S IR AOS

stephen stewartuc berkeley

m.arch thesis 2014advisor; mark anderson

Waterfronts have historically been spaces of commercial exchange. Yet in order to revitalize our deteriarting wa-terfronts they must also become spaces where urban and architectural ideas can be similarly exchanged. Such an exchange will be utilized in order to revitalize the water-fronts of Portugal’s two main cities, Oporto and Lisbon.

os irmaos is a story of a man’s search. the search for the cure to a seemingly terminal illness shared between two brothers. will he Find the solution in time? will the brothers accept it? in this book the reader will Find the answers to these and other questions through hand sketch-es, digial renderings, old maps and paintings as well as a full site and building cut out model of both sites.

the project process as a project

what began as a project proposing a set of urban waterfront interventions has expanded to become a project within a project. the documentation that has led up to and through the design proposal has in itself become the project. through the design process, os irmaos explores the role of architect, and the manner in which their often, seemingly abstract proposals are formulated.

Abstract

Historically, the majority of the world’s major cities have been established at or near a major body of water. The relationship between the man-made construct of the city and the natural network of connections that oceans and rivers provide helped establish many great historical empirical and Financial powers. Though these urban waterfronts were once seen as the heartbeat of the city, years of industrialization and retreat away from the dense, dirty and noisy waterfronts have given rise to an often-impenetrable buffer between the city’s urban fabric and the water’s edge. This disconnect is a near universal experience, yet the development of the rela-tionships between each city and their waterfront vary depending on each site’s historical and cultural contexts, requiring site-speciFic solutions. Within each of these contexts we can observe a gradient of successful and failed attempts at reintroducing the urban experience along the waterfront. The revitalization of urban waterfronts has been an important topic for architects, city planners and landscape architects all around the world. The large amount of work already underway will provide a wide range of research into the topic. It is vital that we use these examples as we continue working to reestablish these important spaces within our urban environments.It will be the focus of this thesis to establish a set of solutions to the problems that have surfaced within our urban waterfronts in order to propose two ar-chitectural interventions aimed at reestablishing the link between the cities of Oporto and Lisbon to their waterfronts.

What’s their condition?

critical, they’re barely hanging on.

how do their prospects

look?

it’s hard to say, but i’m not optimistic

have you had any success with their

treatments?

we’ve tried a few costly procedures, but can’t be sure when or if they will have any effect.

do they have any family?

how am i going to discover a solution you haven’t already

considered?

no.

friends?no, they only have

each other.

i was told they didn’t get along.

I’m hoping you could help us Find some new

kind of solution.

well, i guess this crisis has al-

tered their their thinking in a lot

of ways.

so why did you ask me to come? We’re searching

for answers, and we’re getting

desperate.

And you think i can Find an answer?

they’re down at the end of the hallway.

BEEP

well at least have a look at

these.

they seem very similar.

it doesn’t look like

this will get better any-time soon.

you’ll see some strik-ing differ-

ences.

This is as bad as I’ve seen in years!

how can they sur-vive like

this?

so, what caused all of this?

here look at this, we think we found the

main causes.

the older brother has spent years altering, and then re-altering himself to

keep up with the joneses.

BEEP

this First pic-ture is of him

as a kid

and if you look at him now

we have a few images showing the change.

you can barely recognize him.

taken in sequential order you can see him slowing slipping away

this slow change over time now has him struggling

for his life, and we don’t know how to reverse it.

if we don’t do anything he won’t be able to struggle much longer.

now the younger broth-er is another story.

opposite to his brother, he didn’t seem to take any

action in his life to improve himself.

but like his brother, little by little, over time his health com-pletely faded.

and now despite a completely op-posite approach, he is in as seri-

ous a condition as his brother.

BEEP

now that you’re up to speed, i want you to

meet them.

can you hear me?

hm, who are you?

the nurse tells me it has been a rough

day for them

well hopefully I’m the one who’s go-ing get the solu-

tion for you guys.

