OTOMOTİV UYGULAMALARIND

A OPTİK İNCE FİLMLER

Berk Ş. DEMİRELMeta. Mal. Müh.

506041405

İÇERİK

• Düz Cama Giriş

• Float Cam Kaplamalrı & Uygulamalar

• Float Cam Kaplama Prosesleri

Düz Cama Giriş

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Mechanism of Light Absorbed by the The Mechanism of Light Absorbed by the MaterialMaterial

Float Cam Kaplamaları

& Uygulamalar

Float Cam;

Dış cephe kaplamaları ve otomobil camı uygulamalarında...

Float cam üretimi,“floating:yüzdürme" erimiş camın, erimiş kalay banyosu üstünde yüzdürülmesine dayanır.

Bu prosesle üretilmiş camların yüzeyleri birbirine ola bildiğince paralel ve üretim yünteminin tamamı yüzey hatalarının oluşumundan bağımsız. 

Optik özellikleri değiştirmek için :

Transmission, Reflection, Absorption, Scattering

Termal izolasyon katmak için :

“U değeri”

Estetik özellik kazandırmak için :

Yansıyan renk ve Parlaklık

Yeni özellikler kazandırmak için:

Elektrik iletkenliği, Termal iletkenlik, Hydrophylic,

hydrophobic, photocatalytic, antistatik, low-e, güneş kontrolü

Yüzey dayanıklığı kazandırmak :

Kimyasal, fiziksel

Neden Kaplıyoruz

Fonksiyonel Sınıflandırma– Solar Kontrol (Güneş Kontrol) Kaplamalar– Heat Kontrol (Isı Kontrol) Kaplamaları– Solar & heat Kontrol multifonksiyonel Kaplamalar

– Değişik maksatlı Kaplamalar

Optik Özellik Olarak Sınıflandırma– Reflective Kaplamalar– Nötral Kaplamalar– Non-reflective(Yansıtmayan:AR) Kaplamalar

Fonksiyonel Camların Çeşitleri ve Kullanım Analnaları

Photocathalytic Cam

Solar Kontrol Cam

Buzlanmaya Karşı Cam

AR Yan Camlar

www.bmw.com

Akıllı Camların Optik Özellikleri

Geçirgenlik Geçirgenlik %T YansıtmaYansıtma %R SaoğurmaSaoğurma %A Saçılma Saçılma %S

%T +%R+%A+%S = 1

Güneş Radyasyonunun Spektral Analizi

Görinmeyen ultraviole (UV) Güneş Enerjisinin % 1

Görünür Işık Güneş Enerjisinin % 53

Görünmeyen Yakın Kızılötesi (NIR) Güneş Enerjisinin % 46

Güneş enerjisinin yarısı görünür ve diğer yarısı görünmeyen ışındır. Bu bölümlerin ikiside radyasyon ısısı taşıyaçak özelliğe sahiptir.

PARRY MOON EĞREİSİ

Wave lenghts in nanometers

Ra

dia

tio

n i

nte

ns

ity

(W

/m²n

m)

Float Cam (Kaplamasız)

Görüünür bölgede YÜKSEK ışık geçirgenliği, DÜŞÜK yansıtma !

Camın yasıma indeksi: n=1.52

MgF2: n= 1.23 Kalınlık = 110 nm, λ = 0.55 μm

Tek katlı AR filmler, genelde tek bir dalga boyunda(görünür bölgenin orta kısmı) anti raflekte özellik sağlarlar.

Çok katlı filmler, Toplam görünür spectrum için daha iyi sonuçlar vermektedir.

AR İnce Filmler

UV Vis NIR IR%T

Çok katlı AR ince film

Cam Altlık üzerine tek kat MgF2 ince film

Applications of AR Glasses

Computer Screens

Normal Glass AR Glass

Frames

Low trasmisssion in the UV values

Shopwindow, houses;

To keep the color of curtain, carpet etc.

To protect eyes from UV rays (eye glasses)

UV Vis NIR IR%T

UV Control Glasses

Reflection of Heat by low-E coatings

Low-E heat control coating normally on surface no 2 ;& also in cold climates on surface no 3

Note:

70 % of household heat escapes through windows by radiation.

