UN agencies withenvironmental programmes. Over theyears the international communityalso has adopted hundredsof multilateral environmental

agreements, all with their ownsecretariats and administrations.Last year there were more meetingsthan there were calendar daysin the year. The last ve years ofmeetings from only a fraction ofthese agreements have producedover 5,000 decisions that countriesare supposed to act upon throughnational efforts.

The system has become insanelycomplicated and virtually impossiblefor developing countries toparticipate in meaningfully. The onlycountries that cope with the systemare the richest countries of the world,while the poor developing nations arebecoming disenfranchised.

There must be change. Developingcountries need to think clearly abouttheir needs for the environment

and get over this stigma that theenvironmental agenda is only forthe rich. Environmental issues areparamount for the poorest nations.The environment goes to the heartof development and livelihoods andthe well-being of all of us.Moreover, there is a growingeconomy based on market niches ingreen technology, and green goodsand services. A market opportunity

that Malaysia and many otherAsian countries are quickly realizing.

History has shown that most of theglobal organizations that we havetoday were actually designed andnegotiated by the developed worldwhile developing countries havestood on the sidelines and watchedit all take place. We have been too

busy pushing for more nancingand development, which of courseare needed, but we havent realizedthat the operators of the system arethe global institutions and they areskewed in favor of the North.

We have to change this approachwhen it comes to redesigning a newenvironmental governance system;it must have a development focus

and be better aimed at respondingto developing countries needs. Thismeans a WEO must have certainand distinctive priorities. It must bea democratic body with universalmembership where each countryhas one vote, not weighed votingas in the case of the many nancialassistance agencies where donorcountries have more votes comparedto recipient countries.

Developing countries needimplementation support, especiallytechnical assistance, capacitybuilding and technology support.A WEO therefore must have animplementation arm to respond todeveloping countries needs. Rightnow implementation support fallsthrough the cracks in the UN systemas no one agency is responsiblefor this within the environmental

sector, meaning that in the end itis developing countries which are

losing out. This is especially thecase for multilateral environmentalagreements where there aremany promises of support butonly a few mechanisms and noclear institution to help countriesimplement their commitments.

Science must be at the heart ofthe WEO as many of the emergingenvironmental issues are coupledwith development thereforerequiring innovative and progressiveapproaches in dealing with them.The science must also be inclusivewith wider participation of developingcountry scientists and universities.

We need a WEO that will help

develop new ideas, share experienceand assist countries to make atransition to a Green Economy.We have to help the poorestnations become partners in aGreen Economy and not create aparallel development track, one forthe haves and one for the have-nots.

A WEO must be the anchor that canrationalize current environmental

governance and ensure thatdeveloping countries are equallyrepresented and able to participatein the system within their ownnancial means.

If we agree that these are theelements of a new system then weneed to engage in the debate andform a proposal that takes our needsas developing nations to Rio+20.Malaysia, as an advanced developing

nation, has a lot of experience itcan bring to the table. It should lendits experience to lead developingnations to form a position aroundtheir needs.

Otherwise, lets not complain ifwe end up with yet another globalorganization that is establishedwithout our needs in mind, orworse, with the status quo which

is marginalizing the developingcountrys brothers and sisters.

The most sensitive issue that

will be discussed is

the creation o a

World Environment

Organization (WEO)

to anchor the global eorts or

the environment.

OUR PLANET Rio+20 9


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Embracing renewable energies can achieve the sustainable and inclusive economicdevelopment that the world increasingly seeks. There has been much recent discussionabout the possibilities of a transition to a Green Economy that could foster economicgrowth and job creation while protecting the environment and achieving social inclusion.The Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development in June will promote renewableenergies, and there are already encouraging signs that many governments around theglobe are taking steps towards building strategies that could help them promote growthwhile shifting to a less carbon-intensive and more equitable path.

By developing renewable energies we can place the world on a path to sustainableclean energy, cut emissions of greenhouse gases and benet the environment. In thedeveloping world, renewable energies not only help lift isolated rural communities out ofpoverty, creating opportunities and jobs, but can have a fundamental role in addressingenergy security and climate change. Many economists say a move to renewable energiescould be the turning point that is needed to drag western economies from the brink of along-term recession. Renewable energies are a source of diversied economic growthand job creation: more than 3.5 million people are already employed in renewableenergy industries.

According to the IEAs World Energy Outlook 2011, as many as 1.3 billion people in

developing countries, 84 per cent of them in rural areas, lack access to electricity and theopportunities it provides. This is a major issue, particularly in Africa. Renewable energies

pwerg e

Gree Ecy

adnan aminDirectr Gener,Interntin Renewbe Energy agency

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policy framework to support theirmarket development.

Energy security is a major areaof concern for both developedand developing economies. Therising prices of fossil fuels andexpectations that their supply anddemand balance will remain quitetight in the coming years clearlyconcern governments around theworld. Least Developed Countrieswith a high dependency on fossil

fuels have been particularlyaffected as rising prices and thecosts of imports hit their scalbalances. Adopting renewableenergy can reduce energy costs.The established understanding thatnew energy sources take manyyears to become cost-effectivedoes not apply to renewable energy,where the relative simplicity ofboth established and innovativetechnologies puts them well within

the within the investment scope ofdeveloping nations.

Renewable energies providecountries with the possibility ofachieving a more sustainableenergy mix while preserving theenvironment and reducing theimpact of fuel price volatility,especially on the poor. Yet energylaws have historically been designed

to privilege conventional fuels.Subsidies for them around the

modular nature and their frequentability to operate without centralisedinfrastructure can make themparticularly effective in reaching thepoorest rst. Energy is much morethan access to a service to the ruralpoor: it means the opportunity to

release their potential, improve theireconomic conditions and enjoy thebenets of better health services,education and communications essential elements ofsustainable development.

The International Renewable EnergyAgency (IRENA) is truly committedto energy access, especially to theisolated rural poor. Last July 2011it organised the IRENA-Africa High

Level Consultations on Partnershipson Accelerating Renewable Energy.It has recently concluded RenewableReadiness Assessments (RRAs) intwo pilot countries in Africa, and isnow planning to expand this initiativeto other countries on the continent,and in the world. RRAs are designedto provide a holistic assessment ofthe conditions for renewable energydeployment in a country

and to identify the necessaryelements for devising an effective

world, for example, are in the rangeof $300 to 500 billion per year,translating into an unprecedentedlevel of market distortion. Deployingrenewables has also been limited byinsufcient technical and administrativeknowledge, and limited access toinformation on their potential to meetglobal energy needs. IRENA hasa fundamental role in levelling thisplaying eld, providing knowledgeand know-how and facilitating theow of information and best practicesso as to realise renewable energieshuge potential and move us forwardto a greener world. It can also helpcountries break down the manypolitical, economic, institutionaland market barriers that limit thewidespread use of these technologies.

