ORIGINS PPT

ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE“Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known.”

Dr. Carl Sagan quotes (American Astronomer, Writer and Scientist, 1934-1996)

BIG BANG THEORYThe sudden expansion of time and space

BIG BANG THEORY

This theory was born of the observation that other galaxies are moving away from our own at great

speed, in all directions, as if they had all been propelled by an ancient

explosive force.

http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/origins-universe-article.html

BIG BANG THEORY

Big bang proponents suggest that some 10 billion to 20 billion years ago, a massive blast allowed all the universe's known

matter and energy—even space and time themselves—to spring from some ancient

and unknown type of energy.


BIG BANG THEORY

The theory maintains that, in the instant—a trillion-trillionth of a second

—after the big bang, the universe expanded with incomprehensible speed from its pebble-size origin to

astronomical scope.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

BIG BANG THEORY

our universe sprang into existence as "singularity" around 13.7 billion years ago.


BIG BANG THEORY

THE FIRST ATOMS

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

TIMELINE

In the very beginning there was nothing except for a plasma soup.

Immediately after the Big Bang, the universe was tremendously hot.

As it began to cool, there existed an almost equal yet asymmetrical amount of matter and antimatter.

They collide and destroy one another creating pure energy.

The particles which began to dominate were those of matter.

BIG BANG THEORY

THE FIRST ATOMS

TIMELINE

As the universe expanded further, common particles began to form. These particles would become the building blocks of matter and life as we know it.

After the universe had cooled to about 3000 billion degrees Kelvin, composite particles such as protons and neutrons,

called hadrons, became the common state of matter.

BIG BANG THEORY

THE FIRST ATOMS

TIMELINE

After about one to three minutes had passed since the creation of the universe, protons and neutrons began to react with each other

After further cooling, these excess protons would be able to capture an electron to create common hydrogen.

BIG BANG THEORYMISCONCEPTIONS

THE BIG BANG WAS AN EXPLOSION.--the Big Bang was not an explosion, but an expansion.

THERE IS NO EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG.--Scientists do not make things up without

having good evidence behind it.

http://angryastronomer.blogspot.com/2006/07/big-bang-common-misconceptions.html

BIG BANG THEORYEVIDENCES

COSMOLOGICAL REDSHIFTGalaxies are moving away from us.

http://angryastronomer.blogspot.com/2006/07/big-bang-common-misconceptions.html

THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUNDArno Penzias and Robert Wilson.

DISTRIBUTION OF ELEMENTSThe abundance of light elements.

STEADY STATE THEORY

The universe has no beginning and no end.

STEADY STATE THEORY

Although the universe is expanding, matter is constantly being created at the same rate,

and therefore the density of the universe never changes.

The look of the universe does not change because of

the constant creation of matter.

Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Herman Bondi

STEADY STATE THEORY

The advantage of Steady State theory over some other

theories is its simple and aesthetic explanations of certain troublesome topics.

Steady state theory claims new matter constantly must be created in order to

maintain a constant density (and therefore a static appearance).

BIG BANG VS STEADY STATE

SS: The universe had no beginning and no end.BB: Before the Big Bang, there was nothing.

BIG BANG VS STEADY STATE

BB: No matter can be created.SS: Matter is constantly being created.

BIG BOUNCE THEORY There was actually something before the Big Bang.

BIG BOUNCE THEORY

derived from the cyclical model interpretation of the Big Bang where the first cosmological event was the result of the

collapse of a previous universe.

suggests that another universe went through a Big Crunch and then 'bounced' back and gave birth to this universe.

BIG BOUNCE THEORY

BIG CRUNCH a model of the future of a universe in which it

stops expanding and ultimately collapses on itself due to the force of gravity of its constituent parts.

takes away the notion that the universe came to be from an infinite dense area with no mass

*One of the main problems with the Big Bang theoryis that at the moment of the Big Bang, there is a singularity of

zero volume and infinite energy – against the theory of general relativity

BIG BOUNCE THEORY

Research in loop quantum cosmology purported to show that a previously existing universe collapsed,

not to the point of singularity, but to a point before that where the quantum effects of gravity become so

strongly repulsive that the universe rebounds back out, forming a new branch.

BIG BOUNCE THEORY

Peter Lynds new cosmology model in which time is cyclic

--- our universe will eventually stop expanding and then contract

BIG BOUNCE THEORY

CYCLIC UNIVERSE MODEL

Paul Steinhardt (Princeton) and Neil Turok (Cambridge)

“We propose a cosmological model in which the universe undergoes an endless sequence of cosmic epochs that

begin with a ‘bang’ and end in a ‘crunch’”


Essentially,

The Big Bang was not the beginning of time because the universe undergoes endless cycles

of evolution in infinite space and time.

HISTORY

ALBERT EINSTEIN

One of the theoretical physicists who considered the possibility of a cyclic model for the universe


PRINCIPLES

The big bang is not a beginning of time, but rather a transition to an earlier phase of evolution.

The evolution of the universe is cyclic.

The key events that shaped the large scale structure of the universe occurred during a phase of slow contraction before the bang,

rather than a period of rapid expansion after the bang.



THE MODEL

Space and time exist forever.The big bang is not the beginning of time;

rather, it is a bridge to a pre-existing contracting era.

Big Bang Big Crunch Big Bang Big Crunch


THE MODEL

The temperature and density of the universe do not become infinite at any point of the cycle

No inflation has taken place since the big bang.

The seeds for galaxy formation were created by instabilities arising as the Universe was collapsing towards a big crunch,

prior to our big bang.

ORIGINS PPT

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