30 % of household heat escapes through windows by conduction

1 2

3 4

Exterior Interior

1. Solar energy penetrates inside without much obstruction increasing the passive solar gains.

2. Long wave heat energy is generated inside by the heaters, household activities, sunlit carpets, furniture, etc.

3. Long wave radiant heat energy is reflected back to the interior sources lowering the U values by 36 % and thus increasing the heat insulation value.

Low-E Coated Glass

HEAT INSULATION

U value

The effectiveness of heat insulation is expressed in terms of U (or k)

values which are defined in W/m²K unit.

U values indicate the amount of energy in watts which passes

from the warmer side to the cooler side in one second through 1 m²

of building element when there is a difference of 10 Kelvin (or

Centigrade) between two adjacent sides.

Therefore lower U (or k)= W/m²K values indicate better heat

insulation and lower energy needs for heating.

T + R + A =1Wavelenght > 2500nm : T= 0

R + A = 1A = 1 – R = e

What do we use for coating

- Single layer or multi layer - Metal or Metal compounds.

P, O, N, B... Compounds

Architectural Glass Automotive Glass

Architectural glass is highly transparentand generally neutral in color with varioustinted solar control combinations.

The automotive industry needs highlytransparent bendable glass but also solarcontrol glass, mirrors and defrostinglayersLow-e coating Solar Control Coating

•Sn •Ag•Zn •NiCr•Bi•Ti

•Sn •Cr•Zn•Bi •Au•Ti

•Sn•Cr•Ti•ZnSn•In2O2/SnO2

•InSn

Thickness of thin films : Angstrom, 2000 A – 3000 A ( 1Angstrom =10Thickness of thin films : Angstrom, 2000 A – 3000 A ( 1Angstrom =10 --

11nm=10 nm=10 -7-7 mm = 10 mm = 10-10-10 m) m)

Materials and Properties SiO2 - Low index material, very low absorption in the UV, visible and infrared

TiO2 - High index material, very low absorption in the visible and infrared

Ta2O5 - High index material, very low absorption in the visible and extended transmission (down to 400 nm)

HfO2 - High index material, particularly suited to UV filters

ITO - Transparent conducting oxide

Cr, Co and Ferrooxides – Absorp the visible and IR lights

Ag - Reflects visible light

MgF2 - Low index coating material, used for anti-reflection and multilayer coatings

SnO2 - Max transmittance in the visible region. highly durable for salt spray, sulfur dioxide

Standard Materials used in Glass Coating

Smart Glasses

Photochromic glasses can be changed by light.

Thermochromic glasses can be changed by temperature.

Electrochromic glasses can be changed by electrical flow.

Gaschromic glasses can be changed by gas appliance.

The optical properties of;

Automotive Applications

Front window: AR,electrochromic,hydrophobic, photocatalytic

Side and rear windows : AR, Solar control

Rearview mirror : electrochromic

Side mirror : Defrosting, hydrophylic

Sunroof: Solar control– Electrochromic

• High T at “Visible light”• Low “Total Sun Energy” transmission.• Low diffusion• Low R• Natural view

Solar Control Glasses and Multi Functional Glasses

g

interior

qo

e

qi

Tee

exterior

1 2 3 4

surfaces

Total incident solar energy between wave

lenghts 300-2500, % 100

e Reflection out

e Absorbtion

qo Absorbed solar energy “cooling” outward

qi Absorbed solar energy “cooling” inward

Te Direct solar transmittance

g Total solar transmittance (solar factor)

• Energy saving for both heating and

cooling• Natural view• Energy saving for illumination

Synergy of Two Coatings

1. Absorbed portion of the solar energy heats the outer glass which in turn emits far infra-red long wave energy.

2. This long wave energy is reflected to the outside by the low-E heat control coating which is normally transparent to shortwave radiation .

3. The same low-E coating rejects and reflects the long wave household energy back to the inside.

Interior

Surface no 3 low E coating

1 2 3 4

Exterior

Surface no 2 solar coatingLow-E heat control coatings in combination with solar control coatings are also helpful in upgrading the overall solar control capabilities of the unit.