IRENA is developing informationand indicator platforms for this. Itis coordinating, for example inpartnership with the Clean EnergyMinisterial Multilateral Solar and WindWorking Group the developmentof the Global Solar and Wind Atlas,which will provide comprehensiveenergy potential data for planning thetransition to renewable energy systems.

These are exciting times for renewableenergies. The latest RenewableGlobal Status Report showed thatby early 2011, they represented asmuch as one quarter of the worldspower capacity. Global investmentin 2010 reached $211 billion, up32 per cent from the previous year with substantial technological andcosts improvements, particularly insolar. Admittedly, a large proportion of

these resources have been investedin specic areas, particularly theUnited States, China and Europe but IRENA aims to capitalise on theirexperience and foster cooperation atglobal, regional and national levels,sharing knowledge, enabling policies,enhancing capacity, and encouraginginvestment, technological developmentand innovation. In the end, renewableenergy is one of the best hopes we

have for achieving a more sustainableand inclusive future.

Renewable energies

provide countries with

the possibility o achieving

a more sustainable

energy mix

while preserving

the environment and

reducing the impact

o uel price volatility,

especially on the poor.

OUR PLANET Rio+20 11


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Mtf K.Tb ed Ets deeation to the Stohom conerene on theHuman Environment in 1972, thus startin a ietime ommitment to environmentaissues. Immediate ater the meetin, he as nominated as Deut Exeutive Diretor

o the ne estabished UN Environment proramme. within to ears, hebeame its Exeutive Diretor a ost he hed unti retirin at the end o 1992.

Under his eadershi, UNEp beame the ore oranization ithin the UN amihih ated as the atast or surrin overnments, businesses, aademia,and non-overnmenta oranizations, to tae meaninu ation in rotetin

the environment.

e i an in the oba ommunit oud disute the sinuar roe aed b Mr.Toba in the reation o the Montrea protoo. or that reason, he has ertainearned the monier o ather o the Montrea protoo. His noede as asientist, his sis as a neotiator, and his tehniques o ersuasion enabedhim to brin eoe toether to ahieve hat as thouht to be unahievabeand hih ontributed to UNEps most ide aaimed suess theMontrea protoo the histori 1987 areement to rotet the ozone aer,hih is reonized as settin a reedent or internationa reventive ratherthan orretive environmenta ation.

In 1994, he estabished in Et the Internationa center or Environment and Deveoment

(IcED), a non-roft oranization, hih fnanes environmenta rojets in ess deveoedountries throuh an endoment und administered b an indeendent board o trustees.

Murice F. strngfrst ored ith the United Nations as a juniorofer in 1947, hen he as just eihteen, and returned in June 1972 to eadthe conerene on the Human Environment in Stohom, Seden. It as the

UNs frst major onerene on internationa environmenta issues and resutedin the oundin o the UN Environment proramme (UNEp). Six months aterMr. Stron as eeted b the UN genera Assemb to beome UNEps frstExeutive Diretor at its ne headquarters in Nairobi, kena, here unti 1975he aed a ritia roe in obaizin the environmenta movement.

Mr. Stron served on the board o diretors or the United Nations oundation,a UN-afiated oranization estabished b Ted Turners histori $1 biiondonation. He is aso a diretor o the word Eonomi orum oundation,chairman o the Earth couni, ormer chairman o the Stohom EnvironmentInstitute, and ormer chairman o the word Resoures Institute.

In his native canada, Mr. Strons areer has sanned over fve deades at

some o canadas most restiious omanies. He has run severa omaniesin the ener and resoures setor, inudin the poer cororation o canada,Ontario Hdro, and petro-canada (the nationa oi oman). He is urrentthe hairman o Tehnoo Deveoment, In., hih unds researh in theroundbreain fed o ain nanotehnoo toards reatin enersoures that are both aordabe and eoriend.

Mr. Strons dee interest in or china over the ast 40 ears has taen him tothe ountr in various aaities. He is urrent an ative honorar roessorat pein Universit and Honorar chairman o its Environmenta oundationand chairman o the Advisor Board o the Institute or Researh on Seuritand Sustainabiit or Northeast Asia.

pepe

OUR PLANET Rio+2012


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Eizbeth Dwdewe has had an extensive areer inovernment, eduation and internationa aairs. rom 1993 to 1998she served as UNEp Exeutive Diretor here she as instrumenta indeveoin rorammes in state-o-the-environmenta assessments

and reortin, environmenta a, and tain ne issues o tradeand obaization.

Beore joinin the United Nations, Ms. Dodese as the AssistantDeut Minister o Environment canada rom 1989 to 1992, resonsibeor the nationa eather and atmosheri aen. In that aait sheaed a eadin roe in oba eorts to neotiate the treat on imate hane adoted at the1992 United Nations conerene on Environment and Deveoment. She as aso canadasermanent reresentative to the word Meteorooia Oranization; a rinia deeate tothe Interovernmenta pane on cimate chane; and the canadian chair o the great laeswater Quait Board.

More reent, Ms. Dodeses roessiona ativities have inuded bein a Visitin proessor

in goba Heath, genomis and Ethis at the Joint centre or Bioethis in the Universit oToronto; commissioner o the commission on gobaization; and Assoiate eo o theEuroean centre or pubi Aairs.

Ms. Dodese serves as a pierre Eiot Trudeau oundation mentor, hein to uide theubi oi researh o Trudeau shoars, and is the author o numerous ubiations in bothouar ress and roessiona journas.

Ku Tpfer, ho is ide reonized as havin searheadedenvironmenta oi as Minister o Environment in his home ountr,german, beame UNEps Exeutive Diretor and Diretor-genera o theUnited Nations Ofe in Nairobi, kena, in ebruar 1998. Durin his eihtears as Exeutive Diretor, Mr. Ter resided over a eriod in UNEpshistor that has seen environmenta sustainabiit beome ront ae nesand entra to internationa deveoment oas.

Amon the miestones o his tenure are a number o imortantenvironmenta areements, inudin the cartaena protoo on Biosaet,hih addresses issue o enetia modifed oranisms, and the Stohomconvention on persistent Orani poutants. Mr. Ter as aso oseinvoved in behind-the-senes neotiations in suort o the koto protoo

on imate hane, hih entered into ore in ebruar 2005.Mr. Ter ontinues to stress his beie that environmenta oi is theeae oi o the uture and that it is ruia that e reate a uture oooeration and mutua reset beteen north and south, rih and oor inorder to avoid ever-roin tensions in a ord here ater and other vitaresoures an no oner be taen or ranted.

In 2009 Mr. Ter as aointed oundin diretor o the Institute orAdvaned Sustainabiit Studies (IASS), potsdam, german, hih doesresearh on imate robems and sustainabe eonomis. He is urrenta member o the Advisor Board o the german oundation or wordpouation and on the Advisor Board o the Hoim oundation or

Sustainabe constrution.