I hope you don’t mind, I like to document every-thing in these interviews,

you never know where you’ll

encounter some-thing important...

how fascinating

they’ve approached life in opposite man-ners, yet both experi-ence the same result.

can you open your eyes?

BEEP

So what do you think? I know, none of us can,

but if we don’t act who knows how bad it will

get, it may become fatal.

ok, i’ll do it.

Thank you, they’re ready...

I’ve invited just a few of the great thinkers in the Field. Come lis-

ten, if they aren’t helpful, you have

a long list of possible sources

for help.

honestly, i’m not sure.

so what makes you think you can do more than the others have?

well thank you for all your help, there is a lot of info

here for me to start with.

well, after talking to them, i it seems even

more complicat-ed, i can’t guar-antee anything.

BEEP...

Let’s begin.

I’m just thinking about my life.

Hey, it’s your move! Oh, sorry, I was drift-ing off there for a bit.

What’s on your mind?

Do you think you’ve left a signiFicant legacy?

Of course! Look at the great things I’ve done!

They’re impressive at the time, will people

remember them?

Sure, I’ve left lit-tle reminders.

I’m starting to wonder if anybody cares anymore. do they notice your reminders.

I’m just thinking about my life.

Geez, serious stuff for a game of chess.

Can I ask you some-thing personal?

Sure, go ahead.

how about you?

I don’t know, i haven’t left a legacy in the same way as you.

i thought what I had done during my would have left an impression on others.

but i don’t know if people Find what i’ve done very

signiFicant anymore.

well it might not be as impressive as what i’ve done.

but people will al-ways recognize your

name. your move.

you need to take better care of your queen, you’ve left

her exposed too often.

i think some of what i’ve done has been as impres-sive as what you’ve done.

but i guess i shouldn’t care all that much, we’re all just pieces on the board, easily

removed, quickly forgotten.

but some pieces’ absence are felt stronger than others.

what piece are you?

hopefully a queen. you?

hopefully something more useful than a pawn.

you in a nutshell, so “humble”

checkmate!

you know what, i’m feel-ing better already!

So now that you understand the severity of

their condition.

I would like to open up the Floor to any ideas or suggestions.

Yes, please, Dr. Pombal

Thank you, as you know

I’ve dealt with simi-larly dire situations

before.

The best course of action is

to start with a clean slate.

We need to tear them down in

order to build them back up.

Myself with a group of experts can work together to Figure

out the correct set of treatments.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

out-of-plane displacement (cm)

H (

m)

Corner - without gaiola

Connection G1 - without gaiola

Corner - with gaiola

Connection G1 - with gaiola

With gaiola: 4.7cm

W ithout gaiola: 15.7cm

Do you have any ideas of possible alterations you

would make.

We’ve had success in the past updating ineffcient systems found in the body.

We can apply the most modern inno-vations so that they don’t have the same

problems in the future.

That sounds costly. It won’t be

cheap.

I don’t believe they will be able

to afford it.

does health really have a

price?

The procedure sounds risky…

The greater risk is not acting right away.

the clean slate is too dras-tic, it’s an xl proposition, without regard for context.they need a smaller, yet ef-

fective treatment.

Please, elaborate for us Dr. K.

one which is in contact with other parts of the body

and focus on treating them.

Thank you. I would like to propose a treatment which will present far less dan-

ger to the patients.

Rather than fully breaking them down, I suggest we isolate a speciFic area,

we have to be strategic in our decisions of lo-cation and scale.

you’re against an xl solution, but I’m assum-

ing a s solution wouldn’t have strong enough

effect.

an l solution would have nu-

merous beneFits...

Oriente(expo)

Baixa

Rato

Pontinha

Colegio Militar/LuzCampo Grande

Alameda

Rossio

Colegio Militar/LuzCampo Grande

Alameda

Rossio

Lisbon’s metro before... and after Expo 98’

Casa da Musicastation

so it be-comes a

game to Find the biggest impact for the smallest

price.

