OS PRE Y · M EN -AT-ARMS SER IES

apoleons'PolishCJfoops

Text blOTTO VON I' IV K A

Colour plalrs bl MIC HAEL ROFFE

~IEN - AT-AR~ IS SE R IE S

ED I T O R : ~ I,\RT I X W I X D R O W

ALBA :>' 1I0 0 K H RVIC r.s

'Polish CJfoopsT,,·, by OT T O VON PI VKA

Colour plates by ~IICHAEL ROFFE

OS PR EY PU BLI SHI NG LIM ITED

Publabed in 1974 byCkprey Publishing Li d, P.O. Boll :.15,107 Oxford ROiId, Reading, Berkshire

Cop)Tighl 19 74 Os prey Publi shing I.td

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ClI~ edition tsBS 085045 'J.J. 7 9~per edinon bB~ 0 850~5 198 1

Prin ted in Great Britain byJarTold . Sons Lid, ::\"orwich

lJlf/Y}flt/rfiol/

25 Xovem ber 1795 the kingdom of Poland fell10 her stronger neig hbours, Russia , Prussia

Aust ria, and 'he third partition of tha t un­y, turbulen t sta te took place.

Tbe elected King of Poland, Sranislas Augustus,forced 10 abd ica te and retired to R ussia with

prnsion of 200,000 ducats a year . HI"dirt! at 5 1M1enburg (now Leningrad ] on 12 Febr ua ry 1798 .HiI old kingdom was redistributed as follo...."I:\.ustria took the la rger part of t he pala tinate of~., the pa latinates of Sandomir and Lublin

part of the d istr ict of Chdm and those pa rtstht- pa la tina tes of Brzecz, Podl achie and

it' which lay all the left bank of the River

Pru.ia look those parts of Podlachie and-it' which lay on the right bank of the Bug;

0( the palatinates of T roki and Sam ogit ieon the left bank of the Xiemen and one

t of the palatinate of Krakow.ia took the rest of Lithuania up to the

_iiemen, the rNI of the palatinates of Breece'ovogrod("k and the greater part of Samogi rietht' rema ins of Wolhynir-, Courland an d

nDCr- alo ne had opposed Poland 's treatmentame Iht' natural refuge of all Polish exiles.Polish offic("rs and men were still held as

of ....·ar in T obolsk, P('I('rsburK, Moscow,u.•.Magdeburg and ot her places, bUI amongIn Pari s was one General J ean-Hr-nri",~ki who on II October 1796 formed the

1eeion' with xapolecn's aid.cit" 287 of the French Cons rinnion didit the prC5('nce of foreign troops ond. Dom browsk i was sent 10 It aly to

I l~ work in the new repu blic crea ted as

a result of Napoleon's victories in Italy. After thevictory of Lodi, the Cispadane and Tran spadan eRepublics were combined in to rhe Cisa lpineRep ublic, and the government of Ihis new 5[011(",

being un able to raise its own army, decided 10enlist the a id of foreign troops.

Dom brow ski arrived in Mil an on 2 Decem ber1796 and presented his sch eme 10 Napoleon. On4 January 1797 Napoleon wrot e to the Council ofStat e of Lom bard y 10 say tha i Genrra l Do mbrow­ski was willing to raise a Polish II"gion to help rhepeople of Lombardy. Xapoleon added that hewould gladly la ke all measures necessary for thisoperation.

T his offer was well received and on 9 J anuary1797 a conve nnon was signed by which Domb row­ski gua ran teed the s('rvices of his compatriots tothe republic in exchange for which his menbecame Lombard citizens and received rhe samepay and privileges as the other national troops.The Poles retained their own unifonns and com­ma nds were given in Polish. T hey wore the Frenchcockade and com re-epauleues in Lombar dy'snational colours with the inscription 'Gli uominiliberi sono Iratelli ' (Free men arc brothers},

3

w-•••, 1M ....... laiat:d.o... 01 rot..od.u.......u. (w .)....... s...-,. (rieJul _ • 50__ coo.. I. 1107 ....__ 1a~Ca""'.

O n 20 Janua!)· 1797 Dom bro....~k i published aproc lamation in four langu ages ca lling on Poles10 t n t..r his n..w tegion.

T wo weeks lat ..r th.. Legio n co nsi te-d of 1,:200

me-n in Polish uniform {kur tka , panta loons andczapka in blu.. cloth .

\ Iany of hi men ca me from rh.. A usman Armywhich indudrd in its ra nks ollier rs and sold iersorigin ally from Galicia and mallY othe rs werePolish ..x-prison..n of war an d deseners.

I n \ Iarch th .. Legio n was sen! to th .. fort ress ofMant ua , wh..r.. it was joi ned hy a n..w ba tta lion .At t h.. sam .. lime its arril l..ry was orga nized a t\Iilan. II did not receive its bap tism of fire unt ilth e insurr..ct ion 4111 Brescia .

By April, Dombrowski had .),000 me-n r nrolled.Dom bro....·ski, anxious for action, wan ted his

l..gio n augmen ted by 2,000 infantry, 500 cavalry

4

and sixty ca nnon from the Army of Ita ly in on!10 undertak.. a raid th rough Croatia, Transylv,uan d H un ga ry up into Ga licia. This was aim .approved, and on 18 Apri l the Legion WaJ 4111 ,ILeob-n P..u preparing 10 march when Xapol­forbad .. th .. scheme on the grounds th at it wo u lnot 5("("\... th .. political good of th .. Polish cause.

At this time occurred the massacr.. 011 VtTOnand the troubles in V..nice; the Legion took atactive part in the assault on ," ..rona.

In \Iay the Legion had so increased in sill" th a tit .....as reorganized into two infantry legions, Ih.first commandrd by (flonl:'Tal K nia ziewicz , thesecond by Ge n..ra l Wielhorski.

Each co nsisted of three ba ttalions of ten com­panics, eac h co mpany haying 12.) men. The corpsalso had three companies of artillery co mmandedby Chef de ba ta illon Axamirowski.

French regu lations were used for ga rrisonduties; d rill and discipline wer e acco rdi ng to oldPolish regulation s but cor pora l pun ishment wasfo rbidden, a. was the case in t he French Arm yof th.. day.

I n J uly t 797 Dom browski and the grenadi..rba tta lion went 10 supp ress the insurrection alReggie du ring which the Poles much distinguishedthemselves.

.\t th....nd of 17~ the Xeapolitan Arm}invaded th c Papal stat.. to expel th .. Franco,Polish forces und ..r GC"ner,d Championnr t. K n ia­ziewicz commanded the Polish Legion duringDombrowski·s able-nee and on .. December th ..Xeapc litans wert" dc f..an-d at the Sault of CiviraCastellana. From th.. captured stocks ofhonn andha rness found in Ga ..l.. arsenal after this battle,a regim..n r of ca valry .....a. added to the PolishLeg ion.

T he n..w regirnenr was commanded by ColonelKarwowski; Elie T remo and Biern ack i wr-renom inate d Cht' fs d 'E scad ron s. Organi zati on wasno t comple te, however , before the a rmistice ofI I J anua ry. On 23 J anua ry Naples ca pit ula tedand as a ma rk of respec t to the Polish services,Gene ra l Kniaziewicz was sent to pa ris hy G..nera lChampionn et to lake back a ll the trophies cap­iu red d uring th e campaign.

A new ann- French coalition was quickly formedand considerable Ausrro-Russian fOTC.., under theoommand of the-Russian Feld Marschall Leutnant

E.,le o f Ihe 131h Infaall'}' ...d ( riSb l) ....1...Jd ... o f lb•.... 011..... UI &11&110.., 1..1" Inf.nl l'}'.

____ _ _ _ _ J-arcw soon advanced to threaten the young

blics founded in Italy.For-cn available for their defence wrre few. The

French troops were in Egypt with Napoleon:co mman d of the Army of I ta ly was held b)'incompe ten t Scherer; Championner had gone

~ was replaced as commander of the army of. 'aples by Macd onald .

The Polish Legions, commanded by WidhorskiADd Rynk iewica, were garrisoned in .\I a ntua atthe sta rt of the campaign and were employeddis persed amongst the Fr ench uni ts. Constantlyeng aged in different battles, they suffered heavily ;from 26 " la rch 10 5 Ap ril (a ner t he Battle of. lagnano where General Ryn kiewice was killed ).Of the 4,000 men who had set OUI, only 2,000

effecu ves remained. The Second Legion retiredin to Mantua with their artillery under the com­ma nd of Wirl ho n ki. .Mantua was commanded byGe nera l Foissac-Larour and was besieged andcapitulated (much against the wishes of the Poli hofficers) on 28July. The Austrians demanded theretu rn 10 their service of all Poles corning from

N • .....- ,.rI... E.av-..... UI" . ..--.: ...f ...... UfeJ. M i ..

It s stre ngth w as 5.970 men and the commanderswere:

Four batlalion~ of infanlry each of len companiesof 1:13 men

One r~imt':lIt of C3"alry of four squadronsOne balll'ry of hone artillery

In ~Iarth 1800 the infantry of the Danube Legionwent to the Rhine and joined the COrpl of GeneralSt Suzanne on the kft .....ing of the '.\ rmh duRhin', T hey fought at the actions of Rrrg,Bernheim and Offmburg and occupied the fortressof Philipsbourg aflrr the armistice of I'andorf(ls July 1800).

T he Dan ube Legion was also engaged at theBaul e of Hoh enlinden on 3 December 1800. Alancer of the Legion, Jan Paw likowski, disarmedand captured f,(ty.sc\,cn Austrians single-handed .Completely illiterate, he refused Oeaerat ~fornu'loffer of a commi ion and a financial reward and.....as content with the rank of It'rgeant and thepresentanon of a carbine of honour from theFrench Government bearing the inscription: 'LaRepu bljque frant;aiJr a son defenseur, le citoven

Gnteral KniaLit'wW:'zGaWTO'W'kiSokolnicki1'-IJZU, Druwiecki,Kralevnki .nd \\'uikwr.kiR<ddArlillery Nltel)'

Lt:gion commanderChief of SuffOld" de BriI(DChefs de baOlillons

Folluwin/it Illl' disasters which d1iKKI'd Ib,French in Italv the Cisalpine Republic eliappeared and the homele-ss debris of III.. l'Riullfound thrmsrhi" in France wht'rr tht')' prompt"set about raising a new lCJ::wn.

Conditions in France had changed : 8unapartt'Irll f4tYpt l('Cf('lIy and landed at Freju on:2 October 1799. On 9 !\O\'em!xr he changed Iht'form of French government and was proclaimedFirst Consul. He decreed that foreign troops couldbe' taken into Frrnch service and ordered theformation of Dew l("J{ions.

On to Fl'hrual)' 1800 the remnants of thl"Polish- It alia n Legions were rcorRiinill"d at ~br·

scill" and renamed 'La l.iKion ltalique'.Kn iaziewicz meanwhile had received orders 10

form another Polish legion ; this forrnanon, rhe'Legion of the Danube' , was organized as follow s:

Au trian-comrolled Galicia and all had to revertto the rank of private rtg;lrdlns of what positiontht')· had anained in the ILgMJJl. .:\xa.mito~lr.i and150 men of the Legion escaped 10 I.) 'ons disguisedin French uniforms. General Widhonki, ~b.jor

Kosinski and the ofiicen were imprisoned inLeoben and did not regain theif freedom untilafter the Battle of Marengo.

This was the end of the Second Legion.The Fint Legion, augmented by the ba ttalions

of grenadiers and vctugeurs of Malachow ki andJasinski and by Karwowski's cavalry regimentwere directly-under Dombro wski's command.

Tceetber with two French demi-brigades theywere responsible fur establishing commun icat ionsbetween the Army of lI aly and the Army of"",pia

.\fla ~Ia) the First Legion and a French dcmi­bricade formed the 1St Division of the joint army.T'brJT forIIowflI thr Bank- ofTrebbia P7, 18 and19 J uar ~ltr which the French ilnny withdrewto Cmoa.. tM Ban k of Xovi I.') Augusl ) and theRan k 01 Z lCh .l6 ptember which finallybroItt' ibe farcn the Aunro-Russian coalition.

s.e.- from , R.".hul_..,. ........ I. _n........ h.lnA_ria. i '..,. ...... ' ••n.c:k 11MF...-ell.

6

aniII<n a>mp&D'

PnchH-n aed ~1&Dt

The Peace of Lunnend ed th(' war bu t d idliberation of Poland . In proteSt,resigned his command of th e Danubf:Ge neral jablonowski took hi piau .