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There has been an explosion of information about the environmentaround the world. Much of it is distributed openly - but it can stillbe lost for lack of an easy way to share it with others. How can webest use advances in information and communication technologiesto generate an up-to-date view on the state of the environment?

Society is increasingly interested in and politicians committed to securing a healthy environment. Economic prosperity and humanhealth are tightly bound up with it. So it is very important to buildup the knowledge base to demonstrate this in the face of todaysnancial crisis and a rapidly changing world. The challenge is tobring together information from the huge diversity of sources in asimple and yet reliable way.

The European Environment Agency has focused, since its creation,on reaping the benets of advanced technologies to support itsmandate to provide high-quality, timely and reliable environmentalinformation to those who need it most. It is now doing this morethan ever, through Eye on Earth, a newly launched global publicenvironmental information service which was showcased inDecember. It meets the challenge by providing a web service wherea broad diversity of information can be brought together in one

place, so that it can be used and shared worldwide. It also offers

oeg e Eye

JaCQUElinE mCGladEExecutive Directr,Eurpen Envirnment agency

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online web applications to allowusers to manipulate datasets tocreate new knowledge on demand information that people need to

better understand the state of theirenvironment and to respond tochanges in it.

Eye on Earth is also a networkingtool. The EEA has already uploadedlarge quantities of data, maps,assessments and ways to view them.But that has only been the start.Historical and real-time data from abroad range of other organizationsand institutions including UNEP,

the European Commission, the USEnvironment Protection Agency,the Russian Federation and AbuDhabis Environment Agency have also already been uploaded.In December, many others pledgedto bring their data online. Mostimportantly, UNEP agreed touse it to power UNEP-Live itsweb-based platform for organizingand accessing environmental

information and knowledge in itshistorical assessments.

The richer the diversity of dataproviders, the greater Eye onEarths usefulness will be. Newunderstandings can emerge

just from combining maps andinformation from differentsources in a simple drag anddrop movement. Bringing togetherdata on ship trafc in Europesseas with an EEA map of marineprotected areas in this way astraightforward and quick processusing Eye on Earth web tools revealed that a high volumeof shipping goes right throughthem. This raised awareness and

demonstrated the need for furtherinvestigation of the harm that couldbe caused.

Perhaps the most revolutionaryof all, a set of applications calledWatches allows everyone toparticipate in monitoring theirenvironments and sharing whatthey nd. Noisewatch, Airwatch,and Waterwatch can already be

downloaded onto a smartphoneor run on a computer and used

to send an observation fromwherever a participant may be.People can send in their estimationof the cleanliness of the waters at

a local beach helping others todecide whether to visit it or not of how clean their air is, or of hownoisy a particular neighbourhoodbecomes in the middle of the rushhour. Citizens who have downloadedthe noisemeter from the Eye onEarth website or the EEA ontoa smart phone, and sent in themeasurements they made, arealready helping cities and countriesdetermine how noisy certain

environments are and increasingunderstanding how to improve localliving conditions. And later thisyear Naturewatch will enable themto report whether a plant, bird oranimal is a local or invasive species.

Sharing is everything. Its aprerequisite for expanding andstrengthening the global knowledgebase so as to support the healthy

environment we all depend upon.Eye on Earth will make this happen.

Perhaps the most

revolutionary o all,

a set o applications called

Watches allows everyone

to participate in monitoring

their environments and

sharing what they fnd.

Noisewatch, Airwatch,

and Waterwatch can

already be downloaded onto

a smartphone

or run on a computer and

used to send an observationrom wherever

a participant may be.


EyeOnEarth



Bnking nafric pprtunitie

THE PRoBlEMDesite hue roth in the arbon maret(oba, $142 biion in 2010), Aria has seenver itte investment rom it. The ontinent has just to er ent o the reistered rojets inthe cean Deveoment Mehanism (cDM)

ieine, and as behind ountries suh aschina, India and Brazi. This is a orrintrend beause arbon fnane an be animortant too in atazin investment in eanener, hih is muh needed in a ontinenthere man eoe do not have aessto reiabe ener suies. But there isimited aait and imited fnane or theseinds o rojets in Aria, and this has resutedin hih transation osts and a imited aetiteamon investors ho ma vie Aria as ahih ris or ho ma be unaare o the man

oortunities that exist in a ontinent odeveoin eonomies.

THE solUTIoNUNEp set u the Arian carbon Asset Deveomentaiit (AcAD) in 2009. Its aim is to uno theotentia o the Arian arbon maret b heinthe Arian fnane setor understand ho to

inororate arbon fnane into their da-to-daendin ativities and rovide trainin on hoto imrove the flo o fnane to ean enerinvestments.

IMPaCTsThrouh AcAD, UNEp has rovided advaned arbonfnane trainin or more than 250 emoees ofnania institutions throuh the Arian Banerscarbon inane and Investment orum and reionaorshos in Sub-Saharan Aria. Severa o thefnaniers trained no have their on rojets in

the cDM ieine and have used the noedeained to advane their rojets and searh or

UNEP t wrk

UNEp



Entrepreneurship can

transform markets,

but support for

ecoentrepreneurship remains

weak in many countries,

particularly across Africa.

Developing private sector

skills and mainstreaming the

concepts across commercial

finance and investment are key

to realizing Africas abundant

renewable energy and climate

mitigation potential.

Brigitte Burnett,

CsR Directr, Nedbnk

arbon buers. Aso, AcAD has so ar rovided$229,427 to 15 rojets in Aria to he themadvane throuh the cDM rojet e and movetoards fnania osure. These fnania rantsontribute to aait deveoment b heinrovide hih-rofe roe modes that other rojetdeveoers an use as a oint o reerene. One othe rojets suorted b AcAD has aread beenreistered and overa, the rojets suorted irovide reenhouse as emissions redutionso about 2 miion tonnes er ear. AcAD has

aso sonsored the seondment o a senioreonomist at the Johannesbur headquarters oStandard Ban, one o the arest bans in Aria,buidin arbon fnane noede ithin threeo the bans teams: rojet fnane, oer andinrastruture, and investment banin. This hasaoed or trainin that is seif to the bansneeds and has heed to inrease endin orcDM rojets.

sUPPoRTgerman edera Ministr o Environment (BMU),

throuh the Internationa cimate Initiative.website htt://.aadaiit.om/

Oando Plc, one o Nigerias largestenergy solutions providers, teamedup with investment frm Alitheia

Capital on an innovative venture

aimed at commercializing liquid

petroleum gas (LPG). Alitheia took

part in some ACAD carbon fnancetraining events and later successully

applied or ACAD grant unding

to help it get the project registeredas a CDM project and to identiy

carbon buyers. LPG is a cleaner,more efcient uel that can be used

in the household to reduce the rate

o deorestation and indoor smoke

inhalation. In addition, its use will

increase the income o local retailers.