Role of Functional Coatings on Climate Control

Standard reflective solar coatings:

•Obstructs solar energy whether visible or non visible;

•Indifferent to escaping household heat

Low-E heat control coatings:

•Allows passage of solar energy to the interior;

•Obstructs outging far infrared household heat;

Passive solar gains acquired in this manner may be problematic in summer.

Reflective solar control+Low-E heat control:

•First coating obstructs solar energy

•While the second obstructs the household heat thus providing a multifunctional solution

Special Low-e multifunctional coatings:

Solar control and heat control in one coating

•Allows visible energy spectrum (light)

•Obstructs non-visible solar energy (near infrared)

•Obstructs outgoing far infrared household heat

Visible solar energy (daylight 380-780nm)

Non visible solar energy (near infrared 780-2200 nm)

Electrochromic İne Fİlmler

• Tungsten-Vanadium Oxide• Cerium-Titanium Oxide • Tungsten Oxide • Lithium Nickel Oxide... vs

Float Cam Kaplama Prosesleri

DC sputtering yönteminin şematik görünümü

Magnetron sputtering sistemlerinin şematik görünümleri

Şişecam`ın kaplama hattı

Kaplama için Targetlar

Tek parça NiCr Rotatable target (C-Mag)

Çok parça SISPA®

Off-Line(Hat Dışı) kaplama Sistemi

Yükleme

Tampon bölge

Yıkama-Kurutma

Giriş Tüneli

Kaplama Odası

Çıkış Tüneli

Transfer Odası Transfer Odası

Kontrol

Tampon bölge

Boşaltma

Katotlar

SnSnAgNiCr

PPG SOLARBAN® 60PPG SOLARBAN® 60

includes two thin films of silver surrounded by thin metal oxide layers, including titanium, zinc oxide and zinc stannate

The enhanced performance of coated glass is due to two thin layers of silver, which are highly reflective in the infrared (IR)

Silver also reflects visible light, it is combined with other layers that act as anti-reflectors, such as zinc stannate and zinc oxide, among others.

The metal oxide films "anti-reflect" the metallic silver, resulting in a neutral color with low visible reflectance and high visible light transmittance

10 thin layers that measure only 1,500 Angstroms

Sıvı faz pirolitik kaplamaÇözelti spreyleme

Cam: 5800C

On line Proses :

Sıvı Faz “pyrloytic coating“

Cam; 5800 C

CVD Prosesi

Schematic view of online coating reactor used to deposit fluorine-doped tin oxide.

Glass is a durable, pyrolytically deposited coating. (Line - in)

It includes a thin layer of fluorine-doped tin oxide for superior thermal

insulating properties.

The proprietary graded index layer suppresses color reflection to give

the glass a neutral, clear look.

Coated Glass features a % 30 U-value improvement compared to the

U- value of the uncoated glass.

PPG SUNGATE® 500

Pyrolitic Process Sputtering

High Production Rate Variaty of products

Low Cost High Performance

High Strength & Durability Appropriate to stock

Suitable for heat-treatment

Long shelf life

Comparing of Two Processes in Turkey

New Trends for coating system

Cold Process – Magnetron Sputtering

Molecular bombardment

The film is coated not glass

Uses a wide range of metals for performance and appearance

Deposits a smooth layer of metal

Slow process = expensive

Referanslar

[1] www.sisecam.com (10.11.2004)[2] www.glassfiles.com (10.12.2004)[3] www.glassonweb.com (10.12.2004)[4] www.pilkington.com (14.11.2004)[5] www.cerac.com (18.11.2004)[6] Bach H., Krause D.,“Thin films on glass”, Berlin : Springer, 1997[7] Macleod H. A., “Thin-film optical filters”, Bristol ; Philadelphia :

Institute of Physics Pub., 2001[8] Hummel R. E., Guenther K. H., “Handbook of optical properties”,

Boca Raton : CRC Press, 1995

[9] http://windows.lbl.gov/Default.htm (19.12.2004)

Thank you for your patience

&

Happy New Year

MAGNESIUM FLUORIDE, MgF2

• A low index coating material

• has been used for anti-reflection and multilayer coatings

• It is insoluble and hard if deposited on hot substrates

• The factor that limits MgF2 layer

thickness to ~1 µm is internal stress

• MgF2 can be doped with BaF2 to

reduce this stress and permit thicker layers to be grown.

