January 1990

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PIPES FROM THE ISLAND OF KASTELLORISO

The Dodecanese island of Kastelloriso, 125 km east ofRhodes and 1.5 km south of the Turkish coast of Lycia hasbeen settled since antiquity. The castle hill was occupiedfrom the mid 17th century until destruction in 1943, andthe surrounding seabed is littered with consequentialrubbish.

A variety of terracotta tobacco pipes (Figs. 3-7) andnarghile (Figs. 8 & 9) were noticed in 1989 and I publishthem for comparison with other similar pipes which werecommon in Europe and the Middle East. I hope thatother members of SCPR will respond with similar finds.

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John Wood

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April 1990

THE TURKISH CLAY SMOKINGPIPES OF MYTILENE

Tobacco-smoking was first introduced into the OttomanEmpire very early in the 17th century, some 150 yearsafter the northeastern Aegean island of Lesbos and itscapital, Mytilene, had passed under the control of theTurks. Unlike the western tobacco pipe that wasfashioned from clay in a single piece, including bowl, stem,and mouthpiece, the lide typical of the easternMediterranean was designed to receive a separate long,wooden stem fitted with an amber mouthpiece, anarrangement that made the pipe cooler to smoke. Thisceramic bowl was composed itself of three basic parts: thevertical chimney and lower bowl, the angled shaft, and thesocketed nozzle into which the hollow stem was inserted.The fabric, size, shape, and decoration of these threeelements were frequently altered, creating combinationsof surprising beauty and delicacy: the earliest varieties, ofg:eyish-,:",hite cl~y and quite small (in keeping with thehigh pnce of Imported tobacco early in its history),gradually evolved into the larger, more heavily decoratedreddish-brown styles popular from the late 1700s until theearly part of this century, when the liile was finallyr~placed by the more practical western-European briarpipe,

The unusually large collection of pipes that we have foundduring our six years of excavations on the acropolis atMytile ne - more than 1800 fragments, of which almost1300 are complete enough to have been inventoried -covers all of this period up to the middle of the 19thcentury,.with remarkable numbers 0t early forms that haveseldon: I~ever appeared elsewhere. Indeed, of the sixty-four distinct types of our clay smoking pipes identified sofar, fewer than half have parallels in the previousl~pub!ish~d.collections from Turkey, Greece, and Bulgaria.While It IS unfortunate that our pipes were found in amuch disturbed surface level with no obvious stratigraphy

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and in chronologically confused contexts ', the very sizeand diversity of the collection make it an importantaddition to the study of an artifact hitherto neglected forits lack of antiquity. What is more, we have a small andpe:hap~ unique sample of hashish pipes, whose design isquite different from that of the tobacco pipe.

The oldest pipes from Mytilene, small and of greyish-white clay, belong to a series dating from the 17th to theearly 18th century and, though they number over 350 inall, have surprisingly few parallels from other sites. Ofthe~e, th~ earliest style (Fig. 1) shows a thick, slightlyflarmg chimney above a compressed bowl that is joined bya sharply angled keel to a long, faceted shaft with aprominent, stepped nozzle; around the chimney or shaftmany of the eleven pipes have a band of classical Turkishwritten in fine, slightly raised Arabic script.

The most common pipe of this early series - in this caseninety-three examples from early in the 18th century (Fig.2) - has a white or light-grey burnished surface (some feware dusky-red), a tall, vertical chimney that is generallyundecorated, a sack-like bowl with simple combing or animpressed lattice decoration, a much shallower keel, andan undecorated oval nozzle. Another popular and fairly

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uniform type from the late 17th to the 18th century - wehave twenty-three almost identical examples of these (Fig.3) - is an attractive small and heavy pipe with a light-greyfinish, a short, slightly flared, undecorated chimney abovea compressed bowl with an impressed lozenge decorationon its shoulder, and a short shank terminating in arounded nozzle.

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The 281 reddish-brown pipes fashioned from red clay thatmake up the second major series from Mytilene all comefrom the 18th century. Though often of similar design,they are usually larger than their predecessors and smallerthan their later relatives in Series 3, in keeping with whatwe suppose to be the ever-decreasing cost of tobacco.4 Itis within this varied group that that we find the first fewexamples of two trends that will later become commonelements of lule design: first, the development of smalldisc-based pipes (Fig. 4), with tall, vertical chimneys aboveextremely compressed bowls (indeed, in some examplesthe chimney actually serves as the bowl); and second, theuse of a seal pressed into the clay to indicate the pipe'smaker or place of origin."11

• From the late 1700s, and throughout the next century, wefind the larger reddish-brown pipes of Series 3, their bowls(rounded or compressed to a disc) surmounted by plainchimneys that are either vertical or flared enough to makethe pipe resemble a modern Turkish ~ay glass. Themajority of our 400-odd examples are stamped, some withArabic signs, others with stylized symbols.

A single common and very unifrom category of largebowls within this series (Fig. 5) accounts for almost 10%of all the pipes found so far at Mytilene. Its hourglass-shaped body is undecorated except for thin moulding orshallow indentation dividing the flaring chimney from arounded bowl of roughly the same height; its slight keel isalways highlighted by a series of rouletted lines forming aV-design on the bottom of the bowl; and its short shaftends with a swelling oval nozzle. Of this type, about two-

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thirds - 74 pipes in all - bear a stamp on the right side orbottom of the shaft: either an Arabic seal or a stylizedbird, alone or in conjunction with a circle of raised dots.The fabric and colour, size, and seals of this style areduplicated in another set of pipes of different shape (Fig.6): both sets date to the second half of the 18th centuryand undoubtedly come from the same workshop, until nowtraditionally located in the Bulgarian city of Varna wheretwenty-six examples have been found, a previouslyunparalleled quantity that suggested local workmanship.To date, the acropolis of Mytilene has given up five timesthis number. 6Within this series of large pipes there are two othercategories that deserve comment. Among the mostdelicately fashioned and highly burnished examples is a setof thirty red pipes that were probably imported fromIstanbul in the 18th century (Fig. 7): their finely mouldedvertical chimney is separated from the bowl by a concavewaistband that, in three examples, is still filled with goldleaf. These are masterpieces of the pipemaker's art, andshould be contrasted with a pair of very odd pipes (Fig. 8),clumsily formed and excessively decorated, quite clearlyby the same maker - surely an apprentice - who coveredhis product from rim to nozzle with an overwhelmingvariety of awkwardly carved, impressed, and inciseddesigns that must have given him practice with every toolin his kit: palm trees, crosses, crescents, wedges, circles,combing, and rouletting.

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Even coarser are the hashish pipes, forty-four crudelyformed bits of reddish clay that were only roughly finished(Figs. 9-10). A slightly flaring chimney is separated fromthe rounded bowl by a built-in grate of three holes onwhich the hashish was burned; the open stem-socket (notsurprisingly of a diameter typical of early tobacco pipes)was simply poked through the shoulder of the bowl; andthe flat base is often so uneven that the pipe cannot standupright without support. Most examples are decorated,

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A full catalogue of the Turkish clay smoking pipes fromMytilene is in preparation, though the quantity of material- perhaps 1600 inventoried items before work on theacropolis comes to an end - will certainly delay publicationfor some time. In the meantime, I refer SCPR membersinterested in these artifacts to my more detailed analysisof the varied types in the Mytilene collection, in aforthcoming volume of British Archaeological Reports[International Series] devoted to Aegean archaeology.