UNEp


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UNEP was born in 1972, mandated to protect and improve theenvironment for current and future generations. The proclamationfor its establishment notes that humankind has acquired thepower to transform the environment in countless ways andunprecedented scale and indeed the forty intervening years of

this Anthropocene age have generated major changes in facts,technology and ways of looking at the world. In that year of theStockholm conference on the human environment, the planethosted 3.8 billion people, as against 7 billion today; a barrel of oilsold for $3.50 compared to more than $100 now. The year alsowitnessed US President Nixons visit to China, symbolising themassive geopolitical shifts that have since taken place.

Camilla toUlminDirectr,Interntin Intitute f Envirnmentnd Devepment

lfe eg 40!

OUR PLANET Rio+2018

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The acts have changed a lotover 40 years.

Energy use has doubled

in absolute terms but intensity

per unit o GDP has allen.

Global GDP per head has more

than doubled,

and the proportion o people

living in poverty

(below $1.50/day) has halved,

rom 50 per cent to

25 per cent.

Yet, inequality has also risen

with a signifcant shit in

earnings rom wage labour to

investors with capital


The early 70s also witnessed thestart of the modern environmentalmovement. The Club of Romeslandmark Limits to Growthspurred a set of debates whichspawned Friends of the Earth andGreenpeace. The InternationalInstitute for Environment and

Development (IIED), which Ihave directed since 2004, wasestablished in 1971 by theeconomist Barbara Ward, who wroteOnly One Earth for the StockholmConference. Like many in similarpositions today, my professionaltraining and career span the periodfrom the early 70s to today weshare a common understandingof the problems and underlyingdrivers and yet have not made

sufcient headway in building amore sustainable planet. Much moreis needed in the ten years ahead tomarshal the evidence and contestthe interests that block progress.

UNEP has had to tread a difcultpath over the last four decades both holding the torch forenvironmental matters withinthe UN system, while needing to

be nimble in a rapidly changinglandscape. Back in 1972, manyof us believed that governmentwas well-informed and farsighted,and could be relied upon to takedecisions for the greater publicgood in contrast to business,which pursued its own short-terminterests. Science was largelyuncontested and non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs) barely existedas a constituency within the UNsystem. Now it is clear that many

governments operate in a timeframeof days and weeks, while bettercorporate practice is thinking tenor twenty years ahead. Unwelcomeevidence from the scienticcommunity is cavalierly dismissed,and NGOs have mushroomed in sizeand numbers.

The facts have changed a lot over40 years. Energy use has doubled inabsolute terms but intensity per unitof GDP has fallen. Global GDP perhead has more than doubled, and theproportion of people living in poverty(below $1.50/day) has halved,from 50 per cent to 25 per cent.Yet, inequality has also risen witha signicant shift in earnings fromwage labour to investors with capital.

In 1972, China was st ill largely rural,and emerging from the CulturalRevolution. India and Pakistan wereseeing the rst impacts of greenrevolution technology in agriculture,with the spread of high yielding dwarfvarieties of wheat and barley, whichhelped both countries shift fromregular food shortages and famineto a regular harvest surplus. At the

time, Norman Borlaug spoke of hisplant breeding work having bought40 years grace, by when new ways ofachieving crop yield gains would beneeded. The 2007-2008 food andcommodity price spike has shownhow tight are global supplies of basicgrains, and how vulnerable poorpeople are to shortages in the globalmarket, while recent studies show


20/36

the difcult trade-offs involved inraising crop production further,given the need to containgreenhouse gas emissions and

maintain ecosystem services.

In 1972, the greenhouse effect hadlong been identied as a potentialthreat, but with no sense of todaysurgency. The principal environmentalhazards were air pollution (includingacid rain, now much improved),ozone depletion (now stabilised) andwater quality and availability (stillsome way to go, especially in Africa).

We lived free of laptop computers,mobile phones or fax machines.

The rapid tightening of informationand nancial connections since hasgenerated an extraordinary growthin trade and nancial transactions,and a thick web of communicationnetworks, the power of which wasevident in the recent Arab Spring.

When I did my rst eldwork thirty

years ago in Mali, my little mud hutwas six hours away from the nearest

telephone line, itself on a shakyconnection to the capital Bamako,from which the outside world couldbe reached on a good day. Today, Ican stand in the shade in MakonoDembeles compound, catching thesignal from 30 kilometers away andchat to my ofce with sheep brayingin the background. When the powergets low, a solar panel rechargesthe battery.

World politics and perceptions havealso shifted enormously, from theCold War years of the 70s throughthe western worlds ascendancy inthe 80s and 90s to todays muchatter, complex, multi-polar planet.Although Limits to Growth waswidely decried at its time, there is

a growing recognition that muchof its forecast is turning out to bepretty accurate. Johan Rockstromswork on planetary boundaries hasre-ignited debate on where suchlimits might lie, our uncertaintyas regards the science, and needto establish safe space withinwhich to operate given the possiblecatastrophic impact of crossingthresholds for global warming and

ocean acidication.

There is also now much morequestioning of our economicmodels and underlying assumptions.Environment has inched from abolt-on added extra to becomingmore embedded in the fundamentalsof the economy, thanks to the workof Nicholas Stern, Pavan Sukhdev,Amartya Sen and Joseph Stiglitz,demonstrating the need to price

environmental assets and servicesproperly to address market failure.

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While IIED researchers DavidPearce, Anil Markandya andEdward Barbier publishedBlueprint for a Green Economy in1988, there was little pick-up by themainstream economics community.Thanks to UNEP and others, greeneconomic tools are now widelydiscussed, as is the role thatgovernment needs to play inshaping scal policy, procurementpolicy and pump-priminggreen investment funds. Somegovernments have begun testingalternative measures for grossdomestic well-being: such toolsmust now be shaped to t theneeds and priorities of differentnations: a Green Economy forMali. Mozambique and Malawi will

differ substantially from those forKazakhstan, Qatar and Colombia.

Throughout these tumultuousdecades, UNEP has initiated andsupported much valuable work inpartnership with others, such asthe Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Species(CITES), the IPCC (with the WorldMeteorological Organization), the

UN Global Compact (with UNDP,UNHCR and others), and theMillennium Ecosystem Assessment(with the World Resources Institute,World Bank and UNDP) . It has notalways got things right: in my owneld, it espoused for many years asimplistic, overblown approach todesertication, showing massivesand dunes engulng elds and

villages, obscuring the complexityof dryland management, and thepositive lessons being learned.Relations with the Rio Conventionshave had their ups and downs, withUNEP needing to co-exist withindependent secretariats whichmany thought should t withinits bailiwick.