I think an l solu-tion is too drastic as well, i believe we can make a serious

change with an m solution

this scale of work can quickly effect the

area around them.

in time turning them returning

them to full health.

we’ve seen similar situ-ations where the inter-vention had a big effect

to a large network.

he’s on the right track, but he do-esen’t understand the brothers well enough to make these decisions.

pombal had it back-wards, it isn’t about

a clean slate, it’s about returning them to their natural state.

if i’m going to Figure this out there are some

people I need to talk to...

both inside. and outside.

do you remember how much we loved going to the beach?

i remember how much you loved to go swimming as far as you possibly could.

you never would, you were too afraid.

i wasn’t afraid, i just preferred playing in the sand, making something from my

imagination with my own two hands.

how boring that was. wheres the adventure in that. that’s your problem. never willing to take risks to push yourself.

you’re the one with the prob-lem, you never appreciiate

the small things in life.

remember how beau-tiful it was?

remember how beau-tiful it was?

With problems this serious, the solution will have to be able to adapt to a wide vari-

ety of possible complications which may arise over time.Do you think that

is possible in their current Fi-

nancial state?We do, you don’t need to Find a single instant

solution for ev-ery problem.

In essence what you need is a treatment

that acts as a toolbox.

What a long Flight, and I can’t imagine what these

two will suggest...

Instead you need to Find a solution that

holds a variety of possibilities.

It can remain simple really, but it needs the capa-bility to adapt, it needs Flexibility.

Exactly, if they can Fig-ure out the best ways to

use it at important times, it should be able to con-tinue sustaining them.

Over time, little by lit-tle they could continue

seeing improvements in their health.

It is both singular and multiple.

That way the patients decide how best to use

them over time.

the dual nature will allow it to be effective for a variety of hosts.

The question is what do you Fill the tool box with?

I don’t know them well enough to fully under-

stand what they need, but I know who does.

Good luck.

doctor, how is the conference

going?

not great, the current speaker does not fully

grasp the problem.well, i’ve had some success,

i’ve obtained some great in-formation. but i haven’t come

to any conclusions yet.

well hurry, we’re run-ning short on time.

my solutions have taken all important aspects into ac-

count, modern technology will allow me to not only effect it the brothers, but everyone. it will begin a new great day!

i’ve been reading through some of the

brother’s documents to better understand them.

i think i am begin-ning to see where they are having their greatest

struggles

“urb

an be

ach”

adaptive reuse

decaying warehouses

wasted waterfront spacesindustrial port in prime

waterfront location

“riverfront walk”

surrounded by developing areas

great public

waterfront,

west of the

bridge

decaying waterfronteast of the

bridge

the older’s troubledarea shows signs of

attempted improvement.yet there is still high

levels of decay throughout.

“urb

an be

ach”

adaptive reuse

decaying warehouses

wasted waterfront spacesindustrial port in prime

waterfront location

“riverfront walk”

surrounded by developing areas

great public

waterfront,

west of the

bridge

decaying waterfronteast of the

bridge

yet right in the middleof this unhealthy areathere seems to be an

opportunity for someintervention, perhapsbeing the spark formass improvements in the whole region.

C.J.

wc

RR

R

potential waterfront walk

lone green space, unused

cultural landmark

praca ribeiramain waterfront

public space

one of 7 oporto bridges

port wine caves across the river

small riverwalk restaurants

looking at the youngerbrother, he has a lot of

healthy potentiallocated closely, but

the lack of connectionbetween them means

the overall areais failing.

C.J.

wc

RR

R

potential waterfront walk

lone green space, unused

cultural landmark

praca ribeiramain waterfront

public space

one of 7 oporto bridges

port wine caves across the river

small riverwalk restaurants

but if we could justFind a way to connect

all of them, then maybe...

thalia theater, goncalo byrne

champalimaud cen-ter for the unkown, charles correa

rectory of universi-dade nova de lisboa, aires mateus

i’ve made lots of friends during my life.

and from all kinds of cliques.

why didn’t you make more friends?

