Our English Heritage

King Henry II

Established Common Law (1166 A.D.)

Created Trial by Jury of 12 Peers

King John “Lackland”

Signs Magna Carta (1215)

-Establishes Due Process of Law

- Trials and Punishments by law

- Arrests and Warrants

- Tax increases must be approved by voters

- Power shifts from King to House of Lords

King Henry VIII-Has no ____________________

-Asks Pope for a __________

- Pope __________

-Henry splits from Catholic Church, creates the Church of England answering to himself

-This leads to a century of bloody Catholic v. Protestant conflict

sons that survive him

divorce

refuses

King Charles I

Petition of Right

- expands and strengthens Magna Carta rights

- freedoms from unreasonable search and seizure

- prohibition against quartering of troops in homes DENIED B

Y

KING

Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell- Oliver Cromwell v. Charles I and II and the English Civil War

- Cromwell & the Puritans v. Catholic Kings Charles I & II

The Constitutional (and Puritan) Government of Oliver Cromwell

• Puritans depose and execute Charles I• written constitution for government• elected republic instead of King, with Cromwell elected as

“Lord Protector of England”• King Charles II restored after death of Cromwell and years

of blood and violence

The Glorious Revolution (1688)• Parliament votes out King James II and votes in

William and Mary

• In exchange for being made King and Queen, they sign away power in the English Bill of Rights

• English Bill of Rights– Power shifts from King and House of Lords to

House of Commons– King cannot without Parliament’s consent:

• suspend laws

• raise taxes

• maintain an army

• interfere in elections

• inflict cruel and unusual punishments

• impose excessive fines or bail

– people given the right to a speedy trial– jury composed of peers– right to petition the government

• John Locke– all men are created equal– life, liberty, and property– government only legitimate when people agree to be

governed

Colonial Government

Pilgrims• Mayflower Compact (1620)

In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwriten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign Lord King James by the grace of God, of Great Britaine, Franc, & Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Hving undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith and honour of our King & country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly & mutualy in the presence of God, and one of another, covenant & combine our selves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering & preservation & furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hearof to enact, constitute, and frame such just & equal laws, ordinances, Acts, constitutions, & offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet & convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness wherof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod the 11 of November, in the year of the reign of our sovereign Lord King James, of England, France, & Ireland the Eighteenth, and of Scotland the Fifty Fourth. Anno Domine 1620.

• Religious laws• Loyalty to King• House of Burgesses (1619, Virginia Colony)

– First elected government in America

• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut– Elected government– Term limits– Limited government– Areligious

• Colonial Charters– Separation of powers– Self-government, but override by King possible

The American Revolution

French & Indian War

Proclamation of 1763

Various Taxes Sugar Act

Stamp Act

Townshend Acts

Tea Act

Boston Massacre !

Boston Tea Party

Intolerable Acts- Quartering Troops- Boston Shut Down

1st Continental Congress

Boycott and Embargo

Lexington and Concord 1775

“The Shot Heard ‘Round the World”

2nd Continental Congress (1776)

John Hancock, President

Geo. Washington, Commander-in-Chief

Declaration of Independence

Thomas Paine

- Common Sense

- The American Crisis

The Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson, with a little help from John Adams and Ben Franklin (and the rest of Congress) 4 July 1776

The Articles of Confederation(The FIRST United States of America)

Created while the American Revolution was underway

The need for government – any government

Colonies wanted 13 separate states, not one nation

Created weak – on purpose

- Unicameral legislature

- Confederation, not a nation

- No executive branch

- No judiciary

- No army

- No taxes

- Amendments required a unanimous vote

- Each state = 1 vote - Laws required 9 of 13 states to pass - Took from 1777 to 1781 to ratify(approve)

NO amendments ever passed

Land Ordinance of 1785 - solved western land claims 

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

- established a process to create territorial governments

- established a process to create new states

Shays’ Rebellion (1787) - war debts v. high taxes - angry farmers & war veterans storm arsenal

- U.S. government had no army to stop them

- had to beg states to send troops. Many didn’t.

- Stopped by Massachusetts Militia

New Constitution needed

- James Madison, the Federalist Papers

- Federalists v. Anti-Federalists

o Federalists – agreed with new Constitution, good balance

o Anti-Federalists – feared new Constitution was too powerful

- Virginia Plan = # of Reps. based on population - New Jersey Plan = 1 vote per state

- Connecticut Compromise = do both plans in bicameral legislature

- 3/5 Compromise = how slaves would be counted towards # of Representatives for state, and for taxes

- 3 branches of government established

- Ratified 17 Sep 1789

- Still functioning today