If Rio, the rst Earth Summitheld in 1992, marked UNEPsyouthful coming of age, Rio+20brings a moment for more soberassessment of how difcult it is tomake sustainability happen. After40 years, we can see more clearlyhow a combination of human andinstitutional characteristics push inthe opposite direction: while people

are capable of great co-operationand selessness at times, they alsoexhibit greed and individualism,short-sighted and status-seekingbehaviour. Animal spirits andinstincts seem as powerful asreason and evidence. National andglobal governance systems aremeant to contain such selshnessfor the common good. Yet, powerfulindividuals and nations can block

such a collective enterprise. Pointingout the alarming discrepancybetween commitments and actionon sustainable development morethan a decade ago, Ko Annandescribed our responses as too few,too little, too late.

As background for Rio+20, UNEPhas published Keeping Track ofOur Changing Environment,highlighting the good and bad

news since 1992. It is a mixed bag.There has been a rapid increase inrenewable energy investment, butsolar and wind still account foronly 0.3 per cent of global energysupply, and 1 in 5 people on the


planet still have no access toelectricity. Food production has risenby 45 per cent yet close on onebillion people remain underfed,1.5 billion are overweight and a thirdof all food is thrown away or wasted.In future we will have much lessroom for manoeuvre. On a planetwhere resources are increasingly

scarce, we must set prices thatproperly represent the real value ofresources and the costs of differentbehaviours. Only governments,acting together, can do that. UNEPhas a vital role to play, in partnershipwith others, in clearly laying out theconsequences of current practiceand exhorting nations and theircitizens to recognise their commoninterest in protecting and improving

the environment for current andfuture generations.



Trgetingtechngie

THE PRoBlEMDeveoin ountries need aess to advanedtehnooies to adat to the onsequenes o ahanin imate and et at the same time ahievebetter eonomi roth and soia deveomentithout addin to their reenhouse as (gHg)

emissions. There are sinifant barriers to theraid adotion o suh tehnooies, inudin hihosts, imort and exort restritions, inadequateovernment oiies and reuations, and a ao exeriene and noede to oerate andmaintain the tehnooies. A o these an hindereorts to everae the investments that oudaid in the more raid diusion o imate riendtehnooies. Hene, deveoin ountr artiesto the United Nations rameor convention oncimate chane (UNccc) are enouraed toundertae assessments o ountr-seif

tehnoo needs, non as Tehnoo NeedsAssessments (TNAs).

THE solUTIoNThrouh its Tehnoo Needs Assessmentsrojet, aunhed at the end o 2009, UNEp ishein 36 ountries to identi the most urentand hihest imat tehnooies the need in a

hanin imate and to anaze the maret andtrade barriers that revent them rom aessinthose tehnooies. The ountries are aso ooinat their oi, institutiona and fnania otions tooverome these barriers to reare their NationaTehnoo Ation pan.

IMPaCTswith UNEps suort, reiona entres no rovideon-site suort b visitin ountries on demand andhave set u an onine hedes to anser questions,rovide inormation, and aiitate the revie o

ountr reorts. UNEp has aso oaborated ith theUnited Nations Deveoment proramme (UNDp)

UNEP t wrk

UNEp



For Senegal, the TNA project

is a good way to have a view of

the current situation of clean

technologies in the country.The country hopes to produce a

detailed Technology Action Plan

which will be very useful tool for

the implementation of programs

and projects in many sectors.

The TNA project can also

facilitate the further preparation

of the Nationally AppropriateMitigation Actions and the

updating of National Adaptation

Programmes of Action.

M Ndur, TNa Crdintr,

nd Mbye Digne, prject

cnutnt, seneg

aon ith other oranizations to deveo thecimatetehii eb atorm throuh hihfnane and ener frms an aess inormationon a broad set o mitiation and adatationtehnooies. Some 15 ountries have deveoedthe exertise to reare their Tehnoo NeedsAssessment and Nationa Tehnoo Ation pan.Seven ountries have aread reared the ist orioritized tehnooies that the oud ie tosee adoted and are in roess o rearin theirTehnoo Ation pans, hih i he themimement the identifed tehnooies in their

ountries. Another 21 ountries i be invovedin trainin orshos in 2011. Those 21 ountriesi beneft rom the exerienes o ountries inthe revious round throuh Teh-ation, a ebbased atorm atherin inormation on onoinTNA ativities. B assistin ountries to artiuatetheir tehnoo needs, this rojet is aeeratinthe ae and reevane o tehnoo transer inthose ountries.

sUPPoRTgoba Environment aiit Trust unds and

TMA Nora..teh-ation.or/; .imatetehii.or/

In Senegal, a national project

coordinator and two team leaders

have been trained to prepare

the National Technology Needs

Assessment and Technology Action

Plan. An institutional ramework

with signifcantly enhanced

opportunities or stakeholderparticipation in technology planning

has been established. Senegal

has reached a consensus on its

technology priorities and is now

looking at the barriers it aces to

acquiring those technologies.

UNphoto



Bendy sr CeImaine deoratin our bedroom as ith aermade rom the same soar es that no oerour home. That is no the tantaisin ossibiitthron u b the deveoment o ihteiht soar

es that an be rinted on aer and sti onduteetriit. Researhers at the MassahusettsInstitute o Tehnoo rinted them on untreatedo aer usin a tehnique that oud he sashthe ost o roduin soar es.

sr street lmp Feed Energyt the Grid

The humbe street iht is joinin the rans o ind turbinesand soar oer ants in suin reneabe ener tothe eetriit rid. A street am overed in hotovotaies, hih an enerate more ener rom suniht thanit onsumes to iht the street, is bein tested in the Unitedkindom. And the am is aread suin eetriit to theNationa grid. The SunMast, deveoed b Sotia, based inAarhus, Denmar, enerates eetriit rom suniht durinthe da, hih it suies to the rid. It then sim draseetriit ba rom the rid at niht to oer its iht.

Bringing Fret t the DeertIt ma sound ie an environmentaists ie dream,but iant reenhouses oud soon be oin u in

some o the ords deserts, roduin resh drininater, ood and ue. The Sahara orest projet, hihaims to reate reen oases in desert areas, has sined adea to buid a iot ant in Aqaba, near the Red Sea inJordan. with undin rom the Noreian overnment,the team ans to bein buidin the iot ant on a200,000 square metre site in 2012.

air bttery fr eectric crOne o the biest drabas ith onin an eetrivehie (EV) is rane anxiet, or a ear that the batter

hare i not et them to their destination. Standardeetri vehies use ithium-ion (li-ion) batteries, hihare bu and rare rovide 160 iometres (100 mies) odrivin beore the run out. No IBM aims to have soveda undamenta robem that ma ead to the reation oa batter ith an 800-iometre (500-mie) rane ettineetri ars omete ith the as uzzers. knon as aithium-air e, it has theoretia ener densities morethan 1,000 times reater than the li-ion te. Severaresearh rototes have aread been demonstrated andas art o Batter 500, an IBM-ed oaition invovin ourUS nationa aboratories and ommeria artners, an tohave a u-sae rotote read b 2013, ith ommeria

batteries to oo b around 2020.

innvtin

24


25/36

Policymakers, local to international,are confronted with more issuesthan they can possibly address andare therefore always busy settingpriorities. How should they decidewhich global environmental issuesmost urgently require their attention?How can they gure out what is mostimportant from the constant ow ofnew scientic ndings about changes

in the atmosphere, terrestrialenvironment, and hydrosphere, andhow these changes relate to society?UNEPs answer is a ForesightProcess, a systematic approach toidentifying and ranking emergingenvironmental issues.