3. The acropolis was in constant and active use untilwell after the Turkish retreat from Mytilene in 1912.The dates of the various styles of pipe from Mytileneare tentative at best: they have been derived almostexclusively from a comparison with the previouslypublished examples from Istanbul, Athens, andCorinth.

but only with the simplest of elements, either painteddiagonal bands or a lustrous sheen that was perhapsintended to resemble a metallic surface. Several of thesehash~s~ pipes were found in context with tobacco pipesprovisionally dated to the late 17th century, but since mosthave come from mixed and historically inconclusivedeposits it has been impossible for us to posit even themost tentatively chronological evolution of styles.

4. The socket diameters of pipes in Series 1 and 2, forexample, average about 8mm while those of Series 3are usually more than l lmm.

John W. Humphrey

Footnotes1. Annual reports of our excavation - under the

directorship of Dr. Hector Williams and theauspices of the Canadian Archaeological Institute atAthens, and financed largely by the Social Sciencesand Humanities Research Council of Canada - canbe found in Classical Views/Echos du MondeClassique, 29 (1985) and following.

JOHN WAITS OF LONDON - TOBACCOPIPEMAKER IN THE WEST COUNTRY

During recent years information has been coming to lightregarding the activities of John Watts of London in theBath area; details have now been found that throw muchmore light upon him and warrant this article.

2. See particularly the pipes from the Dumbarton Oaksexcavation at Sarachane, Istanbul, in J.W. Hayes,"Turkish clay pipes: A provisional typology," in BAR(Int. Ser.) 92 (1980), 3-10; R. Robinson, "Claytobacco pipes from the Kerameikos," Ath. Mitt. 98(1983), 265-285, and plates 52-56; eadem, "Tobaccopipes of Corinth and of the Athenian Agora,"Hesperia 54 (1985), 149-201, and plates 33-64. Theaccounts of the Bulgarian pipes from Sofia, Varna,and Veliko Tirnova are difficult of access and haveonly brief summaries in English, French, or German.

The first reference to him is on 28 June 1736 when he isdescribed as 'of the City of London Tobacco Pipe maker'when it was agreed that a lease was to be granted to himof a tenement in Bath"; the lease itself was made on 30June 1736:

'Between the Mayor aldermen and Citizens of theCity of Bath in the County of Somersett of the onepart and John Watts of the Parish of St. MaryWhite Chappel in the County of Middx Tobaccopipe maker of other part'".

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A BRIEF INTRO DUCf ION TOOTTOMAN CLAY PIPES

Buckingham described how the stems of pipes made in thetown of Diyarbakir, in what is now south-east Turkey,were 'covered with muslin and embroidered with gold andsilver thread' (Buckingham, 1827, vol.l, 380). Amber andcoral were particularly highly valued as materials formouthpieces and hence were even carried by someEuropean travellers as a means of ready bribe on c~ravanjourneys (ibid.; 265). They were also occasionallydeco~a!ed with gilt, ena~el and preci~us ~tones. Notsurprisingly, these mouthpieces are rare finds .

A number of different pipe manufacturing centres areknown from written sources, but little work has yet beendone on ascertaining the exact place of manufacture ofany given type of pipe and no pipe factories have yet beenarchaeologically reported. However, the scale of theindustry in Diyarbakir alone is again reflected in a passingcomment made by Buckingham, who refers to 'a hundredand fifty makers of ornamented pipe stems only, besidesthose who make the clay balls [bowls], amber mouth-pieces...' (ibid., 380).

In view of the recent notes in the SCPR Newsletterconcerning Ottoman and Eastern Mediterranean clay pipebowls found in Malta, Kastelloriso, and Mytilene onLesbos (Wood, 1988, 1990; Humphrey, 1990), it is perhapsappropriate to describe and illustrate some of the salientfeatures of these pipes on behalf of those readers who arenot very familiar with this material.

They belong to a type of generally hand-held, multi-component, pipe that was primarily used for smokingtobacco - although the residue analysis of some otherwiseunpublished pipes found in Jerusalem indicate theoccasional use of these for the smoking of hashish(Robinson, 1985, 151, fn. 4). This type of pipe is typical ofthe eastern Mediterranean and Near East from the lateseventeenth century until the widespread use of cigarettesbefore and after the Second World War.

Whereas the clay pipe bowls survive well because of theirshape and thickness, they were originally the cheapest andmost expendable parts of the pipe: generally fordecorative effect they relied on relief moulding, thencovered with a clay slip and re-cut, and sometimessubsequently burnished. Bowls were rarely decorated withgilding, gold or silver wire inlay or even inset gems, orwere sometimes made of wood, stone, meerschaum, ormetal. They were provided with specially cultivatedcherry, jasmine, ebony, or reed stems and separate amber,stone, ceramic or wooden mouthpieces.

Furthermore, while relatively few clay pipe bowls have yetbeen published from the Near East, there has neverthelessbeen a good deal of misunderstanding over their date -partly because very few examples have been found insecurely dated or stratigraphically secure archaeologicalcontexts. Clay pipe studies in this region therefore rely onthe three major published typological studies based onover a thousand examples excavated at the site of thechurch of St. Polyeuktos at Sarachane in Istanbul (Hayes,1980), 63 fragments from the Athenian Kerameikos(Robinson, 1983), another 44 from excavations in theAgora at Athens, and 137 from various findspots inCorinth (Robinson, 1985) .The stems varied in length according to fashion, and the

status and occupation of the user, but ceremonial pipestems could be up to four metres long and were carried bytwo special pipe-bearers. Shorter stems were obviouslyused in everyday use however. The stems were frequentlydecorated: for instance, the traveller James Silk

The main typological developments of these pipes havebeen outlined in the SCPR Newsletter by John Humphrey(1990), so will not be reiterated here. The terminology

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used in Robinson's (1983, 1985) very thorough treatmentof the pipes from Athens and Corinth is illustrated here,however, in the interests of standardising descriptions byother researchers (Figs. 5 & 6).

1. A greenstone mouthpiece was found in theexcavations at Korucutepe, in the Altinova portion ofthe Murat valley in south-east Turkey, now flooded asa result of the construction of the Keban dam on theEuphrates. There is some uncertainty over whether itwas used for a tobacco pipe or a musical instrumenthowever (Van Loon, 1980,252; not illustrated).

•...TerminationFootnotes

Bowl-- r..-...----J

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\Shank or Stem-socket

Keel2. The circa 1300 fragments registered so far from the

excavations at Mytilene that have been very brieflydescribed by John Humphrey (1990) will prove amajor contribution to the subject when they arefinally published. Ninety five further fragments havebeen recently published from the 1964-66 BritishSchool of Archaeology in Jerusalem rescueexcavations at the Damascus Gate, Jerusalem(Wightman, 1989, 72-74, pI. 63). This report will bereviewed in the next issue of the SCPR Newsletter.