Dom browski ret ained command of rbe PoItalian Legion and bot h thi s forma tionLegion of the Dan ube were revie w ed b~ him ill

Mi lan on 21 March 1801 . At this time rhe IWia.nLegion had 303 officers and 6.432 men : tMDan ube Legion had abou t 6,000 all ranks .

The temporary peaceful clima te in Europe didnothing to aid the Polish cause: on 21 Decem ber1801 the- French Government disbanded bothPolish Le gions and co nvened them into threeforeign 'demi-b riga des' (a new term coined byG('n('ral Carnot, French Army reform er}.

The Italian Legion (the old 1st Polish Legionbecame the 'I·' and 2" Demi-Brigade Etrangere',the old Danu be Legion beca me th e '3· Dcmi­8rigadf' Et rangere' , By 18 .\ Iay 1802 th is latterformation. now ren umbered the '113" Dcm i­Brigade and cons isting of 118 officers and 2,235

Pawl ikowski, lancier de la cavaleric polonaise,pendant le bataille de 12 frimai re de I'an I X

Republique, fit 57 prisonniers. 'campa ign ended on 25 December 1800.

xnbrowski. meanwhile, was organizing theLegion' in Man eillt's after the 1799 ca m-

. Consisting of 9,000 men, the Legion hadnI infant ry battalions and five co mpa nies of

.:k'l·The Polish troops now released from the fort ress. Iantua formed the ca dres of th e 4th . 51h and

ba ttalions of the Legion; the cad re for th e 7thttaHon came from the I~t. and and grd ba tra­

of the Legion.Karwowski's cavalry reg iment was sent to join

Danube- Legion. The remai nde r of the newrui ts for both legions came from men of Polish

aigin among the Austrian priso ners of war nowIadd in France.

On 8 Novem ber 1800 the It alian Legion unde rDombrowski joined the Arm y of Italy (com­ma ndt'd now by Massdna, who had replacedCha mpionm·t). T he- ir strengtb at this point was- . ,nn men in fou r infa ntry bat talio ns and one

Ma...._ . 0- cLt RJvoli, pn-. " ' E••U.. ,; hi.., P ort....1 I.. 1810 _. kahHl loy 1M U .... of

' ·HI......

l"'1~- : r.alions command ed hy Zagarski,aed Plltru wier bvckl . wa forcibly em­

.&1 Lr.'OnIO for service in the French Westladiae cx*:my of Sa int Domingue. Two French

::~:od<' had 'escorted ' the Poles on to the

T'1IIr Dnni-Brigade Errangere suffered a likef'f'DWDOuni the I q ! Demi-Brigade, thev

~ 'nconcd' on to transports in Genoa with aof n gh ty-St'''t' n officers and 2,7.50 men

'W"l iI, abo for Saint Domingue, at the~ of Februarv 1803.Of Iftn,e two derni-brigades only about fifteen

oftian an d 150 men returned to Europe; the resthad been killed in action or had died of yellowk\t'r or were now in the English pr ison h ulks.

The I",r Demi-Br igade Eirangere was incor­porared into th e 1St It al ian Division of th e armyof the newly formed Cisalpine Republic. T heywere prtSt'nt at the blockade (If Ven ice underGeneral Sr Cyr and fought the Austrians underrhe Duc de Rohan at the Battle of Canel-Frenco.In 1806 they entered Naples with the corps ofOe aeral St Cyr to secure thai state for its new king.joseph, ..apoleo n' s youn~r brother. They werestill there when the Prussians were crushed at jenaand Auerstadt by Xapoleon on 14 October 1806.Dombrow ki was called to Pari to discuss withtM Emperor his plans for the reorganisation ofPobnd.

Cjtie (lrrllltl VI/ell)'

of UJrI/Jf1W

Ha\-'ing effectively destroyed the Prussian Armyat Jrna. and forced Saxony and the Saxon d uchiest .&baDdon Prussia and to become his allies,_-apokon proceeded to defeat Russia and thernnaanu of . he Prussian Anny at the battles of~h Eytau 7 and 8 February 1807) andFrirdb.Dd 14 J une 1807).

Tbr culmination of the campaign W3.$ theT "'nIY oC Tilsir, si~ro between Xapoleon, Tsar

8

N.pol '"1"' IU. G..rd i .. II.. L".'prt"'... a.rlha.,"1""" hJ 1he SaaOD._Pru. . ... Ann" . 1 J"'....ItdA.. "'r. l.dl.

Alexan der I ofRussia and Ki ng Friedrich Wilhd mI II of Prussia on a raft moored in the ce ntre of theRiH'TNiemen. One of the results of this treaty wa sthe creation of the 'Grand Duchy of Warsaw'under nominal control of the King ofSaxony whohad been promoted from his previous rank ofKurfursr (Prince-elector of the Holy RomanEmpire] by. lapoleon for his support in the recentcampaign.

The creation of the grand duchy was far belowthe aim set hy Dombrowski and his compatriotsJoseph W)'bicki and Kosciuseko who had pressedNapoleon to reconsriture the independent Polishstale in her borders of 1795.

In exchange for a dubiously worded promisefrom Napoleon to give the Poles back their home­land, a guard of honour of about ant' hundredriders was formed in Posen in November 1806 andcommand of this unit was given to U mins ki whohad been aide-de-camp to thc Polish General~Iadal imki in the 1795 campaign.

Napoleon's progrl"SS through the old Polishareas was a series of delirious triumphs a nd thePosen 'Garde d 'honneur' replaced the Emperor'sown French troops.

The French advanced guard of Devout's corpsentered Warsaw on 28 November, and Xapoleonfollowed on 17 December.

The ' Poli h honeymoon' was soon over ; the:'retreating Pru ians and Ru ians had destroyed

stores which they could not carry away, butinsisted that Ihf' country provide hisarmy with supplies or he would hand

ba ck to her previous opprnson.Poles had to find 100,000 rations of food

cia, for thdr French liberators and a reserve000 ralions was to be held in the depots.

oeduct of the French troops in the duchyto a drastic cooling of Franco-Polish

Dombrowski now srt about recruiting men foralMfl," forces of the duchy and this scheme was

supported by Napoleon.alt h of irregular units existed and Dom­

formalized these into, initially, fouran d two cavalry regiments. All officers

o the ran k ofcaptain had seen service underPolish eagle, only the junior offict'n Wt'1Tnuli ta ry lift'.

a December 1806 Dombrowski had 3° ,000IDClud ing 600 eava try concentra ted at Posen .

_ ua ry 180 7 Xapcleon directed that tht' III~s of the eight nt'wly formed Polish lint'

reai menrs were 10 go to Bromberg to join

the Grande Arrnre-, Eachstrong, and Dombrowskiwhich wasdivided into two

General Axamitowski co~Infant ry Regimenu and t1K' (.Cheval ; the and Brigade Gtnt-ra. Fithe .Jlh-8th Infantry RtgimmtChasseurs a. Cheval. T otal di\'w ona l6,400 men including 300 cavalry. Thereone hattery of foot artillt'ry of six~

A rt'Rimt'nt of ' Nat ional Cauillosquadrons eac h of 12 0 men and the ' Levee ..( th ree regiments of volunteers) a lso calT"Bromberg later to strengthen Domcavalry.

At the same rime, the old 'Italian(General Grabin~ki's demi-brieade abo je ithc army with three battalions of infant", c;

800 . tron R, and Colonel Roaniecki's N'gimt'Ol

lancers.•\notht'r newly raised Polish force _-as

'Legion du • iord' of 2,51)0 men under Priece~fichd Rarlziwi11; this legion had been raisedIhl:' Rhine from Austrian and Prussian prUori

, ,

/

1

\.. .....""..

'-~------------------10

Pri...,. J...f P-u.1--.1U, .fll'r . C'OD" u n po.....,. ......~I. Dn.d.... NOIIII', ... , ...cUtlo_1 PoU.h ....dl_r -~, ... l......t·. Iacot . , I'" C'OlIar (ad D _ I ,. _ eMu...w.rr.. I ...... 01 Poll.h I l'ansl.) .... , ...-.....-..._n.d"'~

•-I

ca nno n and 800 men . :O-;apo lffin deeribcr edteen CTOUrS of the Lrgion of Honour amon.: t

Poles for th is ac tion.The forn', besieging Danz ig coraared of Dt:

bro wsk i's division 6,000 men , the IXord (2.500 me n • a division from Badm3,000 Fre nch troops.

Danzig capitula ted on 26 ~fay t80i andquen rlv beca me an ind ependen t Trpu rth ousand Poles from the Danzig ~arTllll*

Dombrowski's fO T("('.

T he Polish Chevau-l egers R~mmr

10 the Imperial Guard was incorpor.i litt' bod y of the French Ann\decree of 6 Apri l 1807 isIuf"CIheadq ua rters at Finken trio. as t •

c hl' \"aultgC"T1 polonaise de LaO n I.f Junf' l80i :\"apokoa

the Banle of Fried land aDd(pan of ~foT1 if'r' s corpo: ar1lni rtheir cond uct in lhi-eleven offict'n and 1

rot of 1M 1st c~,...." ,. C"", .U_r -.........pI" c 1HI1'rt.s _ "'rt. w_ 1 _

leo k, .n fri-e- cord.. ... ..1.. "I~ .....

Polish extraction. It was sent 10 jo in the SiegelbnziJt.

a dec ree of I f January 1807 Na poleon ern­"'IT'd. the Polish Govern ment 10 negoeiate

sett lements with Prussia and Russia and on.l.Duary Dombrowski's divis ion was sent tobnha l Lefebvre 's X Corps at the Siege of. GeneralZe jonczek, with four nrwly raisrdbanaho es (formed at Kalisz . joined the

h forces brsiC"Ring Graudenz and some daysapol eon gavr Prince Poniatowski comma ndet her newlv formed Polish battalions for

d uty in Warsaw. Th e Posen 'Ga rdeMur' was now anached 10 th e Imperia l

as Ihr ' u l R~im~nt of Pol ish Cheva u-

hil(' tht' main French Arm y was beari ng thesa l Pre ussisch Eylau on 8 February 180 7.

and X Corps were employed redu cing thosen fi,rtrNiWs which still held ou t in his rear.

fron t of Dan zig. Dombrowski captu redII on '23 February 1807, ca pt uring se-ven

LEe' L

~ .

PULKLEnl 1Azw

Eac h infantry regiment hadth ree battalions each of sixcom pa nies indudinll: one II: r~na­

dier, one vohi/(eur and fourfusilier compa nies (the sta nd­ard French (\ rmy sys t ~m),

THE ISFAr."TRY R EGI'dEST

Staff of 0 regintln/ of inf o,,/o':One ColonelOne MajorThree Ch~[~ d~ bataillonOnc Paymast~r

Three Adjutant-majorsOne Colour bearer (Pt1r"I-oigle)One Surgeon lSI ClassTwo Surgeons and ClassThree Surgeon s grd ClassOne ChaplainSix Adjutants K C.O.sTwo ='I.Co. s (and and :lrd

Po,/t-oigu )One R~lI:imcntal drum majorOnc Battalion drum majorEight Mu si6ansThree Ma ster Craft smen

{armoure r, tailor andbootmaker)

Olfi m s Qj /he th,tt battalions:Six Captains 151 ClassSix Captains and ClassSix Ca pta ins 3rd Class;Xine Lieutenants 1St ClassNine Lieutenants end ClassEiKhteen Second Lieutenants

fA£h co rnp(m_~ consisted oj-One Captain

UNIT ORGA~IZATIOX

One Lieu tenantOne Second Lieut ena ntOne Sergeant-major (siclFour Sergeants [.sic]One Fo urj-ier (com pa ny

quartermas ter)EiKht CorporalsT wo Drum mersI I 7 Soldiers

TilE CAVA LR Y REGI'dENT

Each cavalry regi ment hasfour sq uadrons each of twocompanies except the Kuras­sie r regiment which only hadtwo squadrons.

