Origins of Islam

• Muhammad the prophet• Arabian Peninsula

– Mecca and Medina

• Revelations of Muhammad forms the basis of the Islamic religion

• Monotheistic faith

Muhammad

Spread of Islam• Started on the Arabian

Peninsula• Spread across Asia and

Africa and into Spain• Geographic extent of

First Muslim empire• Trade and Conquest• Expanded rapidly

The spread of Islam

Beliefs, Traditions, and Custioms

• Monotheism

• Allah, Arabic word for God

• Quran (koran) The word of God – Written only in Arabic

• Acceptance of Judeo-Christian Prophets– Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

• Five Pillars of Islam

Five Pillars

Five Pillars of Islam

• Faith

• Pray

• Almsgiving

• Fasting during the month of Ramadan

• Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca

Geographic influence

• Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca and Medina

• Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers

Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia

• Facilitated by weakening of Byzantine and Persian Empires

Muslim Influences on Economic, social,& political development

• Arabic language spread with Islam and Facilitated trade across Islamic lands

• Arabic language stimulated intellectual activity

• Slavery was not based on race

• Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short lived.

Historical Turning Points

• Sunni-Shi’s Division– Split over the question of who should have succeeded

Mohammed– Successor of Muhammad– Sunni (Majority) is selected or elected– Shi’s (Minority) successor must be direct descendant

of the Prophet’s family

• Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and Damascus• Battle of Tours

Art and Architecture

Cultural Contributions and Achievements

• Translation of ancient texts into Arabic

• Universities• Arabic alphabet

Islamic Architecture

Dome of the Rock

Mosacis

Scientific Contributions and Achievements

• Arabic numerals ( adapted from India) including zero

• Algebra• Medicine• Expansion of

geographic knowledge