Bibliography

Bakirer, O. (1980) 'The Medieval pottery and baked clayobjects' In: van Loon, M.N., ed. 'Korucutepe. FinalReport on the Excavations of the Universities of Chicago,California (Los Angeles) and Amsterdam in the KebanReservoir, Eastern Anatolia 1968-1970' Volume 3, 189 -249. (Amsterdam/New York/Oxford : North HollandPublishing Company).

;Head or Bowl

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(After Robinson, 1983, 1985)

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Buckingham, J.S. (1827) 'Travels in Mesopotamia.Including a Journey from Aleppo to Baghdad, By theRoute of Beer, Orfa, Diarbekr, Mardin, and Mousul; WithResearches on the Ruins of Nineveh, Babylon, and OtherAncient Cities'. (London: Henry Colburn; two volumes).

THE USE OF PAPER INPIPE KILN CONSTRUCTION

The contribution by Reg Jackson in SCPR 26 dealing withthe Offer pipe factory and their 'paper' kilns was ofconsiderable interest and reminiscent of a similar accountfrom Leicester in the early sixties.

Hayes, J.W. (1980) 'Turkish Clay Pipes; A ProvisionalTypology'. In: Davey, P., ed. 'The Archaeology of the ClayTobacco Pipe' IV. Europe, 3 - 10. (Oxford: BARInternational Series 92).

William Flanagan, a native of Broseley, moved toLeicester around 1885 and made pipes there until 1919.In 1959 his son T.H. Flanagan described the workingpractices employed by his father to J.A. Daniel whopublished this account in the Leicestershire Archaeologicaland Historical Society Iournal for 1964-5.

Humphrey, J.W. (1990) 'The Turkish clay smoking pipesof Mytilene'. SCPR 26, April, 2 - 9.

Robinson, R.C.W. (1983) 'Clay Tobacco Pipes from theKerameikos'. Mitteilungen des Deutschen ArcluiologischenInstituts (Athenische Abteilung), 98, 265 - 84, Taf. 52 - 56.

Robinson, R.C.W. (1985) 'Tobacco Pipes of Corinth andof the Athenian Agora', Hesperia, 54, 149 - 203, PI. 33 - 64.

van Loon, M.N. (1980) 'The other Medieval objects' In:van Loon, M.N., ed. 'Koruclltepe ...' Volume 3, 251 - 67.

Quoted below is only that part relative to the use of paperin kiln construction:

'The kiln was bee-hive shaped, built of brick andcompletely enclosed, apart from the draught holes.It was necessary to demolish one side of the kilnafter each firing in order to remove the pipes andbuild up the brickwork again when the next batchwas in position ready for firing. A batch consistedof about 40 gross of pipes.

Wightman, G.J. (1989) 'The Damascus Gate. Jerusalem.Excavations by C.-M. Bennett and J.B. Hennessy at theDamascus Gate, Jerusalem, 1964 - 66' (Oxford: BARInternational Series 519).

St. J. Simpson

It was customary to build up a central column offire-clay inside the kiln and to stack the pipesagainst this in order to fonn a pyramid with thebowls pointing outwards. When the pipes had beenstacked in the kiln it was essential that they shouldremain in position and that the heat should beretained at a very high temperature. In order toachieve this the pipes were first covered with severalthicknesses of old play-bills, specially obtained forthis purpose from the Pavillion and PalaceTheatres. The paper pyramid thus fanned wascovered completely by a thick paste made from amixture of clay and horse manure. The fire was litand the kiln was bricked up. Firing normally took

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Wood, J. (1988) '[A clay pipe bowl from Malta)'. SCPR18, April, 34.

Wood, J. (1990) 'Pipes from the island of Kastelloriso'.SCPR 25, January, 8 - 9.

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OITOMAN CLAY PIPES FROMJERUSALEM AND THE LEVANT:

A CRITICAL REVIEW OFTHE PUBLISHED EVIDENCE

IntroductionThe meagre published corpus of Ottoman and post-Ottoman clay pipes from the eastern Mediterranean andNear East has been recently supplemented by thedescription of ninety-three fragments recovered from the1964-66 British School of Archaeology in Jerusalemrescue excavations at the Damascus Gate in Jerusalem(Wightman, 1989: 73-74, PI. 63: 3-21). This group iscurrently therefore the largest body of pipes publishedfrom the region outside Turkey (Hayes, 1980) and Greece(Robinson, 1983, 1985), even though only nineteen areactually illustrated by Wightman.

1 Hama2 Peirut3 Baalbek4 Damascus5 Khan Minya6 Yoqne'am7 Al-Burj al-Ahmar8 Tell Abu Gourdan9 Jerash10 Jerusalem11 Heshbon12 'Tell .Jemnen13 Khirbet Faris

Review of the Levantine EvidenceThe recognition of the Ottoman date of these clay pipesfrom Jerusalem remedies the dating errors seen in otherrecently published archaeological excavation and surveyreports from the Levant (Ben-Tor & Rosenthal, 1978: 70,Fig. 6: 1-2; Bernus Taylor, 1981: 484, 487, fn. 39;Turquety-Pariset, 1982: 37-38, Figs. 4: 25,26-27; Pringle etal., 1986: 142, Fig. 43: 11-12). The latter have mistakenlyattributed them to the thirteenth or fourteenth centuriesAD. (Ayyubid - Mamluk periods in historical terms) onthe basis of poorly stratified fragments excavated earlier atBaalbek in Lebanon and the citadel at Hama in Syria(Sarre, 1925: 132; Poulsen, 1957: 280-81). Undue reliancehas been placed on the known destruction of the Hamacitadel by the Mongols in A.D. 1401 as a means ofassigning an earlier date to all artifacts found in theuppermost levels at this site. This remains to be proven,however, given the presence of later coins and tokenswhich prove the existence of at least some later material(see below), and the fact that the relevant stratigraphicdetails and architectural remains are as yet stillunpublished. Closer examination also reveals that pipes

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Map Showing the Findspots of Clay Pipes in the Levant

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published from the other above-mentioned sites eitherderive from near the present ground surface or from post-thirteenth/fourteenth century A.D. rubble/fill deposits,and are hence not reliably stratified. Outside 1erusalemthis has only been acknowledged from 1erash in Jordan(Clark, Bowsher, Stewart et al., 1986: PI. XXVII.2, left)and Khan Minya (Hanot Minnim) in Palestine (Stepanski,1988/89). Conversely, it is significant that pipes have notbeen reported from more reliably excavated Ayyiibid-Marnluk sites, such as Tell Abu Gourdan, Heshbon, andTell 1emmeh (Franken & Kalsbeek, 1975; Sauer, 1973;Schaefer, 1989).

in Mytile ne on Lesbos (Humphrey, 1990: 6-8, ligs. 9-10)and sites in northern Iraq and eastern Turkey may havebeen inspired by the shape of opium poppy heads (TimMatney, pers. comm.).