Rtgintlnlal stnif:One ColonelOne MajorTwo Chefs d 'escedron sOne Pa ymasterTwo Adjutant-majorsO ne Surgeon I st ClassTwo Surgeons lind ClassT wo SUflo1eons 3rd ClassOne ChaplainOne Standard bearerTwo Adjutant N.C,O ,sOne T rumpet majorOne VeterinarianFive Ma ster Craftsmen

(a rmourer, tailor. boot­maker. breeches-maker andsadd ler)

RegimrolalOffiCtTs:T hree Captains 1St ClassFive Captains end Class

AR.\IY O RGAX IZAT ION

Four Lieutenan t.'! 1st ClassFour Lieutenant, lind ClassSixteen Second Lieutenants

Roch compl1.n), tOrlSu t(d of:One CaptainO ne LieutenantTwo Second LieutenantsOne Ma rechal des log-is chef

(serg ea nt-major)Four Sergeants [sic IOne FourricrEigh t Corpora lsOne Farrier (blacksm ith)Two Trumpeters79 Troopers

One of the companies wa s tile'elite company' ,

Tlu KUfasSln u gimmt of twosqul1.d,ons had 1M following Ttgi.ntlnlo{ stoff:One Co lonelO ne MajorOne C hef d'escadronOne PaymasterOne Surgeon 1St C lassOne Surgeon and ClassTwo Surgeons 3rd Cla ssOne Chapla inOne Porte-etendardOne Trumpet majorOne Veterinary surgeonFive Ma ster Craftsmen

(as for the other regiments)

Each company had the sameestablishment as the otherca va lry companies.

Ot;f';t; RA L STAF F

CommandtT-in-Chiif

G'hiif of Staff

PrinceJo:;cph PoniatowskiGtniral de Division

G~lltral de UriKadeKamienecki

1ST DIVUiI ON

Command": Gtnrral de Division

ChiifofSioff: .\fajo r de Division

Prince JosephPon iatowskiColonelJ. Pasakow ski

Cemm. of /M . 1,/illtT)'

Insp.-Gen. of "ifan / ~y

Insp.-Gen. of CovalT)'

12

Gl:niral de nr i l( ad~

.-\xam itowski

G~lleral de Brigade Fiszer

Grniral de Brigade Roaniecki

lNfA/liTRY lI R IG AD E

Ge neral de Hril{aderst Re Kimentand Re Kiment

Luc Biegansk iColonel ~Iicjcl G rabowskiColo nel Cornie StanislausPotocki

j rd ReKiment.fth Re,{iment

Colonel ZultowskiColonel ('.omte Felix Potocki

loth Rcgimcnt

T A Il.T I L L F.R Y

m d Battalion Cbcf de Bataillon Gorski

eoor A RT I L L E R '·

I t Battalion Ch ef de Bataill un J. Redel

"-"i E Ne tN E E R DETACfnlLVT

CA VA LR Y BRIGAV r;

~: <Anira l de Brigade Sta nislas Wojc­zyns lr.i

lit Regiment of Cbasseurs Colonel ~Iichd

Dombrowski , IatCTI'n:ebendowski

and Regiment of Lancers Co lonel ComteThadee Ty szkle­wicz

• fCo.CoIond I>J) zicwa.n

(

cI I th RegimeJlt12th Rq(iment

CAVAUlY B RIGADE

C~",m6fUUT; GencraJ de Bril(ildc5th Rcgimcnt of C haucun6th R~imcnt of I....nan

fOOT AkTILLERY

3rd Batrahon Chef de Kataillon Hlirt i ~

AS F.S GINE ER Pf:TA< :HMk..lI.'

In 180 7 the army of th e Grand D uc hy of W

comprised 3 1,7 '3 infantry, 6 ,035 cavalryguns including the horse a rt i llcry batt"),at privat e cxpt'nSt' hy th e )'oung Count \\Potocki.

Three French officers were attach ed toorganize the artillery and the engin eers.

At Ihr sa me time the regiment o f Cheva u­ofthc Guard was organized in the ca mp at. hr.colonel wa s th e Count Vincent Krasi nski aDl.i .

four squadron commanders were Thomas Lcski, J an Kceietubki, Ignace Srolowsk i and HKami enski .

The o ld 'Polish-I talia n Legion ' arrivedSilesia with Gcncral Grabinski a nd remainedthe kingdom of Wntfalia in order to reo~uW

Comprising 6,000 men, it received the namcthe 'Legion of th e Visrula' and was divided !three regiments each of two battalions :

:\iemojew'SJr.i('.olond Lonczynski('.oLond Kwasniewski

Zajon czckCo lonel K05.~ki

Skorzewski (Pa ul)

Comte Isidore KrasinskiColonel Pr ince ~Iichd

RadziwillColoncl \'al en tin Skoru,"lr.iColonel Sobolewski('.oloncl ("oOdcbsk i

and D IVIS IO N

{;jnt-ral de Oivi ionChef d'Eta t ~Iajor

lajor d e Division

IK ' ANT RY

(~nhal de Brigade~th Regiment "

tKh Rcgi mcnt-th R~mmtR~cnt

A '·AL Il Y

General de Brigadcvd R~imcnt of Lancers.fth Regiment of Cha~un

aD DIVISION

~: Grneral de Oi,,·i ion

---f of StD-I; ~Iajor de Division

' A.VTR Y B RIGA D E

rr/1PI4nMr : Grll t'ral de BrigadeIh Regiment

Jean Henri[)omhro~ki

Colonel Cz Pak a.z

Amil car Kosinsk iColonel PrinceAntoine Sulkowski

u t R~iment

and Rcg imcn t

3rd Regiment

CoJond Chlopicki~lajor Kons inow\ kiChcfs de & ta illon RuthicFond zieb kiColo nel Bialowlcjslr. iMaj or SzouC...lolld Swidcrsk.iMajor Billing

.:~~~~,:;n~~~~~~I=~~';.~~~~4>,.....,., il .... d rtnlained at ran*- ... 1.... 1~ in I.... J-Y U

ranr .. . ..\1 Ibr II~ ctlllw cna!ion of Itw Grvod l>u<hy of.ana" il ... .,nTl It... ("boiceof ~inilll in l rat< h MTV....

mInI' Ibr r..n"ft of \.... ~ d ....hy. On I I "\'«U'C <he men............if'owni and IIw CjUoO:llDrft~; aoch com pa ny ...rtrl

h ~ y ;e Pnl.k8' · 1....... Il,·c Pnl.and '.... fren<:h <>tficcn In !he l.oI!'~">n dcmandrd 10 br rrtainrdn~~,~:~~:!:J~ :'~r::I: ~~ ~i~~7n;:'~\~;

The cavalry of th e Legion Lancers ofwho la ter beca me th e 7th LancersAnny, received Coloncl K lick i asplace o f Colon el Rc en iecki who brc:uDeGeneral of th e Cavalry.

At the bcgin ninK of XOHmt Cski received the ord er to rer re ~

(

no. 01 • Poll_ -adIe.. ol 19730 u.o-iat: ..'-dyliM alUl ,.... 1,. • • II _. t. 11107 n .."PCr_ t h e ~ 01 .........

14

to being incorporated into till' French Army. AI'officers and men chose to serve their own country.but Napoleon was adamant and the Legion wasent 10 Kassel in the S('rvicc of rhe newly formedkingdom of Wn ilfalia.

xt arsbal D a vou t, who had French and foreig ntroops under his command, was in reality themili tary viceroy of the Grand Duchy of Waru~with supreme control over the civil au thorities.

On I Sept em ber 1807 the G ra f von Schon feld,Mini ster Pleniporen riary of the King of Saxony,arr ived in Wary w; on 5 September he assembledthe Provisional Government, dissolved it andcreated by royal decree in its place a governmentof one ministry having six members, almost all themembers of the old regime.

Stanislas Malach owski was President of theCou ncil , Prince Poniat ows ki retained. the folio ofWar M inister ,

On 21 Septem ber 1807 the King of Saxony,Duke of \Van aw, was received at the frontier bythe President of the Council, the minis ters and byGt'neral Dombrowski and arrived in state in thecapital with his wife and daughter. FrederickAugustus liked the Poles and spoke their languageweil ; he was good, just and pious bUI was nosoldier,

The- Saxon king re mai ned in Warsaw until21 Decem ber 1&:17, and on his departure hereinst at ed th e ord er ' Vi rtut i Mil itari ' which hadbeen created by Stanislas-Aug usue, and decoratedmany officers into its various grades. He intro­duced a modification: the horsed warrior on thereverse of the cross [the same as on the arms ofLithuania] was superseded by the motto 'Rex etpatria'.

He wanted thus 10 avoid offending the Tsar ofR ussia (Alexander I ) under whose controlLithu an ia now was,

..U(('r th e' king's depart ure: the d uchy continuedits reorga niza tio n; in Apr il IBoB it was dividedinto 'depa rtments' on the French model.

In view of the reduction of the financial burdenof the Polish Arm y which had 1.I«n a drain onthe Imperial Chest, Xapoleon was able 10 pa'from his own account a third of the sum whic hwas required for the' raising and equipping of thePoles,

He abo ordered Marshal Devo ut to pay at the

..........d.. of A-p"' .... llor;t; ..... A••u i • • ...p_DC a.._;.w.&l .-_1.- II.. rreDC''' I_ I .... boo....... do_"," 01---end of June all that was requ ired for the mainte­nance ofthr French Corps within the d uch y whosenJ)('n5C'S were originally to have been met by thePolish Treasury.

This made a good impression on all as thePolish Treasury was not in any condition to meetall these chargee.

Not unti l the beginning of September 1808 didthe French troops retire into Silcsia, with Breslauas their headquarters.

The Marshal retained supn:me command eve rthe Polish Army hut conferred direct control ofthe- thre-e- Polish divisions on Prince- Poniatowski.lit' continued to exerc ise polit ica l survei lla nceover the d uchy and appointed one of his ownofficers, Celene! Saulnier, to be Commandant ofWaf5;lw.

CJlie'FolfsillrJpllillAt the outset of the Spanish campaiKn in springt808 the Polish contribu tion numbered some 8,000men of the Vistula Legion and the Chevau-legersof the Guard, raised 10 16,000 in August by thearrival ofthe 4th, 7th and 9th Infant ry R~iml:'nt5.

The Yistula Legion infantry distinguished them­selves at the two sieges of Saragossa: by the- finalfall of the cit y on 20 February 1809 the Legionha d lost 1,39l"l men - thirty per rent casualties.The lancers of the Legion fought at Medina delR io 5«0. For the re-invasion of Spain in Xovem-

15

ber 1808 the Legion serve d wuh ~Ionc~y ' s IIICorps , a nd the ot her three infantry regim en tswith Le febvre 's 1\' Corps . The IV Corps regi­menu fouJtht at Talavera on 28 July IB09. a nd atAlmonacid on 10 August: Ihey were prominen tin the victory at Ocana on '9 Xovember IBog.Meanwhile the Leg ion had been employed in theeas tern provinces, under Suc he r. In ~I arch 18 10a fourth regiment joined Ihe Legion infan tr-y; ithad orill;inally been raised as a "and Legion of theVistula' by a decree of8 July 1&9- The last ba tt lein which the Legio n loo k pari in Spa in was a tSag unto 0 11 25 October 1811, whe re Ihey p rovidedthe back bon e of a French force of 18,noo whichsmashed 3U,I-""'Spaniards.

T he Vistula Legion lanc ers served Sl'para ldyfrom the infan try. A second regiment was raisedby decree on 7 Feb ruary 1811, under ColonelLubienski, la te of the Chevau-legera of rhe G uard ;but on 18 June 1811 both regimen ls were incor­pcrared in to the French Army as the 71h a nd 8thRegiments of Lancers, a 91h rrgi m~nl txingformed around drafls from t he ether IWO. O nlyPoles were admitted 10 these three regi ments.

16

T he mos t famou s act ion of the \ 'i stula lancer s i .Spain was their devasta ting charge at Albu eron 16 .\f ay 1811, when, with a French huss.regimem, Iht')' an nihilated Colbome's Rri t i ~ t

infa ntry brigade.The Chcvau -legers of the' Guard entered Spa ll

with Napoleon, with a strength ofeilth t cornpanieThe)' dislinji!:uished themselves in a bloody chan:at Scmosierra on 30 Xcvember 1808, and too kpart in the pursuit of Moore's British Ann)' IIAstorga. Aftcr escorting the Emperor back It

France Ih~· were stationed on the Franco-Spa nishfron der, returmn g to Paris in February IBog, InFebruary 18 10, newlv armed with lances an dredesignated C"'lXl,.-II~nJ lanciers, a de tachmentre-mmed to northern Spain. T hey operated main hagainst gue rr illa bands in the area; present atFuen tes de Osoro in ~Iay 1811, they d id not infact charge. In September T81 1, 315 strong, Ihisdetach ment return ed to the parent regiment inFr ance,

In Febr uary 18 12 a ll Polish un its serving inSpain were co ncen trated on the Ehro. Togetherthe fuur regimen ts of the Visrula Legion had 3,oormen ; th e four infa nt ry regiment s of the: duchy ­the' 4th, 7th a nd 9th - totalled 2,400 ; and the 7th.8th and 91h Lancers totalled 1,000. ThCSt: figureswere on ly achieved after remforcemem drafts frOIDWarsaw. I Est ima tes of Polish casualties in lhi.bitter campaign run as high as 40,000 dead awounded; Ihey ccnsistenrlv fought with grede terminauon, and uften, it mUSI be' said, dis­p layed bestial cruelty.