In this process emerging is used todenote issues already recognizedas very important by the scientic

community, but not receivingadequate attention from the policy

community. An issue is judged tobe emerging if it stems from newscientic knowledge, acceleratedrates of impact, heightened level of

awareness or new ways availableto respond.

The Process involved lively debatesamong a Foresight Panel of 22distinguished scientists fromaround the world, looking at issuesfrom all sides, and challengingtheir importance and timeliness. Itproduced a preliminary list, whichwas further commented on by anadditional 428 scientists worldwide.

All this resulted in a list of 21priority issues (See Table,page 27). Most fall within suchsustainability themes as foodsecurity, water issues, biodiversity,waste management, and so on, butothers cut across these themes.These cross-cutting issues reectthe Panels strong belief that it isimportant to look beyond the silos ofindividual themes and disciplines.

They include:

seg rre


These are only fve

out o 21 compelling issues

identifed by the UNEP

Foresight Process.

This list is not meant to

be the last word on what

issues to work on,

but does provide much

to think about when

considering priorities or

policymaking over the

coming years.

JosEph alCamoUNEP Chief scientit

sUndaY a. lEonaRdspeci aitnt t the Chief scientit


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agg Gverce

e Cege f G

suy.

The current system of internationalenvironmental governance, with itsmaze of interlocking multilateralagreements, is a product of the 20thcentury and is likely to be unsuitablefor handling the 21st century ssustainability challenges. Somecommentators believe that it lacksthe necessary representativenessand accountability for the transitionto sustainability, and that a muchhigher level of participation andtransparency is needed. Othersbelieve that its effectiveness mustbe urgently improved by streamliningintergovernmental decision-making.Although, it is not clear what system

would work better, new models ofgovernance ranging frompublic-private partnerships toalliances of civil society groups need to be examined.

trfrg hu

Ce fr e

21 Ceury:

meeg G Evre

Cege mvg

twr Gree Ecy.Society has already confronted

a host of global environmentalchallenges and, through persistenceand ingenuity, found manysolutions. As new ones come up,the question is whether it has theright capabilities to nd andimplement solutions and supporta burgeoning Green Economy.It particularly needs to make aspecial effort to ll in skills gaps

in the green sector and updateeducational institutions to bettercover sustainability work. It needsto train managers to respond toglobal environmental change better,and retool research to address thesustainability challenge in a moreeffective and integrated way.

brke brge: Rececg

scece pcy.

Society needs strategies andpolicies underpinned by a strong

science and knowledge base if it isto cope with global environmentalchange. But many believe thatlinkages between the policy andscience communities are inadequateor even deteriorating, and that thesebroken bridges are hindering thedevelopment of solutions. Improvingcommunication, accessibility ofscientic information, and otherunderlying causes of these brokenlinks, will provide an atmospherewhere scientists can better respondto societys needs. Policymakerswill be better informed, and thepublic will benet from evidence-based policies.

sc tg p?

Cyg R

trfrve Cge

hu bevr fr eEvre.New ndings from social scienceresearch have shown how damaginghuman behavior can be steered ina more positive direction, relativelyquickly, by public policy. An exampleis the publics attitude towardscigarette smoking which has, inmany countries, switched frombeing fashionable to being seen as

a dangerous health threat withinone generation. Can these insights

also be applied to transformingconsumption habits that now lead todestructive environmental changes?What public incentives economic,informative, prohibitive wouldwork best to achieve this? How caninternational environmental agencieshelp governments and other actorstrigger sustainable consumption?

Cg w mgr

Cue y new aec

f Evre Cge.Mass migrations of people haveoccurred throughout history, butsome scholars now believe that itis increasingly inuenced by thenew factors of climate changeand other global environmentalchanges. Even some policies to

limit global environmental change,such as expanding the productionof biofuels, may play a role instimulating migration. Estimates ofthe number of future environmentalmigrants range up to the hundredsof millions, but these numbers arevery uncertain and depend on thedenition used. Regardless of theexact numbers, there is a high riskthat environmental change will

become an increasingly importantfactor (among others) in drivingmigration, and society shouldprepare itself for this eventuality.

These are only ve out of 21compelling issues identied by theUNEP Foresight Process. This listis not meant to be the last wordon what issues to work on, butdoes provide much to think aboutwhen considering priorities for

policymaking over the coming years.

The full Foresight Process Reportcan be downloaded at:www.ue.rg/uc/

ek/FregRer/

Acknowledgement.The authors are indebted to theUNEP Foresight Panel and otherparticipants of the UNEP Foresight

Exercise 2011 for elaborating theissues described in this article.

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Ranin o 21 emerin oba environmenta issues aordin to the UNEp oresiht proess 2011

RANKING* ISSUE TITLE

1 Ainin governane to the chaenes o goba Sustainabiit

2Transormin Human caabiities or the 21st centur: Meetin goba

Environmenta chaenes and Movin Toards a green Eonom

3 Ne chaenes or Ensurin ood Saet and ood Seurit or 9 Biion peoe

4 Broen Brides: Reonnetin Siene and poi

5Soia Tiin points? catazin Raid and Transormative chane inHuman Behavior or the Environment

6 Ne Insihts on water-land Interations: Shit in the Manaement paradim

7 **Aeeratin the Imementation o Environmenta-riend ReneabeEner Sstems

7 **Ne chaenes or cimate chane Mitiation and Adatation: Manain theUnintended consequenes

7 **Beond conservation: Interatin Biodiversit Aross the Eooia andEonomi Aendas

10greater Ris than Neessar? The Need or Ne Aroahes to Minimizin Risso Nove Tehnooies and chemias

11 Boostin Urban Sustainabiit and Resiiene

12The Ne Rush or land: Resondin to Ne Nationa and

Internationa pressures

13 potentia coase o Oeani Sstems Requires Interated Oean governane

14chanin the ae o waste: Sovin the Imendin Sarit o StrateiMineras and Avoidin Eetroni waste

15 Shortuttin the Deradation o Inand waters in Deveoin countries

16Atin on the Sina o cimate chane in the chanin requen oExtreme Events

17 The Environmenta consequenes o Deommissionin Nuear Reators

18 Ne conets or coin ith creein chanes and Imminent Threshods

19coasta Eosstems: Addressin Inreasin pressures ithAdative governane

20 coin ith Miration caused b Ne Asets o Environmenta chane

21 Manain the Imats o gaier Retreat

* Ranking based on scoring of UNEP Foresight Panel after extensive deliberations and after consideration of pollingresults of over 400 scientists worldwide.

