OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected...
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Transcript of OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected...
OSTEOLOGY
OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation
Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton
Skeleton: is applied to the frame-work of hard structures which supports and protects the soft tissue of animals.
Bones System and their relationship
• FERTILISATION ZYGOTE (mitosis: cleavage) MORULA BLASTULA GASTRULA divides into 3:
- ectoderm : external layer skin & nerve - endoderm: inner layer viscera - mesoderm: between ecto & endoderm
muscles and bones.
FUNCTION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE SKELETONSKELETON
• SUPPORT THE BODYSUPPORT THE BODY
• MAKE THE SHAPE OF THE BODYMAKE THE SHAPE OF THE BODY
• PROTECK WEAK ORGANSPROTECK WEAK ORGANS
• PASSIVE MOVEMENT ORGANPASSIVE MOVEMENT ORGAN
• PLACE FOR FIXING MUSCLEPLACE FOR FIXING MUSCLE
• PLACE FOR PRODUCES BLOODPLACE FOR PRODUCES BLOOD
• RESERVOIR CHEMICAL AGENT: Ca & PRESERVOIR CHEMICAL AGENT: Ca & P
SKELETON/ AXIALISCollumnar Vertebralis
Cranium
Sternum
Costae, Pelvis
THE SKELETON MAY BE DIVIDED PRIMARY INTO THREE PARTS:
SKELETON APPENDICULARISOssa Extremitas Cranialis et Caudalis
SKELETON VISCERALIS : consists of certain bones developed in the substance of some of the viscera or soft organ
Os. Vesali os HyoideusOs. Penis os CordisOs. Glandis
SKELETON AXIALIS
Ossa. Cranii,
Cervicalis, Thoracalis, Lumbalis,
Sacralis and Coccygealis
(1) Collumnar Vertebralis, composes of :
(2) Ossa Costae, Sternum, Clavicula, Scapula,Coxae
(os Coxae, composes of: Ossa pubic, ilium and ischiadicum)
SKELETON APPENDICULARIS
Extremitas Cranialis : Ossa Humerus, Radius-Ulna,
Carpal, Metacarpal, Phalangis/digitalis
Extremitas Caudalis : Ossa Femuralis, Tibia-Fibula,
Tarsal, Metatarsal, Phalangis/digitalis
ACCORDING THEIR BONES SHAPE
- Ossa Longa (lonng)- Ossa Plana (flat)- Ossa Brevia (short)- Ossa Irregularis (irregular)
os longa os plana
os brevia
OSSA LONGA(long bone)
Ossa plana(flat bone)
OSSA BREVIA(short bone)
OSSA IRREGULARIA
THE AMOUNT OF THE BONES
Each breed have different amount example: horse 205 bones
cattle 191 – 193 bones
chicken 160 boness
human 206 bones (old), 270 (young)
This condition is depended by breed (ras) and age.
DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF BONE (osteogenesis)
1.osteogenesis intramembranosa (desmalis = primer): cel-cel mesenchym osteoblast osteocyt matrix become gel & solid (osteoid) calcification punctum ossification.
2. osteogenesis intracartilagenosa (enchondralis = secundair):
started by cartilage : cel2 mesenchym chondroblast chondrocyt (fit length) ossification.
Osteoblast : destroy bone layer in order to make the shape.
Punctum ossification
DEVELOPMENT : Interstitial development
( from the middle of tissue ) appostitional development
(fron the lateral, the tissue change in order to fix bone layer)
PUNCTUM OSSIFICATION VERTEBRATA post natal
GROUP I Horse nil Cattle nil Sheep nil
GROUP II
Man 31 Rabbit 32 Dog 34 Cat 34 Pig 3 Guinea pig 3
SEXUAL AND BODY MATURE
BREED SEXUAL M BODY M horse 1 year 4-5 years cattle 5-9 months 4-5 years Sheep/goat 6 months 4-5 years pig 3-4 months 4-7 years Dog 8 months 1,5-2 year
BONE STRUCTURE
Bone mainly compose of bone tissue, but as an organ, it have layer term as periosteum, endosteum, medulla ossium, blood vessels and nerves.
According to the architecture :
1. compact substance.
2. spongiosa substance
In the long bone have medullar cavity.