In th e spring of lBog Austria declared warFran ce', encouraged by signs of pa trio tic unra mong Fr ance's German vassals .•\t this stage ta rmy of the Duch y of Wa rsaw consisted offollowing : twelve infantry regiments each of rhreba ttalions; six cava lry regiments (1St, 41h and 5tChaucul"1 a Cheval, and, 3rd an d Srh Lancersthree banaliorn of anille'')-, each of three c

nine ty- th ree cannon; three I"nginffrtrain compa nies. The 41h, 7th and 9th

been detached for Spanish service,h, to th and 1 uh were in Modlin and

This left tl,2'65 infanlry, 4,s&t u.valf)"a"i ll~f)' for Ih~ defmc~ of the duchy.

were formed , each of four infantrycavalry rrgjml"nls and an ~"i1Il"f)" bat­

rith the 1St Division also ha,;nll: a horsebattery , Some 2,200 Saxon troops ~.I"~

ailabl~. This army w;u threatened by theVII Corps in Galicia. some 33,000 men

tht Archduke Ferdina nd.a nd invaded the duchyon 15 April 1809 .

JoIaJ-_ kWl.. . .... P k_r ~rk....« tIM--u. e--. __ 011 w.

= .H':....: till.:~In:~.::::.~~=.:::

and the first serious dash took place at Raseyn,some ten miles south-east of Warsaw, on 20 April.Poniatowski withdrew into w arsaw that night,and at this point the Saxon troops were reca lled:the: Poles had only 9.500 dfl"£li,'t'S left, and hadto abandon Warsaw and retire into Medlin. Atreaty was concluded making Warsaw a neutralrily. and Poniatowski galhl"JTd strength. Austrianattempts to capture the Polish bridgehead whichremained on their side of the Visrula at Pragawere repulsed, and a successful coumer-auack wasmounted. Ferdinand nl"xl attacked Thorn, bUIwithdrew when tbe Poles promptly threatened hisrear in Galicia by taking Sandomir. ~b.ny ofthl"4,000 Austrians ejected were new local recrui ts,and some 800 immediately ca rne ever 10 the PoIM.On 19/20 ~lay Zamosc fdl to the Poles; and thejrd, 6th and reth Polish infantry, with ca valryand artilll"f)" support, succt'SSfully resisted a nattempt by 8,000 Austrians under Schau roth torecapture Sandomir. In rhe fact' of thrx repea tedset-backs, and gTowing local rnUtancl", Ferdina ndabandoned Wanaw on 2 Jun~ 1809-

The situa tion beca me more <,omplicat l"d wben

17

s.IoaII. oJ •• • HiiC'O'r01 H ••_ ....

R ussian troops moved against the A ustrians inWara.aw on the same day. in support of the Poles ;but this support was lirnhed and uncoordinated,and Pc n ia ro.....ski was forced on to the defensi veagain in th e second week of J un e. A seco ndA ustrian assau lt on Sa ndo mir failed blood ily ont5 Jun e, but on th e 18th th e garrison wasforcedto capi tulate - with full honours - through lackof a mmu nition. Meanwhile Pon ia towski's fore"wer e growing in str ength, reach ing a to tal of sorne24.000 th rough th e rais ing of si:ot new infant ry andten cavalry regiments in Galicia . Krakow wasreta ken from the Austr ian s o n 1.1 J uly; and Iwod ays later D('WI of the a rmistice of Zn aim betwee nAustri a and France reached Krakow , ending th eca mpaign. T he subsequent T reat y of Sc ho nb ru nnbrought to the duchy west Ga licia, the a rea su r­roundi ng K ra kow. and the area o f Z.amosc.

T he army of the Du ch y of warsa w, includ ingthe new ' Franeo-Gahcian' formauora raised d ur-

18

ing thi s ca mpaign , consisted on 14 Xovember 18l"of the following :

Infant ryul Rtgl . (Col. Casi mir ~Ialachowlk i ) , 2.690 meu:nul Rtgl . (Col. Stanislas Potocki), 3.0]0; :lfd Rt,( 1(Col. Edouard Zohowlkil, 2,6-11; II/' Rtl" (ColWien l>imk i), 2,2.11 - two boatt.a.lions in Spainjt/' RtA' . (CuI . Prince ~l iche1 Radz iwill), 2,10-16t1t. H.tA'. (Col. J ul~n Sierawski), 2,67); illt. RtA'(Col. Jakubowicz), 1,095 ~ two boattalions in Spai n;Blit. Rt,'. (Col. Stuart), 2,302;9d Rt,', ((".01. Priner:Antoine SulkowU.i), 2,050 - two hattaHolU inSpain ; l ot ll RtA" (Co!. IJownarowiczl, 1,QQ6 - twobattalions in Da nzig ; Ill. Rt f l. (Co l. ~1 1r:lz.)" nski ) ,2, "15 - two baltalions in Danzig; 1211t. &". (Co lWeyumhof ). 2,60t. ·r.,41 28,387 me n .

Ca val rytsl CJuuurm {Col. Praebendowski), 937 men; 2rUIIANni (Co l. T)'ukiewicz ), 1,163; 3'4 IANni (C.ol.Lo nceynski), 1,015; ItII C/uJJstlm (Col. Kwasn iew,ski), 687 - in German y; jilt Cluustwrs (Col. CuTurno), 1,097; 611t. JAI/IC,,"S (Co l. Dom Dziewanow­ski), 1,0<:)9. T l'lal 5,998 men. Artilluy, Enginee rsand T rain, hJlal 2,620 men . Grand T otal, 37,00,'jmen.

FR "NU>-CALlC IA N ARM Y

Infaalryu t Rtgt. (Col. Sl neidr:r), 3,t25 mr:n; :nul Rtlt. (Col.S i~mion0W5ki), 2,852; 31d H.r!!,l. (Col. ~f iaskowsk i ) ,

3,t22; pit. &". (Co l. Kencz}" cki), 2,338; jIlt. & AI.(Col. Prince Comtantin Cza rtOf)"lki), 2,56 1; 61'Rtl t. (Col. Homowu.i), 1,985. T.t4l 16,583 menThe 41h Rr:l(iment was bter disban ded , and them, end, 3rd, ,'jth and 6th became the Pol ish 13thto 17th Regimen ts respecrivdy.

Cavalry

"' ~I (Col. 7....wad l ki). 8.to men; IfttI I_ m(Col. Ro:zwadowslo.i). 954 ; :Fd l..tuttm (ColPrz)"sychowaki), 936 ; 4llt l...41tur1 (Co l. Potodi)699; 5,AI l..tuttm (Col. Ryszc.zewski) , 943 ; 6,.J.-cm (Col. Treeciecki), 9 16; ;Ur. I....ms (ColTarnowski). 66 1; 8tll H MlJtlTl (Col. Tolimkil, 1,049,¢t H VSS4f1 ((".01. L'milUki), 8oJ; l(jllt. A/i,unm~Co\. ~bhc.how\\.i.), fou). Thn(: Ul\\\\ \a.\u b«.aTl'\ll:the 7th to t6th Polish (:a\'alry regimr nl5.

Gra"d Tl'tal FrllttC-.GtJ/it;i1l1l lrllOfJJ : 25, 193 mr:nGrllM T ot41 Pl'lislt f()fw: 6'2,198 men. Dt'lItlwiforus: Spa in 6,265 men ; Danzig - 3,024 menGermany - 68ti men .

In ~I ay IBog Ponia towski created .1co mpany ofGuides from Ga lician noble famil ies, comp ri.,inrfour office rs, twelve N ,C .O. s, two trumpeters an dsixty soldiers.

It ma y be ad ded th at the Cheva u- legere of theFr ench Impe rial G uard .....e~ p resen t a t tht Rau leof Wagram (5-0 J oly . Bog), and overt h rew theAustri an Sc b wa ree nberg L"hl.aI15 in one charge.

Girard ', division of I X Corps: and Princr MichaelRadxiwill's b rigade (5th. 10th and rnh PolishInfantry] were in Danxig as part of M acdon a ld ',X Corps. The Legion of the Visrula, in twobrigades con sisting of the 1St and 3rd Regimentsand the and and 4th Regimcnls. served inClaparede's divi sion of the Yo ung Gu ard under~Iort i er. In August 181:l a brigade formed fromthe 13th I nfa n try and a regiment of the XarionalGuard of Warsa w, com ma nded by GencralKw asniewski. j oined a Saxon d ivision in Reynicr'sVII Corps.

Fl ftd hal "",lay 01.. T"",.. como of R. ...ia'.1_ i.-s ....... _ . ... of 1M I I ca ...paip.

18th Di~: Commander, Gen . Kniaz iewicz;Chiefof Sta ff, Col. :'\owicki j Brigade Commanders,Gens. Bi~nski and Grabowski. and , Bth and nthInfa ntry Regiments ; aorh Light Cavalry Brigade(Gen. Prince Antoine Sulkowski) ; 5th Chas~\lrs

and 13th Huu a n ; Ligh t Cava lry nri~ade (Gw .~iemoje.....ski) j 6th and 8th Lancers ; Light Cava lryBriRade (Gen . Axamitowski ); loth Hussars.

,6l/r ~,,: Commander, Gen. Zajonczck ;Chief of Staff, Col. Weysscnhoff: Ilril{ade Com­manden, Gem. ~ lidziIUki and Pouzkowski. 3rd,15th and rfith Infantry Regiments; t qth LightCavalry Brigade (Gen. T )"skiewicz); 4th Chasseurs;12th Lancers.

'7th Di~n: Commander, Gen . Dombrowski ;Chief of Staff, Col. Codrowsu; Brigade Com­man<kn , Gell$. Axamitowski and Piotorwski.1St, 6th , l.4.th and 17th Infantry Rqcimenu; Li~ht

Cav..lry Brigade lGcn . lhicwanowski) j 1StCha.cun.

c.,pJ CtnrrnuuuJn: Prince PoniatoW1k.i; Chid ojSLtJff, Gen . Fiszer-; /NptdJ Ch~f of S14.ff, Gen .Ra utensrrauch .

41h Po/uh Litht CdlJtl.lry D irUimr: Commander,Gen . Rcrniecki. 28th Light Ca\·alry Brigade{Gen. Dziewarowski ) j:lnd and t t th I.itln«:n : 29thLiJl:ht Ca \·alry Brigade (Gen . Turno) j 3rd and 16thLancen. Cnder command, lith Polish Kimusicn.

The scope of this campaign was so vast, and ther:ontribulion of'the Polish units so widespread , tha tfor reasons of'space it is im possible 10 go in to details

this hoo k. A summary of units engaged, a nd af list ofsomc of their most no table actions muste.

I the bt'g inning of xt arch 1812 Princetcwski, Ci-tn -C. of the army of the Duchy

Warsaw. recci ved ord ers from the Emperor tore to march. W ith the absorption of the

nncc>Ga licia n units. the forces of the duchy V'to ta lled 74.700 men, 22.850 hones and 165 ~

:anna n. The entire V Corps of the G rand e Armeecomposed of Po lish troops, o rga nized as

IoWI:

In addition to t hese formations, the 4th, 7th andqth Polish Infa nt ry Regiments were attached to

19

M ....t..l Ikn.dool ... ... be • •~ I. d ... .,...- ofS......Ina; la 181J h . led. t.--p- ..pl••1 1t.1.lor m • ., ma.IU,N..pol-.

20

On 23 Jun~ 1812 th e Grande Arme~ crossedthe Niemen on to Russian soil; for months before­hand the Duchy of Warsaw had been a vast campand assembly area, and rhe population wen nudoubt hear tily glad to be rid of some of thei rguests. Few, indeed , would pass that way again .The army ran into difficulties straight away :ahhough the Russians retreated before them, theypoisoned the wells and streams and removed ordestroyed all grain. Hundreds of men died fromheat prostration every day, and the young Polishconscripts suffered particularly badly . T he poorforage available soon began to kill off cavalrymounts in tho usands. On ::13 June V Corps num­bered 3°,000 men ; by ::18 J uly it mustered only22,000, although no major actions had yet bunfought.