** Issues had equal score, therefore equal ranking.



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Ours future generations willsurely decide is the irresponsiblegeneration. They will look upon1992 to 2012 as a lost twenty years,during which we could have laid thefoundations for a more sustainableworld. Instead we have increasedunsustainable consumption patternsin developed countries and exportedthem to developing ones, with

increasingly negative and destructiveimpacts on the worlds environmentand on poor people. We knew theproblems, we knew most of theanswers but we failed to scale themup to deliver what was needed.

Rio+20 must ensure we take adifferent economic path. And whilethe term Green Economy hasbecome controversial in some circles,

it at last puts economic affairs onthe table. I believe we should see it

as a just transition to one that putssustainability and people, equity andfairness at its core.

There are clear parallels between theecological and nancial crises. Banksand nancial institutions privatizedgains and socialized losses. We aredoing the same with the planetsnatural capital. Our present lifestyles

are drawing it down at irreplaceablerates from other parts of the worldand from future generations. So whatcould Rio do?

Establishing Sustainable DevelopmentGoals (SDGs) has been tabled bythe governments of Colombia andGuatemala. Integrating them withthe Millennium Development Goalsinto a single post-2015 framework

would be a vital outcome from Rio.Meanwhile a meeting hosted by the

government of Monaco has suggestedthat one SDG should focus on oceans,addressing all the sectors thatrely on ocean resources and spacebut urgently need to be integratedand made sustainable to continuethe provision of their economic,social and environmental services;and to raise the living standards ofdeprived communities. Other areas

might include energy, biodiversity,food security and nutrition, water,urbanization, sustainable consumptionand production. The goals shouldhave universal application and buildon Agenda 21 and the JohannesburgPlan of Implementation.

The lack of funding for implementingthese two agreed programmesis already facing us with huge

challenges. If Rio+20 is tosucceed, Rio money must be put

oy oe Er

FElix doddsExecutive Directr fstkehder Frum ndChir f the 64th UN DPI NGo Cnference

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The summits other main task willbe to address the institutionalframework for sustainabledevelopment. UNEP has had anamazing forty years helping tocreate our environmental legislativeframework, while acting as theglobal advocate for environment.It has managed this with aninadequate budget and a lack ofpolitical will from governments,but with a deeply committedstaff. It must now be strengthenedto address the issues of todaysworld, including upgrading it intoa World Environment Organizationwhich brings together all theenvironmental conventions into acoherent structure.

After nearly twenty years it isclear that the UN Commission onSustainable Development does notwork. It has failed to deliver on itswork programme since the 2002Johannesburg World Summit onSustainable Development. One boldand important suggestion is thatthere should be a Council of theUN General Assembly on

Sustainable Development dealingwith new and emerging issues.

on the table to fund a movetowards an economy based onsustainable development.

Support for introducing a nancialtransaction tax has grown inEurope, and the Eurozone mightgo ahead with one. It could helpgovernments renance themselves,while taking money from those whocaused the present problems, andshould surely be used to supportthe needed transition.

Last September, Maurice Strongsuggested developing an EarthBond. We should now he said,tap private sources, giving themopportunities to invest in theGreen Economy by purchasing

Earth Bonds, the proceeds ofwhich would be invested insustainable development projectsin developing countries.

Simon Zadek suggests amendingthe sovereign wealth funds SantiagoPrinciples to include sustainabledevelopment criteria. Such funds amounting to $4.7 trillion couldhave a huge impact if targeted

towards sustainable development.

Encouraging the Credit RatingAgencies to include sustainabledevelopment criteria in their ratingsystems could also have a bigeffect on changing corporate andgovernment activities.

And at last years UN GeneralAssembly, the UK insurancerm Aviva, along with fty other

companies, proposed that Rioshould support establishinga Convention on CorporateSustainability, under whichcorporations would either haveto report sustainability impactsor explain why they chose not to.Such a convention which hasalready attracted support fromgovernments and stakeholders should go further and deal

with responsibility, principles oftransparency and accountability.

The risk of a fragmented sciencebase could be overcome by havingan Intergovernmental Panelon Sustainable Developmentoverseeing the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change, theIntergovernmental Platform onBiodiversity and EcosystemServices and any future sciencepanels. It could also addressintegrated modeling and scenariosettings to ensure coherentinformation for decision makersand report to the new SustainableDevelopment Council.

Delivering sustainable developmenttakes place locally. There shouldtherefore be strengthening,re-establishment and creation of

councils on sustainable developmentat all levels of government, producinga partnership that would providean engine for implementation,monitoring and new ideas.

One of the successes of 1992 wasdeveloping a regional conventionin Europe on Principle 10 of theRio Declaration access toinformation, public participation

and environmental justice.Rio+20 could be the launchingpad for securing renewed andmore specic commitments bygovernments to the Principlethrough, for example, establishingregional conventions to provideenforceable access to information.

A fundamental revolution is needed,not in 40 years time, nor in only onecountry, but in the next ten years and

across the globe. As Senator RobertKennedy put it in 1968: A revolutionis coming a revolution which willbe peaceful if we are wise enough;compassionate if we care enough;successful if we are fortunateenough. But a revolution is comingwhether we will it or not. We canaffect its character; we cannotalter its inevitability. Lets workfor a world built on sustainable

societies, responsive citizens andaccountable governments.

Last September,

Maurice Strong suggested

developing an Earth Bond.

We should now he said,

tap private sources,

giving them opportunities

to invest inthe Green Economy

by purchasing Earth Bonds,

the proceeds o which would

be invested in sustainable

development projects in

developing countries.