thalia theater, goncalo byrne

champalimaud cen-ter for the unkown, charles correa

oceanariu,peter chermayeff

oceanarium extension,

campos costa

fundacao calouste gulbenkian,alberto pessoa

oriente station,santiago calatrava

archaelogical site of praca a nova,carrilho da graca

music school,carrilho da graca

camoes theater,manuel salgado

centro cultural de belem, vittorio gregotti, manuel salgado

MODERNIZATION OF THE DINIS SECONDARY SCHOOL,

BAK GORDON

why didn’t you make more friends?

i made two REAL friends

quality is more im-portant than quantity.

we’ve been through a lot together.

i wouldn’t be who i am today without them.

quality is more im-portant than quantity.

you may understand that if you took care of yourself, perhaps slow down the

amount of wine you drink.what’s wrong with the way i look?

i was a handsome man!

I don’t under-stand why you spent so much time looking

in the mirror, i guess i should say mirrors.

well when you look this good you need to appreciate yourself

from every angle.

Belem Baixa Park das Nacoes

Pre-Occupation Coastline 1858 2010

what’s wrong with the way i look?

well at least i haven’t had to do the things you’ve done changing your looks.

it’s better than letting yourself go!

well you could run a comb through your hair.

and you could stand to lose a little weight, can

you see your toes?

These next few visits will be crucial, they are familiar with the broth-ers and their situation.

I was wondering when someone would stop by.

So you know why I’m here?

Of course.

What is that? This? It’s nothing really, little personal project.

I’ve always been amazed at the effect even the smallest things can have...

come have a look

You don’t need much. You just need to understand how best to use it. He did, and look at the connections he made.

Well you were good friends with the older brother?

For quite awhile, yes.

Then help me understand him better, anything that

will help us Find a way to help them, strengths, weak-nesses. I’ve been searching in the dark for too long.

Well, when you look at his accomplish-ments, you wouldn’t believe that he

wasn’t born with a great deal of advan-tages. He had to earn it all. He worked

hard, and he was always willing to take chances. he always did it with Flair.

Perhaps you can learn from him.

Your solution needs to be bold!

as for why you’re here, I’m not sure

I can help.

How is that?

Of course.

How do I best use what is available?

Look at the small details, how you locate the treatment,

take a risk, you’re be-hind the 8 ball already, swing for the fences.

Look at my work. I have little in terms of resources. So I

make every bit count,

I risk failure, but I open the door for

greater success.

Now think about his life, he did things differently, was willing to step into the darkness, and did so with Flair.

Thanks, that helps, but i now need to

learn more about his younger brother.

boa nova teahouse, porto 1956terracos da braganca, lisbon 2004

portuguese pavilion, lisbon 1998quinta de conceiaoo swim-ming-pool, porto 1958

Mr. Siza, I’ve been told you are very familiar with these brothers.

I’ve known the younger brother for quite a bit longer, but I’ve come to

know them both.

Yes, I know them.

Through a previous contact I was able to

learn quite a bit about the older brother, but

I’m still learning about the younger.

While the older is outgo-ing, bold, adventurous, the younger brother is more

low key. He is introverted but once you get to know him you Find that he is an

incredible person.

he didn’t have a lot of friends?

No, most thought he was a bit rough around the edges, and

preferred to have a few really good friends like myself.

He’s committed to anything he does. His main focus when he works is to complete any task in the best manner.

His straight-forwardness makes his work signiFicant and effective.

So how are you able to get along so well with them both?

Let me show you,

He is good at seeing needs and fulFilling them.

That’s it! Of course, we’ve been look-ing at the solution the entire time, the answer is right there in their

sickbeds. They need to work together.

the key for me is to full un-derstand them both, really get to know them. Once I do that, I make sure to adapt myself

when I’m with them, I act like the older brother when I’m

with him, and like the younger brother when I’m with him.

Do they get along?

They like to think they are very differ-ent, but really they are complementary to each other, their differences help them work better together,

like puzzle pieces. Working togeth-er they actually make quite a team. Wait, say

that again.

Working together

We all develop our own per-

sonal strengths, parts of our-selves which function at a

higher level than others.

But what if we could share our strengths with

each other?