The incorrect earlier attribution of clay pipes to thethirteenth and fourteenth centuries A.D. in the Levantsuggests that some of the associated finds (e.g. ceramics,glass, metalwork) at these sites may also be re-dated tothe Ottoman period. At the Damascus Gate in 1erusalem,for instance, approximately 60% of the excavated ceramicsderived from poorly stratified post-thirteenth centurycontexts marked by a series of levellings, large pits, andstone-robbing trenches (Wightman, 1989: 61, 104). It isunclear if this material is therefore re-deposited fromearlier levels or whether it is indeed later than implied inthe published report. Unfortunately, as the contexts ofthis "post-Crusader" material were not published it is notpossible to suggest an alternative refined dating of theceramics and small finds on the basis of a revisedchronology for the clay pipes (see below). Furthermore,the reported discovery of Ottoman and post-medievalEuropean coins and tokens (let alone items such aseighteenth century Turkish polychrome glazed ceramics)in the excavated areas at the citadel at Hama, the RedTower, and the Damascus Gate in 1erusalem should befurther cause for concern (Hammershaimb, 1969: 164;Thomsen, 1969: 167-68; Meshorer, 1986: 176; Wightman,1989: 96, PI. 239: 3-4; cf. also Pringle et al., 1986: IS7-S8,Fig. 51: 88-90). Thus these frequently cited "Ayylibid-Marnluk" assemblages may in reality contain material ofmixed date. This is particularly clear in the case of KhanMinya, where Iron Age ceramics, musket balls and aneighteenth century coin were found in addition to the claypipes and Ayynbid-Marnlttk-Ottoman ceramics (Stepanski,1988/89). The continuing problem of differentiation ofAyyiibid-Marnluk-Ottoman ceramic coarse wares (letalone glass or metal utility objects) on archaeologicalexcavations and surveys in this region (Falkner, 1989: 89;Schefer, 1989: 46), may therefore be partly due to the fact

More conclusively still, no reliable written or pictorialevidence has been advanced to suggest that any substanceswere being smoked in this region prior to the introductionof tobacco from the New World, via Europe, into theOttoman empire in the opening decade of the seventeenthcentury 1. Indeed, the strong opposition raised during thistime by Muslim religious leaders to Sultan Ahmed I's(1603-1617) official introduction of tobacco and thepractice of smoking, on the alleged - but later recanted -grounds that it was un-Islamic, suggests a fundamentalistresponse to what was perceived as a new thre~t to theestablished social order (Barber, 1989: 83). Thesubsequent adoption of smoking, and the typologicaldevelopment of clay pipes in Greece from types that maybe related to Western European clays to the more familiarmulti-component pipes, has been thoroughly discussed byRobinson (1983, 1985). Smoking did not become popularin this region until almost the end of the seventeenthcentury, but its increase is clearly allied to the growingimportance of the burgeoning local tobacco industry whichbecame an important source of revenue to the Ottomangovernment (Weulersse, 1946: ISO-SI; Wilson, 1906: 21S-17). Prior to this date narcotics were chewed or takenorally in food or drink. However, the subsequent use ofsome clay pipes for the smoking of hashish is indicated bythe residue analysis of some otherwise unpublished pipesin a private collection in 1erusalem (Robinson, 1985: 151,In. 4 )3, while the design of certain forms of clay pipe found

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that some of the best-known and widely-used comparativeassemblages are themselves of mixed date. Clearly,therefore, closer study of ~he clay pipes may in turn helpto :e~<?lve the archaeological problems of chronologicalde~mItlOn o~ results from excavation and surface surveywhl.ch remain a fundamental aid to understanding thesocio-economy of the Near East from the seventeenthcentury onwards.

Pipes from the Damascus Gate in JerusalemThe . place .or places of manufacture of the recentlypublished pipes from the Damascus Gate in Jerusalem isor are unknown. The different clay fabrics that arementio~ed (Wightman, 1989: 73-74) may reflect differentproduction centres however. The existence or scale oft?ese have as yet received virtually no attention in theliterature. Stamped monograms, usually described as"~aker's marks", are largely only found on the bowls ofnineteenth century Ottoman pipes published fromIstanbul, Athens and Corinth (Hayes, 1980; Robinson,1?83, 1985), although they are said to be frequent oneighteenth ~entury pipes from Mytilene (Humphrey, 1990:4-6). Considerable diversity in these marks is illustratedby finds from the above sites: in addition to the names ofcertain individuals or places, other marks consist of briefreligious exhortations or cryptic references to smoking,and others merely contain figural or geometric emblems(Hayes, 1980: 8; Humphrey, 1990: 6; Robinson, 1983: 268,1985: 166). In contrast, simple monograms were identifiedon only two of the pipes from the Damascus Gate, whichmay point to most being eighteenth rather than nineteenthcentury in date (but see below). However, the significanceof th~s~ marks is .unclear in terms of their use in dating,an~ It IS uncertam whether they were favoured by allregional producers.

In .terms .of comparanda to the Damascus Gate pipes,which Wightrnan does not cite, the following tentativecomme~ts may be of some use although very close~ompansons are generally lacking in the availableliterature.

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1. (Wightman, 1989: PI. 63: 22; second example notillustrated). These are not parts of hand-held pipesbut are the filter mouthpieces of water-pipes or"hubble-bubbles" (Arabic narghile); examples havebeen published from archaeological contexts atBeirut (Turquety-Pariset, 1982: 38, Fig. 5: 28) andHama (Poulsen, 1957: 280-81, Fig. 1070), as well asKastelloriso (Wood, 1990: Figs. 8-9). The smokingof these by men and women alike in the Levant atthe beginning of this century has been described byWilson (1906: 127), who also observed that theywere particularly used on ceremonial occasions.They were (and still are) also characteristic of publiccoffee (now tea) houses. It is interesting to note thatsome examples found at Athens were marked inGreek with the maker's name and the place ofmanufacture - Constantinople (Robinson, 1983: 265,fn.4, 1985: 201).(Wightman, 1989: PI. 63: 6). The decoration on thebowl is similar to one published from Corinth(Robinson, 1985: 177, PI. 50 - C31), dated to thesecond half of the eighteenth century.(Wightman, 1989: PI. 63: 10). This is wronglyorientated and described: it is a pipe shank or stem-socket (complete with shank-end) rather than abowl. Similar examples have been seen by thewriter from archaeological sites in northern Iraq (cf.Ajaj, 1987: 300, 313 - No. 30), and have beenpublished from the Agora at Athens, where it wascommented that gadrooned shank-ends such asthese seem to date to the end of the nineteenthcentury or even early twentieth century (Robinson,1983: 281, Taf. 56 - No. 52, 1985: 198, PI. 63 - A26).(Wightman, 1989: PI. 63: 19). A similar shank-end ison a nineteenth century pipe published from Corinth(Robinson, 1985: 187, PI. 56 - C95).

2.

3.

4.

Further detailed comparisons are hampered by the lack oflarger and clearer drawings, individual cataloguedescriptions, or quantification of pieces not illustrated by

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Wightman (1989). In terms of the overall assemblage, atleast regarding the proportion that is illustrated, themajority of the pipe bowls are either rounded or lily-shaped, including some rather squat lily-shaped examples.No true disc-based bowls seem to have been found or,pipes that can be reliably dated as early as the seventeenthcentury. Judging by comparisons with pipes publishedfrom Athens and Istanbul the red-slipped, burnished, lily-shaped bowls from the Damascus Gate probably belong tothe late nineteenth century. However, the morefragmentary pieces of "greenish-grey" pipes (Wightman,1989: PI. 63: 13, 15-16, 19-21) exhibit a wider variety ofdecorative motifs and shank-end styles and possess smallbore diameters, suggesting that they may represent awider date-range perhaps extending into the eighteenthcentury.

objects and datable Ottoman militaria.