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o a ne eetriitenerated in

sub-Saharan Arianater 1998 has ome

rom reneabesoures UNEP

Finnce Inititive2012

66%

UNEp estabishedater Stohom UNconerene on the

Human Environmentand rovides

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artnershi in arinor the environment

1972number13%

o oba enersu omes romreneabe enersoures Keeping

Trck f ur ChngingEnvirnment: Frm Ri

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2%-5%o the rura ouationin Sub-Saharan Ariaare onneted to the

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UNEP FinnceInititive 2012

2%-5%o the rura ouationin Sub-Saharan Aria

are onneted to therid omared to

98 er ent in Thaiand UNEP FinnceInititive 2012

30%o the ords fsh stos areoverexoited, deeted orreoverin rom deetion

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UNEP Finnce Inititive 2012

trees anted b UNEps Biion Treecamain ordide beore ofiabein handed over to the pant or the

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4 miinestimated hid deaths oba er annum due to

environmenta hazards. UNEP annu Reprt

13.1 biintonnes o aste 20 er ent morethan resent eves is rojeted

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30,000%inrease in soar ener susine 1992 Keeping Trck fur Chnging Envirnment:Frm Ri t Ri+20, UNEP

40%o the ords

ouation no ivesithin 100 iometers

o the shoreine UNEP Green Ecnmy

in Bue Wrd



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Two decades after the Rio Earth summit adopted its landmark Agenda 21(think global, act local), the world population has grown from 5.5 billion to7 billion people. The challenges postulated in Stockholm (1972) and glimpsedin Rio (1992) are today fast becoming a reality. To tackle these 21st centurychallenges, a strengthened UNEP could be a frontrunner in facilitating thefull participation of all key stakeholders for sustainable development, and thusharnessing their potential to affect change.

While governments remain crucial actors for environmental issues at local,regional and national scale and UNEP plays an important role at theglobal scale the public sphere alone cannot effect all necessary changealone. Civil society and the private sector have crucial contributions to make,especially in the implementation of decisions and action on the ground.

Rio+20 in June 2012 provides the rare opportunity to address sustainable

development issues in a unique global setting. In order to address the severe,complex and interconnected challenges that the world is facing, all actorsmust work together. Only then does the world have a chance to make thechanges our planet urgently needs. This entails the involvement of LocalGovernment Organizations (LGOs) in strengthening the UNEP amongst otherrelevant fora.

LGOs have signicant powers in environmental matters and thus can helpto implement global agreements, shape policy, and ultimately contribute tosafeguarding global common goods. Each local government can only actlocally, but when united and working together through global LGOs, the

accumulated impact is signicant and should be harnessed by the UN and itsmember states by meaningfully involving LGOs in a strengthened UNEP.

acg lc

KonRad otto-zimmERmannsecretry Gener,IClEI lc Gvernmentfr sutinbiity

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When the UN Conference onEnvironment and Developmentadopted Agenda 21 in 1992, itincluded a section on Strengtheningthe roles of Major Groups. The nineMajor Groups that are recognizedin Agenda 21 are Business andIndustry, Children and Youth,Farmers, Indigenous Peoples, LocalAuthorities, NGOs, Scientic andTechnological Community, Women,Workers and Trade Unions.

Whilst the involvement of MajorGroups has enriched the debates atvarious UN platforms and broughtrelevant voices to the table, thecurrent structure demonstratesclear limitations: indeed, these nineMajor Groups are very distinct and

different from each other in theirconstituencies, capacities, and rolesand mandates, yet they are beingtreated equally in the UN governance.

Local Governments are uniqueamong those nine groups by beingin charge of governing a denedterritory and population with powersgranted by the National or StateConstitution. Local Government is

the sphere of government closest tothe people and local issues. Typically,Local Governments have the mandateto deal with issues such as land useand development planning, buildingpermits, roads and public transport,water and sanitation, energy andmany more which are of directrelevance to the local community.Cumulatively, Local Governmentscan make a relevant impact onglobal environmental matters. The

combined expertise and viewpointof Local Governments should bemore appropriately linked to globalenvironmental policy-making.

Local Governments are joiningtogether nationally, regionally andglobally as LGOs. While eachindividual Local Governmentfocuses on its local issues, LGOsare familiar with international issues

of relevance to local communitiesand can therefore help to build a

bridge between local and globalpolicymakers. As the sphere ofgovernment closest to the peopleand often democratically elected,local governments often know bestor see rst which problems arebeing faced by their citizens.

LGOs also help to accumulatethe information from hundreds ofcities, towns and counties, thushelping to highlight topics whichmerit global attention. With overhalf of the global population livingin cities, urban areas are alsocausing environmental problems.Around 80per cent of total globalgreenhouse gas emissions stemfrom urban areas, for example.

Todays cities are designed asextracting, resource-consumingsystems and often organized in away, which is not environmentallysound. Low urban density leads

to large distances having to becovered, and often the infrastructureentices people to use cars to movearound in cities. Designing citiesmore densely would allow for moreenvironmentally-friendly modes oftransportation like walking, bikingand public transport. Urbanization assuch is not new, but its increasingspeed and scale have turned it intoan emerging global issue. While

in 1950 less than one-third of theworlds population lived in cities, by

2050 over two-thirds of the worldpopulation will be living in urban areas.

The impacts of some environmentalcrises are rst or most directlyfaced by local communities. Localgovernments should therefore beheard in global discussions aroundenvironmental assessment, earlywarning and agenda setting in order toensure that such issues are captured.Moreover, local governments can playan active role in early warning. Thiscould be done via a network of urbanobservatories, which can serve asUNEPs urban sensors and reportnew issues and threats to UNEP, inUNEPs role as global environmentalauthority with a mandate to keep theglobal environment under review.

The environmental departments oflocal governments are usually verywell aware of local environmentalchallenges and efforts. LGOs andtheir associations can serve as a linkbetween these local knowledgehubs and UNEP as the globalknowledge hub. Based on thisknowledge as well as on localgovernments signicant capacity

for implementing MEAs, LGOsshould be more fully involved in globalenvironmental policy-making, includingin UNEPs Governing Bodies.Detailed proposals for how this can bedone have been developed.

One of the proposals for astrengthened UNEP is theestablishment of a voluntary reviewmechanism for the implementation ofmultilateral environmental agreements

(MEAs). If such a mechanism isestablished, it should include LGOs inits structure.

Rio+20 in June 2012 provides aplatform to make the desired andnecessary changes, such as thefull inclusion of LGOs. We need allactors to work together in an efcientway if we want to reach the globalgoals we need in order to address

current unsustainable trends andenvironmental threats.

The impacts o someenvironmental crises

are frst

or most directly aced

by local communities.

Local governments should

thereore be heard in

global discussions around

environmental assessment,

early warning and agenda

setting in order to ensure

that such issues are captured.



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Daryl

HannahOURPLANET Rio+2034

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www.unep.org/ourplanet

www unep org/gc/gcss xii/

we have soen a reat deaabout usineaner soures

o ener. Toda e reafrm thatommitmentand

determination to move toards ao-arbon eonom.

JaCoB ZUMapRESIDENT,

SOUTH ARIcA

we need a betterommonunderstandin ogreen Eonom, andRio+20oud et usoser to suh anunderstandin.FREDRIK REINFElDTpRIME MINISTER, SwEDEN

we i mae a our eorts toonsoidate ourean ener,

hih is an essentia,e asseto Brazi.

DIlMa RoUssEFFpRESIDENT, BRAZIl

we

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