Periosteum: is a membrane which enclose superficial surface of bone, except at the part which is lined by cartilage.
Endosteum: is a thin fibrous membrane which enclose medullare cavity and big Haversian canal.
Medulla ossium: placed between spongiosum bone and medullar cavity in the long bone.
in the adult animals have 2 variation: as red and yellow:
In the young animals only have red (medulla ossium rubra), although then a part has change to be yellow (medulla ossium flava)
Medulla ossium rubra contains several type characteristic cells and as an substansia to make blood.
Medulla ossium flava : contains fatty tissue.
BLOOD VESSELS & NERVES
composes 2 artery : periosteal and medullaris nutritional foramen : hole in bone for passing
through blood vessels give nutrition. Nerves distribute together with blood vessels.
nerve ending in the periosteum (corpuscle Vater-Pacini) may be as sensoris, and probably as connection with muscle sense.
BoneStructure
macroscopic structure microscopic structurechemical and physical structure
MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
SUBSTANSIA SPONGIOSA
SUBSTANSIA COMPACTA
compact and spons bones
compact bone
spongiosa bone
part os longa
DIAPHISA EPIPHYSA
Ossa pneumatica
SINUS :air spaces within compact substance contain air instead of spongy bone and marrow and, are called pneumatic bones. The cavity are term as sinus, the communicate indirectly with external air
SINUS
Physic os longa
capsula cartilago
Osseousepiphysis
epiphise plate
Osseousmetaphisis
Physical strength of bone
The bone of just death animal has yellowish white color.
If it dip or boil s and give a chemical agent to eliminate stain become white.
Berat jenis fresh mass bone: 1,9 The bone is hard & strong enough for pressure Strength pressure 20.000 pound per suare inch,
strength of pulling 15.000 lb/inch² which more strong than white oak trees.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BONE Dried bone consists of organic and in
organic matter which ratio 1 : 2. Removal of organic matter by heat does not
change the general form, but reduces the weight about 1/3 and makes bone very fragile
Decalcification, not change the form and size, but renders it soft and pliable.
Organic matter (ossein) boils gelatin.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE & PHYSIC& PHYSIC
chemis: organic : inorganic 1:2chemis: organic : inorganic 1:2 composition bone:composition bone:
gelatin 33,30%gelatin 33,30%
kalsium fosfat 57,35%kalsium fosfat 57,35%
kalsium karbonat 3,85%kalsium karbonat 3,85%
magnesium fosfat 2,05%magnesium fosfat 2,05%
natrium karbonat& klorida 3,45% natrium karbonat& klorida 3,45%
Parts of Bones
• Periosteum / endosteum: has capability to make new bone layer
• cartilage: its for elascity and pressure absorber joint between 2 bones.
• Tendo, ligament: fixing tissue between bones or muscles.
BONES TERMS
•Processus : bone elevation usually long
•Tuberositas (tuber) :big protruded bone and round form, but it’s not make a joint.
•Tuberculum: small protruded bone
•Trochanter :its use for several protruded bone and its not make a joint.
•Spina (processus spinosus) : high protruded bone, usually flat and sometimes sharp
LUMBAL BONE
Proc transversus
PROC SPINOSUS
Proc spinosus
Term of form/ structure
•Sinus
•Processus
•Fissura
• incissura
sinus
angulus
cavum
•Crista :elevation of bone which sharp edge.
•Linea : very small elevation = line
•Caput : head = proximal end which enlarger for fitting the joint, probably connected with body/corpus by constricted area term as neck (collum)
•Collum : neck
•Condyl (condylus) : bone elevation which cylendrical form for fitting the joint.
•Epicondylus : cantinuation of condyl which not make joint.
•Trochlea : pulley form (katrol) for mass joint
•Cavitas glenoidalis : low concave joint (dangkal).
•Cavitas cotyloid (acetabulum) : concave joint which is deep.
•Facet : usually for small joint surface and it’s not so elevated their concave or convex surface.
•Fossa : concave/ curve
•Fovea : concave/ curve
•Alae : wing
•Sulcus : long depression like a canal.
• Impressio : depression cause of pressure another organ.
•Foramen : hole for passing blood vessels, nerves, etc.