ConclusionIt is unfortunate that a closer dating than this for the pipesfrom the Damascus Gate in Jerusalem is not possible onstratigraphic grounds and that the few comparativeexamples are themselves generally poorly stratified.Furt.her published corpora are therefore needed,particularly from short-lived and/or well stratified anddated archaeological contexts within Syro-Palestine, toclarify the dating of Ottoman and post-Ottoman pipesfrom this region. In view of Wightman's (1989) welcomepublication, it would now be especially important to see afinal publication of the contents of the rock-cut tombexcavated at Ras ed-Dabdus (Ketef Hinnom),immediately west of Old Jerusalem. When this tomb wasexcavated it was found to have been re-used in thenineteenth century as an Ottoman arms and ammunitionstore a.nd still contained a number of clay pipes along withpotentially d~table Ottoman army insignia, buttons, liverybeads,. and firearms (Barkay, 1986). Similarly, profitableattention could be focussed in future on the stratigraphic~xcavation of historically dated Ottoman forts, forInstance on the Darh al-Hajj between Damascus and~ecca (Petersen, 1989), which could yield potentiallyImportant associations of clay pipes with local utilitarian

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Footnotes1. Written stories such as 'The Broken Pipe of Saladin'

are apocryphal and reflect later embroidery oftraditional tales (Robinson, 1985: 153, fn. 15).

2. I would like to express my thanks here to Susan Gillfor pointing this reference out to me.

3. Normally the remaining residue in clay pipes seemsto be too carbonised to allow analyticaldifferentiation between tobacco and othersubstances.

4. The final report is in preparation by Mr. TimMatney on one group of these pipes, excavated atKhirbet Deir Situn in the Saddam Dam SalvageProject and near the Tigris north of Mosul, in Iraq,by a British Museum expedition directed by Or.John Curtis.

BibliographyAjaj, M. 1987The Pipe and its Sorts "field study" [sic!] Researches on theAntiquities of Saddam Dam Basin SaLvage and OtherResearches, 281-313 (Arabic section). Baghdad: StateOrganisation of Antiquities & Heritage.

Barber, N. 1989 (repr)Lords of the Golden Horn.Magnificent to Kamal Ataturk.Limited.

From Suleiman theLondon: Arrow Books

Barkay, G.Ketef Hinnom.Jerusalem: TheSummer 1986.

1986A Treasure Facing Jerusalem's Walls.Israel Museum, Catalogue No. 274,

Ben-Tor, A. & Rosenthal, R. 1978The First Season of Excavations at Tel Yoqne'arn, 1977.Preliminary Report. Israel Exploration Journal, 28, 57-82.

Bernus Taylor, M. 1981The Islamic glazed pottery. The River Qoueiq, NorthernSyria, & its Catchment. Studies arising from the TellRifa'at Survey 1977-79, Volume 2, 473-98 (ed. Matthers,J.). Oxford: BAR International Series 98; two volumes.

Clark, V.A., Bowsher, J.M.C., Stewart, J.D. et al. 1986The Jerash North Theatre. Architecture andArchaeology. 1982-1983. Ierasn Archaeological Project.1981-1983. I, 205-302 (ed. Zayadine, F.). Amman: TheDepartment of Antiquities, Jordan.

Mesorer, Y. 1986Coins. The Red Tower (al-Burj al-Ahmar). Settlement inthe Plain of Sharon at the Time of the Crusaders andMamluks A.D. 1099 - 1516, 175-76 (Pringle, D. et al).London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem;B.S.AJ. Monograph Series I.

Petersen, A. 1989Early Ottoman Ports on the Darb al-Hajj. Levant, 21, 97-117.

Falkner, R 1989The Pottery. The Faris Project: Preliminary Report uponthe 1986 and 1988 Seasons (Johns, J., McQuitty, A.,Falkner, R et al.), 86-89, Figs. 23-27. Levant, 21,63-95.

Franken, HJ. & Kalsbeek, J. 1975Potters of a medieval village in the Jordan valley.Excavations at Tell deir 'Alla: a medieval tell, Tell AbuGourdan, Jordan. Amsterdam/Oxford: North-HollandPublishing Company.

Hammershaimb, E. 1969Les monnaies. Hamafouilles et recherches 1931-1938. IV3

Les petits objects medievaux sauf les verreries et poteries,142-71 (Ploug, G. et al.). Copenhagen: NationalmuseetsSkrifter.

Poulsen, V. 1957Les poteries. Hama fouilles et recherches 1931 - 1938. IV2

Les verreries et poteries rnedievales, 117-283 (Riis, PJ. &Poulsen, V. et al.). Copenhagen: NationalmuseetsSkrifter.

Pringle, D. et al. 1986The Red Tower (al-Burj al-Ahmar). Settlement in thePlain of Sharon at the Time of the Crusaders andMamluks. A.D. 1099 - 1516. London: British School ofArchaeology in Jerusalem; B.S.A.J. Monograph Series I.

Robinson, RC.W. 1983Clay Tobacco Pipes from the Kerameikos. Mitteilungendes Deutschen Archiiologischen Instituts (AthenischeAbteilung), 98, 265-84, Taf. 52-56.

Hayes, J.W. 1980Turkish Clay Pipes: A Provisional Typology. TheArchaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe. IV. Europe, 3-10(ed. Davey, P.). Oxford: BAR International Series 92.

Humphrey, J.W. 1990The. Turkish clay smoking pipes of Mytilene. SCPR 26,April, 2-9.

1985Tobacco Pipes of Corinth and of the Athenian Agora.Hesperia, 54, 149-203, PI. 33-64.

Sarre, F. 1925Die Kleinfunde. Baalbek. Ergebnisse der ausgrabungenund untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898 bis 1905. Dritterband, 113-41 (Kohl, H., Krencker, D., Reuther, 0., Sarre,F., Sobernmeim, M.). Berlin/Leipzig: Waiter de Gruyter& Co.

14 15

Sauer,J.A. 1973Heslibon pottery 1971. A preliminary report on the potteryfrom the 1971 excavations at Tell Hesban. BerrienSprings, Michigan: Andrews University Press, UniversityMonographs Volume VII.

Schaefer, J. 1989Archaeological Remains from the Medieval IslamicOccupation of the Northwest Negev Desert. B.A.S.O.R.,274, May, 33-60.

Stepanski, Y. 1988/89Hanot Minnim (Khan Minya). Excavations and Surveys inIsrael 1988/89, Volumes 7-8, 73-75.

ERRATUM

In S1. John Simpson's article in SCPR 27, A BriefIntroduction to Ottoman Clay Pipes, Footnote 1 shouldconclude with the line: 'Two ceramic pipe mouthpieceswere also found at this site (Bakirer, 1980, 197; notillustrated), .