The brothers are both in crit-ical condition, but their ail-

ments are different. If we can successfully harvest from them both a portion of the area

which is inflicting the other, and implant that within them, then perhaps they can use each other’s strengths to overcome

their own weaknesses.

We also have weaknesses.

Dr. k was right, location is key. I have to look back at my studies of the brothers.

I will begin looking back at the old-er brother. I need to Find a network in order to connect the intervention to other vital areas of the body...

It will also be important to study the connection.

it is important to Find a link between the cho-sen area and a primary

circuilatory system

the link needs to be able to attract and accommodate the required large Flows.

there needs to be the correct balance be-tween condensed and

open areas.

any aids which can help facilitate the flow will be useful.

with the strong connection the chosen site of intervention can feed off nearby areas and transfer healthy cells back through the entire body.

wc

Let’s begin...

As for the younger brother...

being able to Find a similar situa-tion will help ease the process.

just like his brother we can link the intervention to a ma-

jor circulation point.

his body along this path is really strug-gling in many spots.

the more volatile trajectory of the path will require more attention for any connections

but there are also some healthy areas, that with an increased

Flow could help heal them.

luckily there are so many similarities between the two brothers, it will in-

crease the chances for success.

You know you’re defac-ing someone’s

hard work.

people like you should thank us, we’re giving it a

second life.

this treatment will carve out a great deal of their funds...

Well what do you suggest?

By covering it up they and those around them

might at least forget it.

you overvalue orig-inal intentions. these are monu-ments of failure, we’re simply mask-ing those failures

Look, i have two patients, in serious condition. I have a

treatment, it will be transformative, but i don’t want it to be too visually drastic.

it will be hard not to notice this!

your solu-tion will

have be cost effective

throw a little some-thing on them to hide it, it doesn’t have to be expensive, just bold.

I believe i’m on the right

track, but even the best plan needs added input. i need to expand my

thinking.

that is inexpensive, if we are clever we

can do it cheap.

meanwhile af-ter some time, it will be for-gotten that it is foreign.

but i still worry that it will dimin-ish from my treat-

ment.

you’ll have to let some of your control go, you can’t expect to

control everything, any singular solution is dangerous.

It will almost be free.

ok, with all that info i should be able to make

my recommendation

dr. i believe I’ve found your

solution.

it’s a dual transplant, a swap between the

brothers, the strengths of one are transferred

to the other.

i don’t know if i can support this, it is so un-orthodox. have you talked

to them?

yes, and they have approved

it. and with their decision

you are ob-ligated to go ahead with the

procedure.

if that is there de-cision than we will have to act fast, be-gin surgery now!

don’t worry doctor, i’ve provided all the info you will need

to carry it out.

let’s pray that they have made the right decision.

it’s important that we make each incision with care.

we’ll remove the infected area from the older brother.

let’s begin by mapping out our

locations.

scalpel.

HE said he studied them and has chosen the

optimal spot.

and when we’ve found the points of connection for the younger brother we

can begin attaching them to the insertion.

so after we are able to remove the dying tissue from the older broth-er the vacancy will provide space to replace it with healthy cells.

the younger brother’s procedure will be quite the opposite, in-

stead of removing dying tissue, we will need to intricately con-nect a piece of the older brother.

let’s take a look at what we’ve done so far.

the locating and removal seem to have worked, now let’s work

quickly to begin our insertions.

the portuguese monument reborn.

the locating and removal seem to have worked, now let’s work

quickly to begin our insertions.

now this step will be difFicult.

we need to extract healthy parts from each brother to transfer to the other.

if we look inside we hope to see the connections beginning to fuse with the brother’s tissue.

so removing a part of the older brother’s well functioning cir-culatory system and connecting to the younger brother like so...

if done correctly, it may give him a Fighting chance, if not than this area will collapse.

it seems a little abstract and out of place, but HE believes

it should Fit right in.

and now in the opened area of the older brother we can plant cells that we hope will grow and begin healing the troubled area.

if we look at an x-ray we should see the beginnings of this growth tak-

ing place in multiple locations.

public pools

artiFicial beach & vineyards

theater/cafe & vineyards

waterfront restau-rants & vineyards.