On 27June the Poles entered Wilna, Lithuania- a Polish possession unti l 1795 - and werewelcomed as liberators. In response to localrequ ests a federation of Lithuania with the duch ywas proclaimed on I July. and the raising of fiveinfantry and four lancer regimenu was put inhand. These were designated the 18th to aandInfantry and 17th to seth Cavalry Regim~nu ofthe anny of the duchy - although they neverreached full strength, and most of them perishedin the horror of the Russian winte r. Napoleon alsoformed a guard of honou r from young Lithua niannobles which became the grd Cbevau-legersLa nd ers de la Garde.

On 9 July at Mir, on 10 July at Koralice andon 14 J uly at !'\icswiez, the Polish cavalry wererough ly handled by Russian forces amo ng whomPlatcw's Cossacks were prominent. The Paintook some measure of revenge on 25 July, whenthe 6th and loth Cavalry smashed the RussianIngermannland Dragoons. On 13 August thePolish 17th Division and the and, 7th and 15thLa ncers were detached to act as a link with Saxonand Austrian forces on the southern flank. of thearmy, leaving V Corps with but 15,000 men. On16 August the Poles were heavily commined to

bitter fight ing at Smclen sk, with mort than 2,000

casualt ies, including four generals and sixty officers.Late in August the fint elements of the newLithuanian infantry regiments arrived with the17th Division : at about the same time Victo r sentthe 4th, 7th and qth Polish Infantry Regiml'nts to

. At Borodino on 5-7 Sept ember the Polesaga in heavily enga ged . O n 5 Sep tembertowski led the bulk of the Polish units for­on the right Rank of the ar my, whe re they

the Schwcradino redou bt. On 7 Sr-pn-mberrt her flank ing movement dev eloped on the• and the Polish infan try fought around thee of Uticza ; the cavalry were also ac tive in

sector, taking Pasaraew. T he Vistula Le gionht on the left flank unde r Claparede.

In the second halfofthe month, while Xapoleonpied the smo king ru ins of ~foscow and

ed on his d ilem ma. the Polish corps was sentclea r strong Russian forces threatening the linescommunication . They foug ht at Podo lsk onSeptember, then followin g the enemy as he fellk towa rds Kaluga, figh ting several further

«lions. Losses had been ex tremely heavy, an d thelish infantry regi ments were now reorganize d

"th two battalions eac h instead of three. At abouttime the Vistula Legion joined the othe r

Pa lish un its.T he lu ll in ope ra tions between lat e September

an d mid-October ended on 18 O ctob er , whe nIwavy Ru ssian pressure developed aga inst M ura t'sOUtposts; t he King of Na ples was forced to with­draw inside a Polish infan try square. By the timethe y had fough t their way back to Woron owo thePoles had lost ano ther 500 dead (includingC enera l Fiszer ) and 1,000 wounded (includingPrince Anton Sul kowski), and the V Corps wasdown to 12,000 men. On 18/19 O ctober there trea t from Moscow began. It s miseries havebeen chro nicled too often to merit repetition here;suffice it to say tha t the Polish troops suffered asbadly as any dement in the dwin dling andwretched army. After fighting a t Borowsk andWiasma, V Co rps - so-cal led - had but 800eflecrlves under arms. The Vistula Legion. whichhad jo ined the G rande Arm ee 7.000 strong, wasreduced to 1,500 by the time th e army reac hedSmolcnsk on 9 Xovember. The 3rd (Li thuanian)Lancers of the G ua rd were wiped out at Slonimon 3 Nove mbe r. The detached 17th Divisionunder Dom browski was still 4,000 strong , bu t itsu ffered heavily at Boriesow on the Beresina whilevain ly tryin g to save the vita l bri dge fromTschemichew's R ussian s. Whi le the ghost of theG ran de Arm ee stragg led ac ross the two rickety

Brrthl~r, Napo1.-.'a tD-.I.. abl~ chid of a' a fr.

bri dge s which were improvised at Studienka on27 Novem ber, the now-reuni ted V Corp s underZajonczck held off a Russian advance up the westba nk of the Bereslne. Ponia towski, who was sickand tr avelli ng in a carriage, only escaped ac rossthe river with difficulty. Co mmand of V Corpspassed rap idly from Zajcnczek to K niaaicwicz toKrasinski, as the gene ra ls were wounded one byone. O n the night of 6 November the PolishLan cers of the G uard and the 7th Polish Lan cersescor ted Napoleon as he deserted the rabble of hisar my . O n 9 Novem ber the remains of V Corpscrossed th e Niemen and entered their homelandonce again. Ponia towski reviewed them at Warsawon Christmas Day; apart from Dom browski's 17thDivision, th ey nu mbered 400 men - but the y stillhad their eagles and forty cannon.

21

~ pa__a:;" or 1.... RJv .... Ni ..1 a oa :14Jua.. 1813, a l 110e_t a rt or til.. ra1dlll Ru__1aa onpaICa..

The R ussia ns flood ed into th e Du chy of Wa rsawin the ea rly mon ths of 18 13; th ey occupied the cityon 9 February, and Ponia towski began th e painfu lbu sine ss of reorganizing his forces from Krakow.Element s of Poli sh units were sca tte red all overnorthern Eur ope, and it was not un til t he victo ryof LUtzen br ought a brief respite with the armisticeof Pleisswitz th at a Polish corps could be assembled .By thi s time the Russian advance had pu shedPoniatowski back to Ziuau in Saxony. Fromcomposite uni ts of surv ivors , raw conscripts, re­numbered regiment s, retu rned pr isone rs and o ther'od ds and ends', Napoleon an d Poni at ow skicreated V I II Corps, a s follow s:

22

26th Infant,y Division (Gen. Kam ieniecki): I

n,igad, (Gen. Sieraw~ki), 1St and 16th IntantrTRegiments; 2nd B, igaM (Gen. Ma lachowski),and 15th Infantry Re giments.

27th Inf antry Dioision (Gen. Kr a.i nski) : I

B, igade (Gen. Grabow~ki ) rarh Infant ry Rcg"imcn2nd Brigade (Gen. Lonczynski) lind and I,JIn fant ry Regiments [ex-Dom browski's d ivision}.

The cavalry became the 4th Reserv e CavalnCorps under General Kellerman, Co mteValmy, as follows:

Advanced Guard (Gen. Lminski) : 14th Kurasai(Col. Dziekonski}; Krakw (Maj . Rzuchow8th Light CalJtll~ ~ Division (Gen. Pri nce Sulko....1St, 3rd and 6th Cha.~un, in two bril{a.doman ded by Gens. Weys.o,enhof and 'Furno.UJ:hl Cat'airy Dit,isiOri (Gen. Sokolnicki ) : 8th16th Lance rs and 13th Hussars in two bricomma nded by Gens. To linski and Kwa.\Ilie~ki

The lind and 4th Cavalry, ex-Dombrowski'ssio n, were b riga de d und er G('n('ral K ruko.... ·

attached 10 VIII Corps. Various isolated. h regtmenu were still in existence in Danzig,

osc, Modlin and Hamburg. At WittemlW'rJttwo regiments now in French pay: the R~i­

t of the Yistula, a two-banalion remnant ofold Legion, and the '4~ Rc:gim('nt Polonaise',

composite of the uld 4th, 71h and 9th Infantry ,re that ma ny of the uni ts of\'1II Corps, above,e' no direct relationship to the prr.1813 n- gi•

.enIS of the' same numerical designation.After the victory of Dresden (:l6 August 1813

release of Polish prisoners brought \'111Corps'IItn"ngth up 10 12,000. The new formation wasWooded at Katzbach on 26 August. Krukowieckt'scavalry br igade - and and 4th Regi ments - distin­CUishcd themselves ar Denn ewirz on 6 September.On 16 October th ere ope ned the last great banleof Xapolcon's Polish allies - Leipzig, the Battle oftbt Xarions. At first based at xt ark-Kl ceburg, the

000 Poles were pu hed back 10 Dolitz by anallack by 18,000 R ussians and Prussians underKleist , That night Poniatowski was nomin a tedManhal of France. T he Poles remained at Doli rzthroughout ' 7 O cto ber, apart from elements.... hic h held the suburb of Halle and areas to thenorth. Tbe ci lY had beoorne a trap in the middleof a ring of converging Allied armies, a trap withonly one way out - a single bridge over the Eisler,The heavy trains wert sent out over the bridge onthe night of 17- 18 October: it was then preparedfor eventual de moli tion. O n 18 O ctober the Alliesrenewed thei r assaults, and bitter fight ing tookplace, Tha i night Napoleon ordered the evacua­tion of the city, and during the following dayconditions within the areas of French occupationdeteriorated as the rearguard formations tried 10

fight off the Allied prcssUf(' and panic began toinfect those units which had not )'t'l managed towithdraw eve r the bridge. Wh("n the Russiansforced th eir wa), in to the city, after blood y fighti ngin which the Poll'S played a desperate part, chaosgripped the bridgehead - and at thai poin t theElster bridge was prematurely blown, leaving20,000 French , German and Polish troops trappedin Leipzig. Among them were Ponia towski andthe remnants of \'11I Corps. Most fell into enemyhand s; man y a ttempted to swim to safety acrossthe EISler, an d were drowned , Among these latterwas Marsh al Pri nce Ponia towski - and with him

died, for a ll practical purposes, the G ran d Duch yof " 'anaw.

One by one, isolated fortresses all OHr northernGennany capitula led, and many PolC'S wereamong the garrisons. Those f("w thousands whoremained with the French forces as they retreatedtowards Fran ce were on ly kep t in the ran ks withgrea t di lllculty afte r th e news of Pon ia towski 'sdeath spread. Eventually, and in violation of apromise made to Dombrowski, Napoleon orderedthe incorporation of all Polish units into theFrench Arm)'. Isola ted units, inspi red by personalloyalty to the Emperor, distinguished themselvesduring the French campaign of 1814,

The T rea ty of Paris was signed on I I l\pr i11814,and the wa r was over. Napoleon bec a me ruler ofElba and was permit ted to la ke wit h him abattalion of grenadiers of the Guard and asquadron of 120 men of the Polish Chevau-legersof the Guard. This squadron was formed com­pletely of volunteers and was commanded byJ erm anowski. Art icle '9 of the Trea ty of Pa ris

T10e r ......... Gno..-.l Kleb t ..- NoIt,.... lorft.

23

TIoe _ ....n . r~I v.....__• .., e-..m. _ ]0

A..- 181lt all... , ... ""'" eI K..Jm.

defined the future position of the Poles who hadfought 10 valiantly for 10 long for the Emperor :

'Polish troops of all amu are at liberty to rl:tumto their homelands having terminated theirhonourable service.

'OffICCR, :X.C.O., and men may retain thedttOralions which Ihey have been awarded and""i11 ecminue 10 receive the pensions auached tothn(' decorations.'

Th~ ll uad rft1 Day.At the beginning of April 1815 it was decreedthai five foreign r('gimenu shou ld be formed forservice with Xapoleon'e a rmy. The grd ForeignRegiment .....as formed ot'Poles unde r '-I ajon 5lUIcand Golcseew..ki. The men came mainly from theold Legjon of We \"istula. Tbe Elba Squadron ofPolish Ca"'alry became rhe ut Squadron of theRegiment of Chevau-legers Lanciers de la Garde,and foughl wdl at Waterloo. On I Oc tober 1815Ibis squadron JWII'Cd into Rua ian JnVice in thenew kingdom of Poland .

21

UJlifOrJIISIn.f_u~,.

At the beginning of 1807 the infantry wore d.arkblue Ir.unlr.as with crirmon facings; black feltcupka decorated with a br. sun-burst plate ,dark blue or white trousers, brown gr('atcoat.Plume, pompon, epanleues and cords as follows:grl:nadiefl red, vohigeurs )'ellow; fusiliers lightblue.

This uniform was modified by a decree ofa March 1807 as folio",.. lall kurtkas dark blur}:III Dil'iJu,II: Lapels yellow, collar and cuff, nod,yellow buttons bearing the nogiml:ntaJ number;trousers worn over bocu, closed at the bottoms..... ith eight buttons and dght kx>ps. On dutj­ofTlCrn wore gilt go~u with silver eagles; giltbelt with lilnr eagle. Field officers wore dark blue

l~_=----

,

I DriW'l'. Mllh• ..,. Trala2 rO"q1e. c.r.-.u.r e-,...,.. ,til

IaI_U'Y JltoP-t, 1110-,,,J Aial.e-rd

A

--

lI

c

D

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I Offi"r,"_ AnUJ....,.. fwlJ drno_3 Vol~ Co..-, up- ..I d ...