BIRMINGHAM POLITICAL UNION PIPES

Thomsen, R. 1969Monnaies Non Islamiques provenant de trouvfillesIsolees. Hama fouilles et recherches 1931 - 1938. IV Lespetits objets medievaux sauf les verreries et poteries, 165-71 (Ploug, G. et al.). Copenhagen: NationalmuseetsSkrifter.

Recent work on pipes from the Birmingham area hasbrought together a distinctive series of decorated bowlsbearing the political slogans 'UNION' and 'REFORM'and dating to the 1830s.

Turquety-Pariset, F. 1982Fouille de la municipalite de Beyrouth (1977): les objets.Syria, 59, 27-76.

This series of pipes can be associated with theBirmingham Political Union of 1830-1839 and form a localgroup that correspond to the 'slavery' pipes produced inLincolnshire in the nineteenth century in illustratingpopular support for a political movement.

VVeulersee,J. 1946Paysans de Syrie et du Proche-Orient. Paris: Gallimard;sixth edition.

The Birmingham Political Union was formed at a publicmeeting held at Beardsworth's Horse and CarriageRepository on 25 January 1830, its aims being currencyand political reform. The founding members were mainlyHigh Tories but within the society political backgroundsranged from Whigs to Radical Tories. The society was toplay a prominent part in the national processesculminating in the Great Reform Bill of 1832 and thegrowth of the Chartist Movement.

Wightman, G.J. 1989The Damascus Gate, Jerusalem. Excavations by C.-M.Bennett and J.B. Hennessy at the Damascus Gate,Jerusalem, 1964-66. Oxford: BAR International Series519.

Wilson, Rev. c.r. 1906Peasant Life in the Holy Land. London: J. Murray.

With the Radicals speaking on behalf of the shopkeepersand labouring classes the society grew in number, largelydue to an active involvement in local issues, and by thefollowing January enrolment had increased to 9000.

Wood, J. 1990Pipes from the island of Kastelloriso. SCPR 25, January,8-9.

St. John Simpson

Following the passing of the Great Reform Bill in 1832the society waned, folding in 1834. It was revived in 1837

1716

household accounts, but the most interesting andimportant item found in the Wiltshire inventories was onewhich not only gives the value of pipes but goes evenfurther and states who made them.

The inventory concerned] is that of Elizabeth Read ofSalisbury, grocer, dated 4 February 1676/7 and it states:

AN EARTHENWARE PIPE FROM THE AEGEAN

This pipe was found lying in the shallow water of a reefjust off Alonnisos in the Aegean (Fig. 9). Its surface isvery abraded and extensively covered with marine growthsand deposits. This makes it impossible to determine theoriginal surface finish although it was almost certainly of aplain, smooth nature. There is no trace of any decorationor maker's mark. The fabric is a light pinkish colour,typical of many types of ceramics found in theMediterranean. Erosion of the surface has exposed somereddish inclusions, generally no more than 0.5 mm across,and fine black and white grits. The body is well firedgiving a hard fabric suitable for the thin bowl walls.

4 grose of Gantlute pipsMarsh pips I grose If!

2 Grose pips

1-12-00- 3-60- 1-6

These prices impressively corroborate the contemporarydescription by John Aubrey of the Gauntlett family'sproducts being 'the best tobacco pipes in England' (inNatural History of Wiltshire ... Arts: Liberal! andMechanik'). The GauntIett pipes work out at eightshillings per gross, nearly three and a half times as muchas the two shillings and four pence per gross for those oftheir apparent rivals, the Marsh family of Lockerly,~ampshirei The will of Will~a~ Marsh of Lockerly,pipernaker", dated 1689 was exhibited by Karen Parker atthe Hampshire County Record Office during the 1987sePR conference, along {ith the inventory of an earliermaker of the same name and location dated 1674. Thethird category of pipes in the inventory were probablylower quality unburnished examples, which work out atonly a tenth of the price of the Gauntlett pipes.

AcknowledgementsI wish to thank Ken Rogers, Wiltshire County Archivist,for the loan of the many microfilms of Wiltshire wills andinventories, and the staff of the Bath Reference Libraryfor their many trips up and down the stairs in order that Icould use the only microfilm reader in Bath capable oftaking up the reels. Without their combined assistance mytask would have taken many years longer than theeventual period of eighteen months.

Referencesl. Will/Sub Dean Sarurn/Elizabeth Read/1676/14.

? 16W) A O~5/ 1-2.

1()74 A 079/1-2. Marek Lewcun

24

9

The pipe was presumably mould made although no traceof any seams survive. The bowl and stem cavities appearto have been made in the usual manner using two stopperswith a pierced connection between them (seereconstructed section). This supports the idea that thepipe was of a 'mass produced' type rather than being a'one off when the use of special tools would not beexpected. The bowl cavity is, by northern Europeanstandards, particularly large with the result that the upperwalls become very thin, especially where the carinationoccurs. At some points they are less than 1 mm thick.

production centres for these everyday objects. Given thedifferent forms and fabrics noted for the seventeenthcentury pipes by Hayes and Humphrey it is unlikely to beparticularly early in date although, judging by the examplepublished by Walker, the form was certainly current by1696. It is considered that this example is most likely tobe of eighteenth century date.

I am most grateful to Denis Moore of York for bringingthis pipe to my attention.

So far as the author is aware very little has been writtenon the pipes from this part of the world. Somewhatsurprisingly the published type series of Ottoman pipesfrom Istanbul1 does not include any very close parallelsfor this form. The nearest type is XXII which is dated topost 1850. The early pipes in this type series, seventeenthto early eighteenth century in date, are noted as being of adifferent fabric, light grey in colour. Likewise, theKastelloris02 finds are all decorated in some way and donot include any close parallels for this form. However,Walker3 illustrates a similar example from a wreck at BayBulls in Newfoundland. The wreck is thought to be that ofHMS Sapphire which sank in 1696. Finds from the shipincluded Spanish and Mediterranean ceramics and part ofanother pipe which could well be Ottoman. The bestparallels appear to be in Humphrey's recent note on pipesfrom Mytilene". He also notes a change from the use ofgreyish-white clay in the seventeenth century to reddish-brown clay in the eighteenth century. His form 5,although always decorated underneath at Mytilene, isquite close in general proportions to the example fromAlonnisos.

References1. Hayes, J.W. (1980) 'Turkish clay pipes: a provisional

typology' in The Archaeology of the Clay TobaccoPipe IV, British Archaeological Reports,International Series 92, Oxford, 3-10.

2. Wood, J. (1990) 'Pipes from the Island ofKastelloriso', SCPR 25,8-9.

3. Walker, LC (1980) 'The Central European originsof the Bethabara, North Carolina, clay tobacco-pipeindustry' in The Archaeology of the Clay TobaccoPipe IV, British Archaeological Reports,International Series 92, Oxford, 11-69.

4. Humphrey, 1.W. (1990) 'The Turkish clay smokingpipes of Mytilene', SCPR 26,2-9.

David Higgins

Given the very limited range of parallels it would beunwise to reach any firm conclusions about this pipe.However, the general form suggests a Mediterraneanorigin and there is no reason why it should not be anOttoman pipe either produced locally or imported fromthe mainland. There would, presumably, have been many

26

It

THE 'CONFERENCE FOR RESEARCHINTO CLAY PIPES'

HELD AT HOHR-GRENZHAUSEN, GERMANY

Thirty seven delegates from Sweden, Holland and the twoGermanies attended the conference at Hohr-Grenzhausenon 28 and 29 April 1990.