winery & vineyards

connecting bridges

the question is whether or not we have extracted the proper

cells from the younger brother.

and if this combination of cells will coalesce as well as HE thinks.

perhaps a little rougher than HE

had hoped, but let’s see what HE thinks.

this procedure is complicated, luckily for them they are in capable hands.

and now the last piece... now we need to get some scans of them as fast as we can.

here we are again

but let us hope that this time it will be under better circumstances.

how are they doing?

we did the best we could. as is the case with procedures this complicat-ed there are difFiculties, but I be-lieve it went well. of course we will only know in time. but you can begin your assesment. they’re just through

that door.

hey, can you hear me?

hm, what, who is it?

open your eyes.

to be continued...

oporto model

lisboa model

index of illustrations

pages 3-5: graphs and images based on Figures found in the article “portugal economic crisis”, http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/6423/economics/portugal-economic-crisis/

page 5; sectional progression of lisbon’s waterfront, “tagus platform - back to the river,” pedro ressano garcia.pa

page 6; lisbon map, 1807, http://www.bergbook.com/images/23393-01.jpg

lisbon map, 1911, http://metropoles.revues.org/docannexe/image/4029/img-1.jpg

cais do sodre aerial, http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_vMZxJeLUiJQ/TEsG4PpY8CI/AAAAAAAADxg/NyjuzBthFRo/s1600/3-Av.+24+de+Julho+018.jpg

page 7; maps and Figures courtesy of porto vivo, http://www.portovivosru.pt

page 11; monument at kwaaihoek, http://cache4.asset-cache.net/gc/140230557-the-dias-cross-me-morial-on-a-high-promontory-gettyimages.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=RWrsVl3M%2B7b-P7OlL7qZYR9AnakUP0U8VOYVTVV2lX0CQcf%2FtJy%2FZxuKtp5Nj70pFhhD%2FjLGdkbIhZNZU-W3Q7og%3D%3D

monument in goa, http://ajitvadakayil.blogspot.com/2010/12/portuguese-inquisi-tion-in-goa-and.html

page 12; monument in malacca, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg

page 13; monument in congo, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Mata-di%2C_Congo%2C_pedra_de_Ielala%2C_Diogo_Cão.jpg

monument in macau, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jardim_da_Vitoria.jpg/256px-Jardim_da_Vitoria.jpg

page 14; chessboard, http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/17800/17890/chessboard_17890_lg.gif

page 15; lisbon Fire, http://4e7221.medialib.glogster.com/media/8e4f1082dd09d0772dbc80cf-d00aa4aff81501b3c66a2bbb2bdf589b46daaa5c/lisbon-Fire.jpg

medieval lisbon map, http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/portugal/lisbon/maps/braun_hogen-berg_V_2_b.jpg

page 16; lisbon map, 1756, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Pombaline_Baixa_Lisbon_map_1756.jpg

gaiola structural system, http://www.stap.pt/Files/Comunicao%20COST%20E29.pdft

page 17; “she changes” sculpture matosinhos, janet echelman, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki-pedia/commons/f/fe/Porto_-_Matosinhos_-_Praça_da_Cidade_de_Salvador.jpg

“kairos,” lisbon, joao quintela, tim simon, http://www.archdaily.com/391261/kairos-joao-quin-tela-tim-simon/

lisbon expo 98’ map, http://www.lisbonapartments.com/lisbon/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/map_transports.jpg

page 18; casa da musica site aerial, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Casa_da_música.jpg

page 19; “kairos,” lisbon, joao quintela, tim simon, http://www.archdaily.com/391261/kai-ros-joao-quintela-tim-simon/