Vlacw.., 1108J Tnua~'...... Sd. Cba.-... ..

Cbn-al, parade dres.

J

--

--

I 0.--- MIIj..., 1•• 1.& ., ReP-t:II V""'da_"~ ...,-...,......-.. I .I~I..

J T K......H-ra, .......t.od Io7-I..

,

E

F

• Ta_booar of ,. ...rue 110 Wuury~:t~~&eld _me W...

:a s-.• ...u_I...-at, ')1" H fodld ........ 1106-• •

) C......uer. I'.... laf..,ry ReP-eM,.&0.,,-1.

a

--

I e..-r,"-- ArtiDn'y. auba.d_

s Tree,.....~ . ta b le d ........J T--.-r, K.nI••I.......table d .

-- G

1 .~...._TnNnJl""l '" 0..-.-1......,.• .",..,..,. d . 1.- ........ _n:loiac........... 10-1.

;II 0f60eer. KnoJo,_ .. 11nJ T ........... U.Io __I.. T. ..... .... ordar

G_cdo "n

H

e-..duI I. _booe, n. PoliN eoI'JM _ .............. , ......d rU_ ., _ of ...... a ~ by e..-do.n 1 6...c .IN Poli.h .,. ..,. onadt' r.....t1.d aJ 1oowfatI.

an d gold silk sashes; junior officers, white leat herbelts. Degen with steel grip. 2rlJDit1sion: Crimsonlapels, collar and cuffs, white buttons and up­plates : otherwise as 1St Division. 3'J Division:Lapels, collar and cuffs white, yellow buttons andcap-plate, otherwise as 1St Division. In undress,officers wore dark blue frock-coau with collars ofthe same colour, and bicoms.

The cockade was white like that of the ancientPolish republic. Napoleon imposed the Frenchcockade on the Franco-Polish regiments in lB09,but Prince Ponia towski rein troduced the whitecockade when these troops were incorporated intothe ar my of the Duchy of Wanaw on I J anuary1810.

In the decree of 3 September 1810 it wasdirected that all regiments of infantry wou ld wearthe same facings .

0ffiurs' FiliI Dress: Dark blue coat, white waist­coat and trousers; collar closed and piped incrimson (volugeurs - yellow unpiped eolian).White lapels, straight cuffs ....-ith crimson flaps and

white piping. The coat was closed by means olhooks an d oJX'n on the thighs. Horizontal, three­pointed poc ket Raps with crimson piping. n.rskirts were hooked back to show the white w...rwith, in the corners, embroidered hunting llor-.for the ~ltigeun, stan for the fusilien ...grenades for the grenadiers. Yellow metal t.ut­bearing in relief the number of the r~Seven small bu ttons on eac h side of~th ree large butto ns belo..... on the left sidethree buttonholes on the righ t. Two large __in the sma ll of the back , three on each pocknone small button for each epaulene. Tbeshowed benea th the coat and was cJo..d,

sma ll but tons; three on each podcLbreeches, Hunga rian boots . Black ACIdwhite. Black bicom edged in black ;_a double loop of gold half .ilQ inch ..gold button) which fixed rbe c:ockMk..Officers wear beankins with red ""_.._~cords. The bearskin is of the JaIN'

of the men . Voltixnlrs: Q ffic""

yellow pompon fourteen centi metres high. FlLfilin:Officers have a black pompon above the cockade.Ojfiur$' {""d,m: Dark blue- frock-coat with similarcollar and lapels, closed with nine large buttons,Dark blue trousers. Grenadier officers have-a redhat pompon. SlUlotll: Dark blue- wirh seven largebuttons on e-ach lapel ; unde-r this, waistcoat andtrousers of whi te- d imity or na nkeen as desired .

}/.C.O.s olld So/dins: Dar k blue coa t, whi telapels bu ttoned back an d closed with hooks; belowth e plastro n the kurtka is closed with two larg ebuttons. Dar k blue trousers for everyday we-ar,white for parades, the latter worn with whitegaiters unde-r them . CunadU1S: Bearskin bonne t(mostly shown with a sma ll black pea k edged inyellow metal] leaning slightly forward. Brass platewith whi te metal eag le and bearing the numbe r ofthe regiment between two flanking grenades. Topof the bears kin red with a white cross, red cordsand plume. Lo ng moustaches are worn. Redepauteucs. l'oJtignus: Shako with yellow cords,above- the coc kade a }"rHow and green plume.

26

Short moustaches arc worn. Green epaulenes.Fusi/ins: Czapka ofhlack felt, nine inches high andten inches squa~, while metal eagle above ayellow metal plate bearing the regimental num­ber. Black Ie-ather pe-akedged in brass. Above theeagle a while cockade surmounted by a black.pompon. Whilc cords, terminating in tasK'1s whichare silve-rand crimson for X.C.O.s. While leatherwork. Dark blue shoulder-straps, The fusiliers wereclean -shaven. Bldck leather pouch with a regi­mental number in brass for the fusilirrs, numberwi thin a hunting horn for vohigeurs and numberand a grenade for the grenadiers. Dark blue forag('cap with red piping and tassel. On the march, theforage cap was carried rolled up unde-r the pouchand the plume (in its case) was strapped 10 thesabre shea th. While waistcoa t for fatigues (collar,cuffs and pip ing crimson?), grry greatcoat.Sapptu1J: Grenadier 's bearsk in; on the uppt'r armsof th e kur tka a. badge of two crossed ax" with agren ad e in red cloth . While lea ther apron, widewhite band olier and black pouch for the axe,small pouch with the sappeu r's badge, gauntlet.The sab re has a brass grip terminating in a cock'shead and dragoon carbines are carried. Sappeurswore full beards. •\{IUUUnu: Drummers and musi­cians wore a great variety of dress following thewhim of their commander.

RadCe'tiI of Ra.akOJlims (indica ted by epaulenes}: Co/nt/ - twoepaulettes with bullion fringes, no e-mbroidery onthe straps• .\Iojar - the same epautenes but withth e top in silver . ~/nta"/-c%M/ - on the Ie-ft anepaulerte with bullion fringes, on the right aconue-epaulet te without fringes. CtJptllin - on theleft a fringed epeu lene, on the right a centre­epau lctte. utukllalll - as for a captain, but witha line of crimson, one-eigh th of an inch widealon g the stra ps. SIJUJ-/uuttnant - the same epau­leues, but with two lines of crimson silk zigl.aggingalong the straps. Adjlltallt-trUJjar - on the right afringed epaulene, on the left a corure-epaulerte.Epaulettes were gold for all infantry officers, theptJrk-lpit and hat cords silver, the gorget gold witha silver Polish eagle . ~\·.C.OJ: CorptJraJ - t.....o stripesofyellow cloth two inches above the culTs.!'.'nINllt- one gold stripe on e-ach ann and one on thestra p of the epauleue or shoulder-strap. &rgtO"'-

1Nl]or - t"''O gold stripes. FtnlTfin - one goldchevron four inches above the elbow. All KC.O.shave a gold top band one inch wide to theirshakos or czapkas.

Armam~dt

All fusilier officers carry French-pattern Dege-nwith gilt plate and grip; black she-ath, leather belt .Mounted officers carry sabres with ye-llow gripsand . hra ths, trimmed in black leat her; silver spun .Grenadier and voltigeur officers also carry sabres.KC.O.s, grenadiers and voltigeurs ca rry sabres aswell ill muskets an d bayonets, the fusiliers on ly themusket and bayonet.

Foot Artm~ryOJfims' Full Dress: Dar k gTCt'n coa ti colla r, lapelsand cuffs black velvet with red edg ing: whit ewaistcoat and trousers; yellow metal buttons bea r­ing in relief a flaming grenade above crossedcannon barrels. Style of coat, number of buttons,hooks. Itock, hat and cockade as for offiurs of

infantry. At the tumbaek comers, gold ern­broidered flaming grenades. Riding boo ts, silverspurs, gilt fittin gs and buckles . U"drm: Darkgreen, single-b reas ted frock-coa t, black velvetcolla r and cuffs with red piping. Black or grl"t'ntrousers. Cut as for th e infantry. SUTIsId: As forund ress, bu t do ub le-breasted with seven lar gebuttons on eac h lapel. Below this, waistcoat andtrousers of whi te dimity or nankeen acco rding tocho ice.

,X.C.OJ tVU1 Grmnns: Dark gree n kurtka withblack collar, lapels and cuffs piped in red. Gree ntrousers or whi te trousers and gai ters. Red epau­lenes. Sh ako with yellow chin scales an d yellowmetal plate bea ring a flaming gre na de and twocrossed canno n ba rre ls, a ll surmo unted by a whit emetal eagle. Red cords, pompon and plume. Vt SU

Ih emit (Faligutjaektl ): White with grttn collar andcuffs and green piping round the pockets. ForagtCap: Dark green edged in yellow. Conductturs(D rivns): Grey /blue kur tkas with grey trousers(with leather insets) ; dark blue czapka trimmedwith black astra kha n . On the left upper arm anova l brass plate bea ring the nu mber of the vehicleand of the division. Badgts of Rad: : As for theinfantry . A" rt.am.f'1fI: As for th e infantry except tha tN.C.O.s and men have dr agoon carbines a ndsabres with red straps. Traill tl'lrpnJNIgt: Dress asfor the artillery, but the kunka is blue/grt')' withlight yellow colla r and cuffs. Buttons, epautenes,etc., are white,

Kiira.siersFall Dress: Dark blue coat faced in red, red collarclosed with three hooks, squa re red cuffs with darkblu e piping. T wo grenades in the tumback ccmers,poc kets in the folds of th e skir t. The coat closed bynin e buttons and the skirt projected nine inchesbelow the kurass. Three buttons on each pocket,two at the rear of th e waist and one for eac hepaulene . The buttons are flat and yellow andbea r in relief the number of the regiment . \"'hilewaistcoat nOI visible beneath the coat; whil eleather breeches closing with four buttons belowth e knee, whi te cloth knee-c uffs reachin g to fourinches above the knee and closing with fourbuttons. Cuffed boots rising to three inches abovethe knee, long, buc kle-on steel spurs. Steel korasswith front and back pla te with brass rivets , leather

27

TIle ., da. 01 the Btrr...u... in Nov.....t..r 181~ 110..rIO o( II.,. G ...... de Ann& auemp' 10 _ ..... the...._Iv,"",. TIle FoU.b Co"P.., reduc:ed to .. ( 'Ow bWldrPd m ,...,(0""1:101 I: ..naoll,. 08 11010 ~I..., .. I.

stra ps covered in brass scales. The kurass is edgedwith red cloth th ree inches wide the outer edge ofwhich has a silver edging one inch wide. French­style helmet with red plume 00 the left side (steelbody, brass combe, horse-hair crest and tuft,yellow chin scales, black fur turban extendingover peak, which is edged in brass. No neckshield). Black stock edged in white', white leathergau ntlets with cuffs seven inches high.

Undress: Dar k blue frock-coat faced in red andclosed by nine yellow buttons. Red collar closedwith three hooks. Pointed cuffs outlined in redpiping and closed with three small buttons.Grenades on the turnbacks; vertical pockets withthree points edged in red pip ing. Plain dark bluetrousers, same boots as for full dress. Bicom as forthe Chasseurs 11 Cheval with red plume . Surtout:Dark blue with similar collar and cuffs, pocketsin the folds of the skirt ; seven buttons on eachlapel. Greatcoat: White cloth, closed collar withyellow meta l loops and red piping; circu lar capecollar (rotondt) nine inches high. Red lining twelveinches wide.

N.C .O.s and soldiers have the same uniform asthe officers, according to regulations.

28

Badgts of Roni: Gold epaulenes as for infantryofficers; portt-lpll one and a half inches wideterminating in a silver tassel (bullion fringes forfield officers). Armamml: French model Pallaschwith yellow hilt, polished steel sheath; steel fittedpistols. White leatherwork with yellow metalfittings. White leather bandolier with yellowbuckle worn over the kurass.

Chane-ul's • Che-valFull Dress: Dark green kurtka lined in darkgreen, collar closed with three hooks, pointedcuffs. Seams on the rear of the coat one inch wide,pockets in the folds. Th e kurtka is closed with nineround brass buttons and there are two on eachpocket. Long breeches with a double side-stripeof one-inch-wide braid in the facing colour. Thebreeches close at the bottoms with six hooks andone button covered in green cloth. Black leatherinstep straps. Collar, cuffs and piping in theregimental facing colour. White waistcoat underthe kurtka. The elite company and the officerswear busbies; the bag of the busby is in the facingcolour and the top lining is gathered under a largecentral gold button. Black stock edged white .