The meeting began on Saturday with a welcome fromMartin Kugler and a representative of the town who hadhelped to organise the event. The party then travelled to

27

NEWS IJEr-!,rl'Elt

30

Aprill99l

A PIPE-BOWL FROM SIWA OASIS (EGYPT)AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR

OTTOMAN PIPE STUDIES QJd!ID)I I

The pipe-bo~l illustrated here (Fig. 3) is a type that isrepr~sented m the ~ear East by a single examplepubhshed from t.he citadel at Hama in Syria (Poulsen,1957: ~80-81, FIg. 1072). Its date and origins areuncertain. However, another example is said to have beenfound in S~wa oasis, in what is now the Egyptian Western~esert (Cline, 1929: see below). The circumstances of itsdiscovery are rather interesting, hence the original note isquoted here in full:

3"on the last evening of my last visit to Siwa oasis inthe Libyan Desert Captain G.M. Hillier showed 'mea small clay pipe-bowl (Fig. 1) which had beensold to him by a Siwan. The Siwan claimed tohav~ found it on the borders of the Oasis, near theancient tombs, and regarded it as a common typeof the ."antika": Captain Hillier has often seensuch pipe-bowls used by the local Bedawin, whosay th~t they never make them themselves, but findthem If! the Siwa depression. When we questionedtwo Siwans who happened to be with us theyin,dependently gave us the same account oj thesepipe-bowls; recognizing the clay as similar to aSiwan variety, but admitting that the workmanshipfar excelled that of any modem Siwan potter.

'The paste is an even dark brown, very hard andsmooth. The bowl and adjacent clayportion of the~tem a~eabout 10 inches in length. The bowl is 1/4

Inch high; flat on the bottom of the interior; andd~corated on the sides and bottom of the exteriorwith heavy vertical corrugations, and in the centreof the outside bottom, to which these corrugationslead, by a small rosette, reminiscent of the rosette

stamped on modem Moroccan leather and Tripolisilverware. A swelling about 1/3 inch broadsurrounds the stem at 3/4 inch from the bowl; itssummit and borders decorated with bands ofgeometric ornament, as shown in the figure. Thesedesigns may have been stamped rather thanincised.

''Anyone who can identify this type of pipe-bowlwould greatly oblige me by writing."

Over sixty years later, a few comments are now possibleon this pipe-bowl. Firstly, although it is similar to onebowl from Hama (see above), the distinctive overallprofile and bowl shape are not otherwise paralleled bypublished examples from the Near East and an originelsewhere is possible.'. Secondly, the decoration on theshank-end also appears to be unusual: it was presumablyexecuted using a pattern-wheel roulette - rather than atrue stamp; incidentally, the former tool was also used todecorate certain 'Late Islamic' (i.e. probably Ottoman)pottery in northern Iraq. However, the vertical ribbing

10 11

(gadrooning) on the bowl is a feature found on Ottomanpipes (references given in SCPR 29, p.33). Furthermore,the single stamped rosette on the bottom (exterior) of thebowl is a type of mark also found on Ottoman pipes, forinstance from Athens (Robinson, 1985: 199, PI.63 - A 29).Cline's (1929) comparison of this feature with certainNorth African leatherwork and silverware is interesting inthat it hints at the possible inter-relationships betweencraftsmen working with different materials, which havealso been commented on by Robinson (1983: 266)2.

patterns of artifact use and discard. Finally, closer studyof the documentary - as well as archaeological - evidencefor the 9ttoman pipe-producing centres themselves is nowoverdue.

It is the manner of discovery of this pipe-bowl from theSiwa oasis that is its most interesting feature, however. Ifthe report is accurate, it implies that the final findspots ofcertain pipe-bowls may be of little relevance to theirplaces of origin or primary use, thus complicating their useas chronological tools and distorting distribution mapsbased on findspots. This is obviously a problem thatessentially reflects the general robusticity of this sort ofpipe-bowl originally equipped with detachable woodenstems3.

Footnotes1. The original published drawing - from which Fig. 1 is

re-drawn - clearly indicates a levelled off bowl rim:published Ottoman examples, however, usually havea more rounded bowl topped with a roughlycylindrical upper portion (or 'chimney') (e.g. efRobinson, 1983: 274, Taf. 52 - No. 7). The possibilitythat this upper part broke off the Siwa pipe and theremaining portion of the bowl was re-chipped andground down when the bowl was re-used cannot beexcluded.

2. A note explaining the relationship between Ottomanpotters, pipemakers and other craftsmen will appearin a future SCPR.

However, this may prove to be a problem that is onlyreally significant in the cases of sites or regions that arerelatively distant from pipe-producing centres. It may beargued that as pipe-bowls were more readily available -hence presumably cheaper - in the latter, they may havebeen more indiscriminately discarded here than in, forinstance, rural areas such as the Siwa oasis. If thishypothesis is correct, then one would expect Ottomanpipe-bowls to be both potentially most abundant and mostclosely datable at (or near) their places of manufacture;conversely, rural or nomadic .lites may produce sparserand less reliable assemblages. Clearly, therefore, notonly is there a need for more published groups ofOttoman pipes but there needs to be carefuldiscrimination between different categories of Ottoman-period sites which may in turn be subject to different

3. An unusual reference to the actual breakage of thissort of pipe-bowl is given by Lady Drower (1941:123): they were probably usually discarded for otherreasons, i.e. when slightly chipped or cracked, orwhen they had become particularly stained throughheavy use.

4. Fragmentary pipe-bowls occasionally reported asstray finds on archaeological surface surveys in theNear East probably largely derive from transientoccupation, shepherds or farmers, etc. (e.g. cf.Wilkinson et al., 1990: 133, 245-47, Fig. B.16: 52). Inthe case of Wadi Qash, running from the Nile valleyto the Red Sea, they provide archaeological evidencefor the use of this ancient caravan routeway withinthe last three hundred years (Bell, Johnson &Whitcomb, 1984: 44-45, Fig. 17. j-k). (I am verygrateful to Mr. Tony Wilkinson and Or. OonaldWhitcornb for these respective references).

12 1.3

BibliographyBell, L., Johnson, J.H., & Whitcomb, D. 1984The Eastern Desert of Upper Egypt: Routes andInscriptionsJournal of Near Eastern Studies, 43: 1,27-46.

TRADE WAR!

The following story comes from The Free Press ofWexford, Ireland, dated 16 December 1966:

Cline, W., 1929An Antique Pipe-bowl from the Siwa Desert OasisDepressionMan, 29 (November: Article 149), 194.

Drower, E.S. 1941Peacock Angel. Being some Account of Votaries of a SecretCult and their Sanctuaries. London: J. Murray.

Poulsen, V. 1957Let poteries. Hama. Fouilles et Recherches 1931 - 1938.IV Les verreries et poteries medievales (Riis, PJ., Poulsen,V. et al.), 117-283. Copenhague: NationalmuseetsSkrifter.