•canalis : long hole like a tube
•Fissura : space/ space within bone.
• Incissura : cracking bone.
•Sinus : air spaces within the compact substance, this cavities term as sinuses, are lined with mucous membrane & they communicate indirectly with external air
JOINTS / SYNDESMOLOGYJOINTS / SYNDESMOLOGY
Is formed by the union of two or more bones or Is formed by the union of two or more bones or cartilages by other tissue.cartilages by other tissue.
The uniting medium is chiefly fibrous fibrous The uniting medium is chiefly fibrous fibrous tissue or cartilage, or a mixture of these.tissue or cartilage, or a mixture of these.
Union of parts of the skeleton by muscles term Union of parts of the skeleton by muscles term as SYNSARCOSISas SYNSARCOSIS
CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
1. Fibrous joint (synsarcosis): the 1. Fibrous joint (synsarcosis): the segment are united by fibrous tissue, segment are united by fibrous tissue, often term as fixed or immovable joints.often term as fixed or immovable joints.
2. cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis): the 2. cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis): the segment are united by fibrocartilages or segment are united by fibrocartilages or hyaline cartilage, or combination of the hyaline cartilage, or combination of the two.two.
3. synovial joint ( diarthrosis)3. synovial joint ( diarthrosis)
FIBROUS JOINTSFIBROUS JOINTS
1. 1. SUTURESUTURE: the adjacent bones are closely : the adjacent bones are closely united by fibrous tissue – sutural ligament:- united by fibrous tissue – sutural ligament:- suture serrata: suture serrata: sutura interfrontalsutura interfrontal
- suture squamosa: - suture squamosa: between between
temporal and parietal bonestemporal and parietal bones - sutura plana(harmonia): - sutura plana(harmonia): internasal sutureinternasal suture
2. 2. SYNDESMOSISSYNDESMOSIS: the uniting medium is : the uniting medium is white fibrous or elastic tussue or mixture: exp: white fibrous or elastic tussue or mixture: exp: metacarpal bones.metacarpal bones.
3. 3. GOMPHOSIS: implantation of the teethGOMPHOSIS: implantation of the teeth
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTSCARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
1. 1. SYNCHONDROSISSYNCHONDROSIS (hyaline cartilage (hyaline cartilage joints): it’s a temporary one, then the joints): it’s a temporary one, then the cartilage is converted into bone: cartilage is converted into bone: epiphysis.epiphysis.
2. 2. SYMPHYSISSYMPHYSIS (fibrocartilaginous joints): (fibrocartilaginous joints):
exp: symphysis pelvis , sternebrae.exp: symphysis pelvis , sternebrae.
JOINTS BETWEEN BONESJOINTS BETWEEN BONES(juncturae ossium)(juncturae ossium)
JOINTS = syndesmology (diarthrosis)JOINTS = syndesmology (diarthrosis) requirements: requirements: 1. articular surface1. articular surface 2. cartilago 2. cartilago 3. capsula synoviale3. capsula synoviale 4. ligamentum4. ligamentum 5. discus and meniscus5. discus and meniscus 6. marginal cartilago (labrum 6. marginal cartilago (labrum gleniodale, acetabulare)gleniodale, acetabulare)
CHEMICAL & PHYSICALLY CHEMICAL & PHYSICALLY STRUCTURESTRUCTURE
chemic: organic : an organic 1:2chemic: organic : an organic 1:2 composition :composition :
gelatin 33,30%gelatin 33,30%
calcium phosphat 57,35%calcium phosphat 57,35%
calcium carbonat 3,85%calcium carbonat 3,85%
magnesium phosphat 2,05%magnesium phosphat 2,05%
natrium carbonat& clorida 3,45% natrium carbonat& clorida 3,45%
Supporting of the bonesSupporting of the bones
Periosteum / endosteum:Periosteum / endosteum:
it can make a new layer outside and inside of the boneit can make a new layer outside and inside of the bone
Soft bone (cartilago): it useful for joints shock Soft bone (cartilago): it useful for joints shock absorbers between 2 bones.absorbers between 2 bones.
Tendon, ligament: elastic tissue that fix Tendon, ligament: elastic tissue that fix between 2 bones or with muscles.between 2 bones or with muscles.