Baul. 01 Ui. ... ... or Gro..-G6 r lK:"' '''a., :I Ma,. IIIJ .

White gauntlets for officers, gloves for the men.Short boots under the breeches; yellow metalscrew-in spun.

UJUlTtJJ: Dark green frock-coat with dark grttnlining; collar closed with three hooks; pointedcuffs in the collar colour closed with two buttons.Coat closnl with nine buttons in yellow metal.Vertical pockets in the skirts, trident shaped withthree buttons. The skirts hooked back to formtumbach, gold hunting horns embroidered inthe tumback corners. French-style white breechesor dark green breeches, Hungarian boots edged inblack with a small tassel in the fron t. Breechesfor everyday wear in dark green or grey cloth,fitted inside the l~s with black leathe r and on theleft th igh to gua rd aga inst wear from the sabre.Black bieorn with a two-inch-wide black bindingand on the Itoft side a double gold bra id loop anda gold button hold ing the cockade. Surwut: Darkgreen as arc the collar and cuffs, seven yellowbuttons on each lapel; vertical pockets in the rearskirts. GrtOwMt: White cloth, high collar (withpiping in the facing colour) closed by three smallbuttons; the cape collar could be removed.

N.C .O.• and IOldien wear the same uniform

as for the officers' full dress. The elite companywear busbies with red plumes and cords, thecentre companies have shakos with white cords.White leatherwork, yellow scale epauleues with,for the ilite company, red fringes, for the othercompanies, white frinltcs.

The regimental facing coloun were: nt Regi­ment: red; fth Regiment: crimson; 5th Regiment :orange. The trumpeters rode greys and worewhite busb ies with yellow and grttn cords, whitekurtkas with waistcoat Ii la H.mrrJt with braidin the regimental facing colour. Trumpet cordssilver and crimson.

Badgn Df Rod : As for the infantry except thatthe strap of the epa ulette is covered in yellowmetal scales; portt_/plt of woven black leather withsilver tassel; silver cords and gold pompon tobusby. N.C.o.s and soldiers are distinguished inthe following manner: Corporal - two stripes ofyellow cloth, edged in red, placed two inchesabove the culT. S"gtant - one silver stripe, edgedin red, in the same position. S"gtanl-mojDr - two

silver stripes edged in red as above. FDwnin - onegold chevron edged in red.

Arma""",t: Sabre with yellow metal hilt, 1IC'e!

29

• I

COot-.opo.....,. _ ....Yi'"'l( 01 I.... & u l. o f~ a6"' ......1 1113·

sheath with yellow fittings . Black pouch decoratedin gold with the number of the regiment betwee ntwo wreaths. Bandolier of black polished lea therthree inches wide bordered wi th two gold laceshalf an inch wide. Yellow metal buckle. Blackleather belt two inches wide with gold deco raocn,slings one inch wide, For everyday wear theoffiun wore white polished leather bandoliers.

For the and, grd and 16th Regimenta the lance~nnons are red over whitt' . For the 7th and 16thRegiment' (Fra nco-Galician) the lance ~nnons

arc in three colours , the triangular part which isa ttached to the staff being blue, the top fly beingred and the bottom fly whit e. The 11th to 2151Regiments (Lithuanian) have blue over whit elance pennons.

Trumpeters' dress was extremel y varied and atthe discretion of the com mander. Gem-ra lly theywore whi te busbies and kur tkas, red plumes androde greys. N.C.O.s and soldiers wore the samedreu aJ the officen except that their greatcoatswere white with eolian in the facing eolour .

BaJltS efRaIlA: As for the Chasseurs a Cheval.AnMmnII : French-style light cavalry sabre withyellow three-bar hilt, steel sheath and fittings.

30

Yellow filled pistols. Bandolier as for the Chas­seun a Cheval. Black leather belt three incheswide with a half-inch-wide border along eachedge, yellow buckle-plate with the Polish eagle.The belt is worn over the buttoned kunka.

Lane.",FrJl lftm: Dark blue kurtka of Polish eUI, dukblue lining. Collar closed with three hooks,pointed cuffs. The kurtka closes by mean s ofhooks. Vertical pockets in the rear skins. Pipin gto lape ls, cuffs and along seams on the rear of thejacket and the sleeves. Flat yellow metal buttonsbearing the regimental number - seven on eachlapel, three on each pocket, two at the rear waistand two for the epaulettes. White waistcoat underthe kurtka. Long da rk blue breeches worn overthe boots with double bands down each leg in thefacing colour, each band half an inch wide. ThC'1ebreec hes dose with six hooks and one button atthe base of the It'S in the facing colour. Blackleather instep straps. Black ceapka nine inch eshigh and each top edge ten inches long . Thetop part is separated from the round bottom partby a two-inch-wide gold lace band. Each corner

IH:I\ RIH:I1\I~t'ItI: rOIJRII:R

""rl,,·hr l ftll/U" r H;·'mr,·f:.r "(In df'r lni'Zl.",;rrN"P" aHN.

31

of the top part has a metal cap with a hook for thecords. O n the left-ha nd top side (in the middle oftha t side) is the white Polish cockade under a goldMalt ese cross. In the front, OH."r the lace band, agilt plate bearing thc number of the regimen t inrelief. lUack lea ther peak edged in yellow meta l,yellow chin scales, black plume fifteen inches highfor junior officers, white plumes for field officers"Short boots with yellow screw-in spurs . Whitegloves. Black stock edged white.

c.;"dnSJ: Dark blue frock-coat lined in the samecolour and closed with nine semi-rou nd, yellow

buttons. Collar closed by three hooks. Pointedcuffs, with piping, closed by two small buttons;verti cal , tride nt-shaped pocke t flaps. Skirts hookedtogether at the bot tom. Hungari an breeches andpolished boots . Black bicorn. Su,touJ: Same clothas above, seven buttons (yellow, half-rou nd ) oneach lapel. G"dWtJt : Dark blue clot h, high colla rand ca~ collar reaching to the waist-belt.

Rc-gim('nts of lancers are distinguished by theirbuttons (which bear their number) and by thei rfacing colour worn on collar, lapels, cuffs, trouserstripes and piping as mown below.

R,t11Nf1t CoII~e.a",

/4<"lAP<' ClI.ffl Coff b_

pip;", pipin, fripitt, It,iptl

, R<d White Yellow R,d White Yellow

s Crimson White White Crimson White Yellow6 White Crimson )0." Crimson Crimson White Crimson

7 Yellow R<d blue R,d Yellow R<d Yellow

• R<d R<d R,d Yellow R<d Rod9 Rod Blue White Dark blue White R<d

"}C'i~

Whitt Crimson White Dark blue White Crimson

" White Dark blue White Dark blue White Crimson

"White Crimson White Crimson White Crimson

,6 White Dark blue Crimson Crinuon White Crimson

' 7 White Dark blue en~ Ccinuon White Crimson,. Crimson White Dark blue Crimson Crimson White en""""' 9 Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow

'n Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yd low Yellow

" 0.• nge Orange Orange 0..00< 0....e Orange Orange

Hu~ arsDark blue pelisse ( ~fetlk) lined with white furand edged in black fur with three rows each ofeighteen 10 twenry buttons according to thewearer ', siee: a dolman with crimson collarand the same number of butto ns: Hun gari ansash with five sets of knots: Hungari an breec heswith thigh knots ; a sleeved waistcoat for forag eduties and long grry breech es, reinforced withleath er and closing at the bott om with six butt ons.Polished Hun garian boots with st«1spurs. Lightblu r shako with cords. OffiUTJ' FuJI Dress: rel i~

lined in crimson doth and edge d with whiteastrakhan; five rows each of eightee n to twentybuttons with silver lacing. The pelisse is edgedwith lace and has lace decoration 10 the rear .Crimson dolman , same lace, buttons and orna­ments as the pelisse. Light blue breeches with

32

thigh knots; Hungaria n boots with lace tri m andtassel. Hungarian sash in silver and cri mson.Ligh t blue shako with silver cords and decorationacco rding to rank. U"d,t1J (for sum mer}: Darkblue do lman, crimson collar edged with lace; fiveTO""" oflacc, three rows each of five buttons, ether­wi se as for full dress. White waistcoat , long, greybreeches fined with grey leat her inserts, crimsonside-stripes each having six white buttons. Forwinter a da rk blue pclisse edged in white ast rakhanwith five rows of silver and crimson lace. Lightblue forage cap with silver pipin g as for the FrenchArmy. White greatcoat.

X .C.C J and So/dins: Light blue shakos and theirpelisses arc trimmed with black lamb's-woolTrumpeters wear red fox fur busbies, whitepelisses edged in red fox fur and having white andcrimson lacing. The trumpeters of the Iodl

no. f..-eta prri_ .. oIS,.nd.. I• ...,orud bOlO ...pdriryI. 18 13 by P......I•• aad R. ..... troope.

Hussars had a blue do lman, crimson breeches andyellow boots; those of the 13th Hussars a crimsondolman, blue breeches and red boots. The officersand men of the elite company wore blackastrakhan busbies with light blue bags held by ala rge light blue button. The loth Hussars hadgold lace, decorations, buttons, stripn, etc., buttheir shako cords remained silver, their pelisseewere edged in black astrakhan and thei r shakoswere light blue. (T he- rgth H ussa rs we-re- asdescribed in the main body of the text .)

Badgts of Rank : Office-rs were- distinguished bythe number of chevro ns over the cuff: SOUJ_

IituUlIallt - one-; Litulf1lanl - two; Capitaillt - three ;ClujJ'tJ(adron - four; .\fajor - five- (one in gold andfour in silver for th~ 13th Hussars or nne in silverand four in gold for the loth Hussars}: Cololttl- fivechevrons in silver or gold according to regiment .Portt-lpIt of woven black leather with silve-r orgold tassel {heavy bullions for field officers}..'rmomttlt: Sreel basket-hilted sabre and sheath,

silver-fined pistols, black It-athe-r bandolier withcagle and small silver e-dging, black leathersabretache hcaring a silver eagle (officers havegold crown, gold regimental number below theeagle and gold lace- edging}. Belt, slings, etc., ofblack leather with silver buckles.

HOnJe ArtilleryFull Dms: Dark green kurtka of the same cut asfor the Chasseurs and lined in dark green. Blackvelvet collar four inches high, piped in red andclosed with four hooks. Gold grenades em­broidered on e-achside of the collar. Pointed blackvelvet cuffs piped in red and closed with two smallbuttons. The kurtka is piped in red and closedwith eight gold buttons. The skirts are nine incheslong and decorated with embroidered goldgrenade•. There are two buttons at the bottom ofthe tum backs, two at the rear waist and two onthe shoulders. T he buttons are yellow and semi­rou nd. Long dark grc~n breeches worn over the

lJ

boots with black velvet side-stripes two incheswide piped in red . The breeches close at theankles with seven hooks and one black velvetbutton at the bott om. Black velvet waistcoa t withgold braid and buttons. Sho rt boots with steel,screw-in spurs. Black gauntlets. Black fur busbyten inches high and larger at the top than at thebottom ; dark green bag held by a gold button .Gold lion's- head bosses, gold chin scales an dcord s, and pompon above the cockade with twosmall silver cord s and tassels.

Und ress: Coat of dark green cloth with similarlining; lapels with rou nded top corners eachbearing seven buttons. Black velvet collar withred top pipin g bearing a gold- em broid eredgrenade on each side. The collar closes with threehooks. Cuffs as for the collar. Grenades em­broidered on the skirt turnbacks; no buttons onthe pocket flap s, two buttons at the rear of thewaist and one on each shoulder for the epau lettes.Gr ey breeches, Hu ngarian boots with gold trim

34

and tassel. Normal bicom. Sur/oul : Dark greenand fastened with yellow semi-round b uttons,black velvet collar. CTtatcoal : White , the collarpiped in red and beari ng two emb roidered goldgrenades. Cape collar to the waist.

X .C.O. s and Soldiers: T he same uniform - busbywith red pompo n an d cords; bra ss scale epa uleueswith red half moons and fringes; red aiguilleue,white leatherwork. Trumpeters wear whit ebusbies; white kur tkas faced in black velvet andpiped in red (originally thi s kurrka was red withwhite facings).

Badges oj RanA: As for the Chasseurs a Chevalbut with gold aiguille nes. Armament: Brass-hilledsabre in a steel sheath with brass fittin gs; almo ststraight blade, black belt and slings. Black leatherba ndolier and pouch with gold orn aments, on thepouch a steel grenade. The bandolier is thr eeinches wide (edged in gold ) and ha s a gih shieldbea ring the Polish eagle in silver. Yellow mountedpistols.