21-24; bmw guggenheim, http://www.coolhunting.com/culture/bmw-guggenheim-lab-nyc.phphttp://www.bmwblog.com/2011/05/06/bmw-guggenheim-lab-to-launch-in-new-york-in-au-gust-2011/http://www.bmwblog.com/2011/10/28/bmw-guggenheim-lab-ends-successful-new-york-city-run/http://www.boweryboogie.com/2011/10/bmw-guggenheim-lab-out-discussions-on-next-steps-for-vacant-lot/http://openbuildings.com/buildings/bmw-guggenheim-lab-berlin-pfefferberg-complex-pro-file-43968/media#http://www.e-architect.co.uk/images/jpgs/berlin/bmw_guggenheim_lab_berlin_b150612.jpghttp://inhabitat.com/nyc/bmw-guggenheim-lab-opens-hosts-free-urban-experiments-in-nycs-east-village-exclusive-photos/

page 23; towers in a park, http://www.brianmicklethwait.com/culture/VilleRadieuse.jpg

page 24; airplane, http://wordfromthewell.Files.wordpress.com/2012/11/your-mind-is-like-an-airplane.jpg

lisbon from the air, http://www.airplane-pictures.net/images/uploaded-imag-es/2012-8/6/229699.jpg

page 29-32

pages 35-36; habital sculpture, lisbon, miguel arruda, http://www.domusweb.it/en/architec-ture/2010/12/04/habitable-sculpture-by-miguel-arruda.htmlhabshttp://www.archdaily.com/73278/habitable-sculpture-miguel-arruda/http://openbuildings.com/buildings/inhabitable-sculpture-profile-40210/media#

page 36; lisbon map, 1530, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Lis-boa_1530.jpg

page 37; jeronimos column, http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5487/9885969463_e59361ac9a_b.jpg

torre de belem, http://www.museudacidade.pt/Coleccoes/Pintura/Paginas/Torre-de-Belem.aspx

page 39; porto building facade, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Opor-to_-_Balcones_-_20110424_162753.jpg

boa nova teahouse, leca da palmeira, alvaro siza, http://adbr001cdn.archdaily.net/wp-content/up-loads/2012/01/1326222574_mauriziomwg_6.jpg

alvaro siza self sketch, http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--jnlHFePaDI/TxoNacvhHCI/AAAAAAAAADc/n2L7mD0h2rM/s640/siza.jpg

page 40; leca da palmeira swimming pool, alvaro siza, https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5160/5886467959_09c0629f08.jpg

page 43; portuguese world map, 1573, http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_KEOd_sgYszk/TSJK95tsB5I/AAAAAAAACoc/7ZE19D7PcpE/s1600/1573_Teixeira+-+low.jpg

page 45; douro valley, http://www.informativos.net/public/images/2012/0622_porto/Cru-zeiro_Douro.-photo-by-jose-manuel.jpg

pages 47-48; crono project, lisbon, http://i.imgur.com/NAU1q.jpghttp://theworldwider.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Graffiti-2.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-17g3LfKaWRU/U1UVcu4kdGI/AAAAAAAAH_I/HSGhpp3GGm0/s1600/P4116782.jpghttp://www.brooklynstreetart.com/theblog/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/brooklyn-street-art-os-gemeos-1-jaime-rojo-10-09.jpghttp://artobserved.com/artimages/2010/03/os-gemeos-ny-mural-141-1024x768.jpghttp://artobserved.com/artimages/2010/03/os-gemeos-ny-mural-141-1024x768.jpg

blu grafFit artist, http://www.demotix.com/news/2606921/italian-street-artist-blu-work-ing-grafFiti

page 50; operating table, http://patdollard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/o-OPERAT-ING-TABLE-facebook.jpg

page 59; maria pia bridge, porto, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Railway_bridges_in_porto.jpg

leca da palmeira pools, alvaro siza, http://openhousebcn.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/open-house-barcelona-shop-gallery-summer-is-here-dive-into-the-water-architecture-leca-swim-ming-pools-alvaro-siza-1.jpg

page 60; douro valley, http://www.zeroemcomportamento.org/catalogo/longas/galerias/as-horas-do-douro/horas-do-douro_1.jpg

ribeira, porto, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Ribeira_-_Porto.jpg

page 62; Fundacao Ibere Camargo, http://blog.archpaper.com/wordpress/wp-content/up-loads/2012/06/alvaro_siza_lion_10.jpg