In the middle of the eighteenth century a pipe factory wasestablished in Flanders and a high tariff was imposed onimports to protect the home trade. The Dutch found itimpossible to compete as the duties on pipes going intoBelgium when added to the cost of their manufacture inHolland, plus the cost of transport, forced the pricebeyond the price at which the Flander's pipes could besold in Belgium.The Dutchmen adopted an extraordinary plan to defeatthe Flander's opposition. They loaded a large ship withtobacco-pipes, made up in the usual big crates for export,and set sail to Ostend. At that port they purposelywrecked the ship. In accordance with the Maritime Lawsof Ostend, the pipes were landed from the wreck and soldat very cheap prices. This cheap supply flooded theBelgian markets, and the pipes in the Flanders factorywere left on its hands so long that it was forced to closedown, and it was never re-opened. It was surely an oddincident in the history of international trade rivalry.

Robinson, R.C.W. 1983Clay Tobacco Pipes from the KerameikosMitt. des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts (AthenischeAbteilung), 98, 265-85, Taf. 52-56.

--- 1985Tobacco Pipes of Corinth and the Athenian AgoraHesperia, 54, 149-203, PIs. 33-64.

Can anyone in Holland or Belgium verify the truth of thisstory?

Joe NortonWilkinson, T.J. et al.Town and country in southeastern Anatolia. Vol. I:Settlement and Land Use at Kurban Hoyiik and Other Sitesin the Lower Karababa Basin.Chicago: Univ. of Chicago; Oriental Inst. Publications,volume 109.

St. J. Simpson

14 15

SheffieldBarrick, George, 167 Portobello StreetCrake, Thomas, 9 SmithfieldDee, Joseph, Little Pond StreetEratt, William, 11 SmithfieldHeath, Joseph, 3 Court, Bailey StreetSpurr, Charles, Granville Street, ParkTrueman, William, 11 Lambert StreetVaughan, John, Grimesthorpe

A STONE PIPE FROM THE WRECKOF H.M.S. PANDORA

WakefieldWaIter, lames, Alverthorpe

H.M.S. Pandor a was wrecked off the coast of Australia in1791. Among the finds recovered by Dr. R. Coleman ofthe Queensland Cultural Centre is a stone pipe of "stub-stemmed" type apparently made from a volcanic stone.The pipe is 40mm long and 33mm high (Figs. 4 & 5). Thevessel called at Tenerife and Rio on her last journey to thePacific. Any suggestions as to the source of this pipe?

Peter Davey

WhitbyHilton, Frederick, Marine PromenadeHiIton, Richard, Baxter Gate

Ron Dagnall

YarmKitching, lamesMarshall, WilliamRow, Harrison

YorkLazenby, John, 37 Gilly GateMason, George, 19 Monk GateOldridge, William, Barker HillShaftoe, Hy, Moon's Yard, Walmgate

I am indebted to Heil Hudson for providing this extractfrom the original in his possession.

4

22

5

A SEVENTEENTH CENTURY IMPORTED PIPEFROM SANDWELL PRIORY

t

\iII

6

The pipe is made from a hard fired, fine clay, with aslightly abrasive feel. Under a lens only very fine grits andsparse scatter of mica fragments are visible. The core ofthe pipe, perhaps partly discoloured by smoking, is agreyish brown while the surface is a light buff brown. Thepipe has been formed in a two piece mould with boldrelief decoration. This is fairly crudely executed, thefeatures having poorly defined edges. The survivingportion of the pipe suggests that the decoration wouldhave been the same on both sides. The mould seams haveheen trimmed and the end, where a detachable stemwould have heen fitted, smoothed.

24

So far as is known this is a unique find from this country.There are no seventeenth century parallels for thisparticular form, decoration or fabric. The most similarexamples so far noted have been excavated at Breisach inthe south-west of Germany. The excavations there haveproduced two examples which are of a similar generalform (Duco & Schmaedecke, 1988, figs. 3.6 & 3.8). Theseare both bowls with detachable stems, although not quiteof the same form as the Sandwell example. They havestylized flower and foliage designs on the bowl and areboth dated to the second half of the seventeenth century.Both are listed as German although the majority of theother pipes, which also appear to be of local manufacture,are of the more usual nothern European type.

The recent excavations at Sandwell Priory in the WestMidlands have produced an imported clay tobacco pipefragment of unusual form (Fig. 6). The pipe, SV2/112319, came from a floor or yard surface which was sealedby a new hall complex, completed in 1710. The only otherpipe from the context was a plain seventeenth centurystem fragment of typical local form. These fragments aremost likely to date from the second half of the seventeenthcentury, when the site was owned by the Whorwoodfamily.

In general, bowls with detachable stems were used southof the Alps and it seems likely that the German exampleswere either influenced by or imported from that direction.Until better parallels are found the Sandwell pipe can onlybe described as an imported pipe, possibly of German orsouthern European origin.

25

Any information regarding parallels for this piece, or anycomments on it, would be most welcome. My thanks toMike Hodder, the Sandwell Borough Archaeologist, forpermission to publish this piece.

POINTS ARISING ..•

Upon that the wife took up a poker, which she h.el~up in a defiant manner and threatened to use u ifthe prisoner interfered with the house. Heattempted to get the poker from her and rushedtowards her, having at the time, a clay pipe in hishand. It was alleged that he pushed the stem ofthe pipe up the deceased woman's nose, causing itto bleed profusely and produced internal injuries ofthe brain, which resulted in death. For the defenceit was submitted that the occurence was anaccident the pipe having entered the woman'snostrils whilst the prisoner was grabbing at thepoker. Guilty. Sentence deferred.

The York Herald, Tuesday 3rd February 1880

BibliographyDuco, D. & Schmaedecke, M. (1988) 'Tonpfeifenfundeaus der Grabung Kapuzinergasse in Breisach am Rhein',in, Fundberichte aus Baden- Wiattemberg, Stuttgart, 777-795.

David Higgins

MANSLAUGHTER AT LEEDS

SINGULAR CHARGE OF MANSLAUGHTER

Richard Gawkrodger (31) millers carman, havingbeen found guilty of the manslaughter of Harriet,his wife, in Leeds on December 9th 1879 undercircumstances already reported. His Lordship saidhe acquitted the prisoner of intent to cause thedeath of the woman, or to permanently injure her.He had, however, been guilty of a brutal, cruel andcowardly assault and would be sentenced to 21months imprisonment to hard labour.

John Andrews writes:In answer to Joe Norton's enquiry regarding the claytobacco pipe 'murder' in SCPR 29 I have looked up thecase in the York newspapers and found the followinginformation:

Richard Gawkrodger (31) miller's carrier, wasindicted for the manslaughter of his wife at Leedson December 9th 1879. Mr Ellis prosecuted; MrLockwood defended the prisoner. The facts of thecase were peculiar. The prisoner lived at TempleCourt, Leeds, and it was alleged that on the nightin question he went home drunk about eleveno 'clock. He had a quarrel with the deceasedwoman concerning a female, for whom heexpressed his attachment in unmeasured terms,and said that unless size allowed him to live withher he would calf in a broker and self the furniture.

26

The York Herald, Thursday, 5th February 1880

On the theme of death by clay pipe, Peter Tengnagel hassent the following illustration. No further comment isneeded!

27