• can be evaporated by Electron beam, Resistance heating, Magnetron sputtering

TITANIUM OXIDES TiO2

• Has been used for the visible region,• Provides the highest index film material for the visible region,• It is hard and stable in combination with other oxides,• Titanium and oxygen form a number of stable phases, the most practical being

TiO, TiO2, Ti2O3 and Ti3O5

• Yield a durable protective coating used in multilayers for laser mirrors, beam splitters, cold mirrors and heat-reflecting mirrors.

• Can be evaporated by resistance heating, electron beam, Magnetron Sputtering

• Self-Clean Property (Changes the energy of surface)

Tin-Doped Indium Oxide, ITO : 1.95

• is used to make transparent conductive coatings,

• can be deposited by Electron-beam evaporation or Sputtering,

• Electrochromic displays, energy conserving architectural windows, defogging automobile windows, heat-reflecting coatings to increase light bulb efficiency, antistatic window coatings, wear resistant layers on glass,

• High conductivity (or low sheet resistance) is balanced against high transmission in the visible region,

• Sheet resistance can be less than 10 Ohms/sq. with a visible transmission of >80%.

Silicon Monoxide,SiO : 1,6

• is an amorphous solid which does not have a characteristic XRD pattern,

• is stable at room temperature, but at temperatures of 400-800°C, X-ray readings show traces of the disproportionation products silicon and quartz,

• are used for optical applications in reflectors, flood lamps, mirrors, jewelry, and other products,

• can reduce reflection in the NIR range,

• SiO layers formed in oxygen atmosphere are used for AR films for ray splitting in the visible range,

• Evaporating at 2x10-6 Torr with substrate temperatures of 100 to 150°C.

Zirconium Oxide, ZrO2 : 2

• is a high index, low absorption material usable for coatings in the near-UV (300 nm) to IR (~8 µm) regions,

• can be deposited by electron-beam evaporation or sputtering,

• near-UV laser AR and dielectric mirror designs,

• The films generally grow with a crystalline microstructure,

TANTALUM OXIDE, Ta2O5 : 2,1

• is a high-index, low-absorption material usable for coatings in the near-UV (350 nm) to IR (~8 µm) regions,

• can be deposited by electron-beam evaporation or sputtering,

• near-UV to near-IR antireflection and multilayer filter designs,

• can be used in combination with SiO2 to form high index-contrast multilayer structures.

• A particular advantage over titanium dioxide layers for near-IR laser and bandpass coatings is the absence of absorption above 900 nm.

V2O5-WO3

is its potential to provide a neutrally coloringelectrochromic electrodeWO3 the spectral position of the broad absorptionband in the NIR (near infrared spectral region) varies between approximately 1.3 eV fordisordered films (8-23) and 0.9 eV for a single-crystalline WO3.

CeO2-TiO2 finds use as optically passive counter-electrode in electrochromic devices. Optically passivemeans that the change in visible transmittance upon ion intercalation does not exceed a few percent. PureTiO2 itself is known to be cathodically coloring upon ion insertion. Since CeO2 is only slightly cathodicallycoloring the TiO2 content in the compound essentially determines the degree of coloration upon Li+intercalation

Reactions occur during Sol – jel process

• M-O-R + H2OM-OH + R-OH Hydrolize• M-OH + HO-MM-O-M + H2O Water Condensation• M-O-R + HO-MM-O-M + R-OH Alcohol Condensation

Dipping Forming of wet surface Removing the solvent

SiO2 Coating by sol- gel

Criteria for Determining the Choice ofa Support Metal for the Float Bath

Advantages of the Float glasses High Optical Quality

• No waviness• Fire polished surface• Thickness range 0.4-30 mm• Widths to 3.5 m• Capacity 150-700 tons/day

Efficient Process• Couples well to melting furnace• Flat glass width can be set to match product requirements• Only waste is 5 cm strip on glass edges• But, color changes are still inefficient

Simplified Annealing, Cutting and Handling

Low Labor Requirements, but High Capital Cost

Tin Bath Float Glass Process

Tempered

Laminated