R egimeDt s servin g with the FreDch Army

T he 4th, jth and 9th Infantry Regiments, servingin Spai n in french pa y, wore the followinguniforms. T he 4th Regiment kept its old 1807uniform with a red collar edged in dark blue,yellow lape ls, red cu lfs with blue cuff-flaps and thesame coloured epau lertes. At the beginn ing of18 12 the three regiments wore French uniforms,the 4th Regiment also worc the tricolour cockade.The grenadiers had shakos edged in red and theirofficers also wore sha kos. Plum es were red forgrenadiers and yellow for the voltigeurs; fusilicrswore pompons in colours acco rding to compa nyas follows: 1St Company - green ; end Company ­light blue ; grd Com pany - yellow; 4th Com pan y- violet. N.C .O. s wore rank stri pes, the sergeant­major had lace round his collar. O ffiCCTS ofregimental headquarters and of the fusiliercompanies wore turn back badges in the form of acrow ned 'N' ; grenadier officers wore grenadesand voltigeurs wore hunting horn s. The 7t.hRegiment had dark blue collars edged crim son,crimson lapels, da rk blue cuffs and cuff-Raps ....itbcrimson piping; whi te butt ons. The 9th Regimenthad red collan edged dark blue , white lapels, redcuffs p iped white with dark blue cuff flaps; wh itebuttons.

Tb. Kraku s

These light cavalry We'ff a novelty in the' PolishArmy; instead of trumpeters Ihe'y had a trooperwho carried a pike with a horse' tail attached 10

the head which was used to give signals . nusdevice was calkd a 'bunczuk' and its carrier rode'a gn)' 001'1('. ThC'rC' were othcr innovations inIhe'ir uniform: the hat consis ted of a melon- likecrimson 'beret' with a white cockade and plu meon IhC' left-hand side and a .trip of black aheepeklnround the headband, on the' lOp was a whi tebutton and white laces came' radi ally from thebutton down 10 the headband. Instead ofa kurtkath('y wore a dark blue, single-b reasted , full-skirtedcoat with crimson collar and cuff. and whitepiping to all edges . T he wual cartridge pouc hwas replaced by the ee...cIr.••tyle 'uchrrkn:s'which consisted of a It'l of five' meta l canridgnon each hrrast, rach with a cap on a silver chainlC'ading 10 a sil\'C'r button above the line of can.

ridges. Each group ofcartridge was encircled by awhite lace (sih·C'r for officl"n) and covered incrimson cloth. The overalls "'C'[C' dark blur withcrimson side .tripn; and black lC'ather iRSC'M.I. ThC'greatcoat was replaced by a widr grry ca~ and ahood. Round thC' waist was a crim.m sash; theirwC'apons WC't(' pistols, sabres and lance'S withoutpennants,

SOUR CE SCUEUl lsnl, j. VON AND M AU II. AN, A: 1.'.1"";, tht

Dwlll d, I"MloW, '807-'5 (I'aris, 1913).G EMBA RZE W'IoKI, BRONln ",w : W"j solo Pols!;"(Wanaw,

1964) ·K p,; OTaL, HERBERr AND SIEO, H t.. BI.Rr . Hadhell dn

Uaif (Hamburg, 1966).LuxHARr, D. A!Im Hl."MBr.aT, R.: IAI Cttif...-s M

L',Arah FrUlfGu. Vol. \' ( Paris).1.IsDu. KAROl.: WIjJU PJslN .Hw.t..,. (Wanaw,

19(7)·

35

qlic'Plf/les

The basic information on these uniforms is qu otedin the preceding section of the text; notes on theindividual plait'S are therefore limited to briefmention of special peculiarities.

Al DriDn. J/j/il41] TraillThe dark or 'slate' blue shown here is typical ofPolish uniforms of the eigbteemh as well as thenineteenth century. The brass arm-plate bart' thenumber of the column to which the driver wasauached, and idC'ntifit'd him to military police,All military vehicles in the French - and Polish ­armies carried licence plates.

.42 P""-4i,u, Grnultlin NJfft/JdIlJ,5,Ir b,jamryRIKilMJII. ,8,G-14

The "'ery strong influence of contemporaryFrench designs is obvious; but note thai the eagleitself is of Polish df'Sign.

A3 AiKU GII4,JThis sergeant is nne of the escort for the precedingfigure: the small fanion on the bayonet was usedto scare tht' horses of mounted artackers. The coatis of traditional Polish cut with French gre nadierdistinctions. •'rcnch rank badges were worn, butnote that Ma libran and Chelminaki show adeviat ion - a hor izontal gold stripe on thesergea nt's cuff in addition to the usua l diagonalstripes above it.

B Trumptttr, 14th KilraHirfJ, parade dressThe trumpeters were the only members of thisunit who wore a uniform readil y distinguisha blefrom that of the French regimcnu of' this bra nch.

C TrwmjNln, 110m Arti/ltry,jwlJ dressThe custom of mounting trumpeters on greys wasinternational at this pcroid, as in later times;

36

colonels of regiments enjoyed considerable lat itudein selecting uniforms for their musicians, hencethis gaudy cost ume. The Polish heavy cavalryusually used Englis h-panern saddles while lancersand hUS5af1 used the Hu ngarian or 'Hod' sadd le.Horse artillery often used ligh t cavalry harn ess,as here,

DI OJlien, Horst Arlillny,jtJl drrssThis genera l colour combination had been tradi­tional Polish and Saxon ar tillery unifor m sincethe early eighteenth century, but the black furbusby ofhussar pattern was a recent innovation.

D2 rolti~nu COUld, Ulio,. oftAt riJttJ., 1808Xapolecn always tried to seep the Legion firmlyunder his control, and apart from the rest of thearmy of the Duchy. This 'dual nationality' isreflected in this uniform of Polish CU1, with Frenchshako and voltigeur d istinctions. Banle signalswere nonnally given on the con dw eJuuJt - cometor bugle-horn - in the vcldgeur companies andlight infantry rl':giml':nls of the French Anny, justas the British Rift" used bugles, because theunwieldy drum was considered unsuitable for USl':

by ligh t, fast troops.

Dj Trumptln, 5th CJuwnm d C/wM(, paradt drmO nce again, the licence enjoyed by unit com­manders has produced a colourfu l uniform. Notethat the single-b reasted white coat does nOI ha v1':

the usua l Polish-cu t front worn by dismountedarms. 011 campaign gr('y buttoned overallsreplaced the breeches, and the expe nsive whitebusby was cove red with black oil-cloth,

£ 1 Drum Major, t u Jrifanlry RtgimrntThe costume of d rum majors of a rmies of thisperiod wou ld requ ire a sepa rate study of iLS own,50 varied and colou rful were the uniforms worn .T his figur e, after xt alibran and Chdm insli,shows the tip of th e iceberg on ly! The drum majoewears a long-ta iled coal of officers' style, As aspecia l distinction his sabre scabbard is brass {OI'

E.lry of the AlUM __r .,h, lal. L.l.... I••rl er 1M banle." 16-1 8 Octobn' 18 1J .

gilt?} on gold slings; his crimson plJT(t-lpit isanother mark of his office. T he crimson and goldsash was heavily decorated 011 the chest.

F.2 l'olti!:turStrgtont, 41h In/an/V Rtgimmt, 1810-11The ceapka, the national headgear of Poland, isthe most striking feature of this uniform ; it isint('n :-sling 10 note that this shape, in much modi ­fied and inhibited form, is still to be traced tod ayin Polish military headgear. The front ba nd beanthe pierced regimental number. Rank is indicatedby the gold top band and silver and crimson cordsof the czapka; the silver and crimson epaulettefringes; the gold stripe round the cuff and theconventional diagonal striJX'S above ; and thesilver and crimson poru-lplt. Th e two gold Itripeson the uppt"r left arm are length of servicechev rons, again in the French style.

tJ Tr oopn , 11th Kiira,S,Sim, ptJradt dm s, 1&7-14Helmet, cuirass, boots, gauntlets and sword areFrench-made items suppl ied under a ' lend-lease'arrangement profitable 10 France! For campaignthe impressive boots would give way to short bootsworn under grt'y overa lls. For parade the whiteleather equipment - including the breeches - waspipeclaved. Both men and horses were selectedfor thei r size and strength.

FI Tambour of Fxsiliers, Ith Inf an,.", Rtgimtnl, fuldsacice maTdling OTd", l&xj

T he uniform is conventional. The pack is of browncowhide with white straps, as in the french Army.Brass drums began to replace the earlie r woodenpatterns in about 1780, for the sake of lightnessand case of movement. T he apron was worn bydrummers of all nat ionaliti es.

37

lal_l..,. a.. 01 doe ~_ .. PoIaDd, Ilh,:..Iol.",_~....-. Wad< ............. cri____1..1 drc-h, ...........rMad, _tIu..d~~ ..uYn' -ale. lOOn!.. ...... ~... 'JloeR. Hl.. iafllIIeD« .. dftl'l doe _ Polin A......,...-lI.r_ f.u........d "'" R.Hl.. pan"'...... _D.

\.~--------------------38

:-.:=.o::,~:.: ~I~::~' Itrp"-:;.n':.~~"::";-.'.;A.••' _rioo. f ,""" I. ~. Ih., R ....... . ad ..-........nr .,or F...~.

F2 SOUJ.lindmant , t3th llUlsars,juJi dress, /806-/4The two Polish hussar regiments, the loth and13th, were th e most decorative units in the anny ­this branch has had an image of unequalledglamour, in a ll national armies, since the la teyean of the eighteenth century. The colours reflectthe nat ional colours of Poland. The allver lacingon the thighs increased in size and nu m be r of linesacco rd ing to rank.

Fj Cwwdin, t3th Infantry JUgimttlt, t Boy- /4The whit e uniform was unique in the army of theduchy; this regimem was raised ill IBog fromAustrian prisoners from Ga lician areas - Leoregtonswhich had belonged to t he kingdom of Polandbefore its partition be tween R ussia, Prussia andAustria. It is Iikdy that the white Austrian

single-breasted jackets were modified by simplysewing on false half-lapels, and cuff-naps co uldhave ~II added in the sam e mann er.

Gr CW"'", H",st ArliJ/ny, slablt dressThe fine uniforms worn 0 11 parad e in Na poleonicdays were recognized, even then, as bei ng a shadeimp ractical for such tasks as ' mucking out' thesquadron stables, and a mu ch simpler everydayCOSlUme was dev ised for th ese tasks. The slt'e\'esof the working-dress coats worn by some armiesw('re only laced in position, and could be rem ovedin summer.

G2 1'1'00,," , JA"CtTl , 1Mble dressT he zipjtfmfit.{t or for age cap was usually mad eup from old uniforms by the unit tailor s, and the

39

design often varied according to the colonel's taste .The overalls wou ld also be the norma l campaigndress, although breeches and high boots oflenaccompanied the regiments in the baggage train;. .apoleon had strict ideas about the occasions onwhich his troops could property dispense with fulluniform, and where circumstances allowed wouldorder full dress on the battlefield.

C3 Troop", Kfiraml1'I, stdh dmIDue to the complexity of the code of facingcolours within this branch, it is not possible toidentify the regiment with which this man servedfrom the scant distinctions visible on the workinguniform.

/11 Brigadier- Tromptltt, C/uwlJ,-/igm Polonais dt 14Garde, marching order, /810- 14

This corporal trumpeter wears the oil-clot hczapka cover, buttoned overalls, and buttoned­across crimson kur tka of marching order. Littleneed be said about this famous regiment, alwaysthe apple of Napoleon's eye; many of the men

followed their Emperor to Elba in 1814. T heirlesser-known sister unit, the 3rd (Lith uanian)Lancers of the Guard, wore the same basicuniform, but with gold lace and metal replacingthe silver, during their short career.

H2 Offiur, A"rakru, /812Raised in Lithuania during the 18t:2 campaign,this unit was clothed in a uniform which displayedstrong cossack influence. The colours employedonce again reflect Polish national colours.

H3 Troopn, LithW1l1itJlI TtlrttZrs of tlu ClJ.t1rd, /812The uniform of this regiment has long been thesubject of controversy; since the v('ry limitednumber of original sources are at variance, it willprobably remain so. The fact that this unit ofalmost Asiatic dress was raised in Poland in t8t:2is a reminder that in centuries gone by Polandwas a much stronger nation, with territories sowidespread that she rivalled even Russia. Officersof this unit wore jackets with much moreelaborate embroidery.

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