originated in Mexico, it was grown in Popcorn

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EarlyEarlyPopcornPopcornHistoryHistory

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Early Popcorn History

• * Though popcorn probablyoriginated in Mexico, it was grown inChina, Sumatra and India yearsbefore Columbus visited America.

• *The oldest known corn pollen isscarcely distinguishable frommodern corn pollen, judging by the80,000-year-old fossil found 200 feetbelow Mexico City.

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Early Popcorn History

• *It is believed that the first use of wildand early cultivated corn was popping.

• *The oldest ears of popcorn ever foundwere discovered in the Bat Cave of westcentral New Mexico in 1948 and 1950.Ranging from smaller than a penny toabout 2 inches, the oldest Bat Cave earsare about 5,600 years old.

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Early Popcorn History• *In tombs on the east coast of Peru,

researchers have found grains ofpopcorn perhaps 1,000 years old.These grains have been so well-preserved that they will still pop.

• * A Zapotec funeral urn found inMexico and dating from about 300A.D. depicts a Maize god withsymbols representing primitivepopcorn in his headdress.

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The History of Popcorn Poppers

• The ancient way to pop corn was to heatsand in a fire and stir kernels ofpopcorn in when the sand was fullyheated.

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• Exploring Paraguay during the 18th century,Felix de Azara told of a kind of popcorn withkernels on the tassel which, when "it isboiled in fat or oil, the grains burst withoutbecoming detached, and there results asuperb bouquet fit to adorn a lady's hair atnight without anyone knowing what it was.

• I have often eaten these burst grains andfound them very good."

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• Native American poppers used the sameelements as modern popcorn machines:heat, oil and a pan of some sort.

• Pans were made from materialsranging from soapstone to clay andmetal.

• Some of these poppers were huge,reaching eight feet across.

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• Some Native Americans, spread oilon an ear of popcorn and laid it near afire, causing the kernels to popattached to the ear.

• It was eaten similar to corn-on-the-cob.

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• The first popcorn"machine" wasinvented byCharlie Cretors in1885.

• Until then,poppers weremade to sit infront of stores toattract attention.

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Recent Popcorn History

• *Popcorn was very popular fromthe 1890s until the GreatDepression.

• Street vendors used to followcrowds around, pushing steam orgas-powered poppers through fairs,parks and expositions.

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• But vendorswanted to be closeto the crowds,especially thecrowds near movietheaters.

• So Charlie madepoppers that couldbe pushed on foot,pulled by horseand mounted ontrucks.

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• Today, much of thepopcorn you buy atmovies and fairs ispopped in poppersmade by the Cretorsfamily.

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• *Home poppers were first introducedaround 1925, and a few years later they were beingbuilt in Junior High shop classes.

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• *During the Depression, popcorn at 5 or 10cents a bag was one of the few luxuriesdown-and-out families could afford.

• While other businesses failed, the popcornbusiness thrived.

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• An Oklahoma banker who wentbroke when his bank failedbought a popcorn machine andstarted a business in a smallstore near a theater.

• After a couple years, his popcornbusiness made enough money tobuy back three of the farms he'dlost.

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• *During World War II, sugar was sentoverseas for U.S. troops, which meant therewasn't much sugar left in the States to makecandy.

• Thanks to this unusual situation, Americansate three times as much popcorn as usual.

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• Popcorn went into a slump during the early1950s, when television became popular.

• Attendance at movie theaters dropped and,with it, popcorn consumption.

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• When the public beganeating popcorn athome, the newrelationship betweentelevision and popcornled to a resurge inpopularity.

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• In 1945, Percy Spencerdiscovered that when popcornwas placed under microwaveenergy, it popped.

• This led to experiments withother foods, and the birth of themicrowave oven.

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• Microwave popcorn -- the very first use ofmicrowave heating in the 1940s -- hasalready accounted for $240 million inannual U.S. popcorn sales.

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• Americans today consume 17.3 billion quarts ofpopped popcorn each year.

• The average American eats about 68 quarts (or2 POUNDS!

• Approximately 70 percent is eaten in the home(home popped and pre-popped) and about 30percent outside the home (theaters, stadiums,schools, etc.).

• Unpopped popcorn accounts for approximately90 percent of sales for home consumption.

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What is popcorn?• Popcorn is actually a

different type of cornthan the more familiarsweet corn or field corn.

• White, yellow, red andblack kernel types areavailable, but only whiteand yellow (both smalland large) are growncommercially.

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What is popcorn?• Two major factors influencing popcorn quality

include kernel moisture and expansion ratio.• A quality popcorn will have at least a 98 percent

pop ratio at an idea moisture of 13.5 percent.• The other critical component is expansion ratio,

which is the volume measurement of poppedcorn from one gram of popcorn kernels.

• Some varieties expand to over 40 cubiccentimeters per gram.

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How does popcorn pop?

• Each kernel of popcorn contains a small drop ofwater stored inside a circle of soft starch. (That'swhy popcorn needs to contain 13.5 percent to 14percent moisture.)

• The soft starch is surrounded by the kernel's hardouter surface. As the kernel heats up, the waterbegins to expand, and pressure builds against thehard starch.

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How does popcorn pop?• Eventually, this hard surface gives

way, causing the popcorn toexplode.

• The hull rupture usually occurs atabout 135 psi and a temperature of180 degrees Celsius.

• As it explodes, the soft starchinside the popcorn becomesinflated and bursts, turning thekernel inside out.

• The steam inside the kernel isreleased, and the popcorn ispopped!

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Old Maids

• Old Maids or those unpoppedkernels of corn that are left at thebottom of popcorn bowls aregenerally the result of eitherkernels that don't have the propermoisture content (around 14%)

• or they have a cracked outer hullwhich means that the expandingsteam can't build enough pressureto cause the kernel to pop.

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DemandConsumer demand supported the production of

popcorn on over 201,000 acres in 29 states during2007, with volume reaching nearly 500,000 TONSof shelled popcorn.

Nebraska is the top popcorn-producing state,harvesting 294.5 million pounds of shelledpopcorn, or 34 percent of all popcorn production.

The states of Indiana, Illinois and Ohio are also topproducers of popcorn; all produced between 110and 221 million pounds of shelled popcorn

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And there are some very specialpoppers available today!

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And now….The Popcorn

LabAnd the

Scientific Method

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The Scientific Methodwith Tim & Mobey

http://glencoe.com/sec/science/physics/ppp_09/animation/Chapter%201/Scientific%20Method.swf

http://www.brainpop.com/science/scientificinquiry/scientificmethod/zoom.weml

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Brain Pop Answers

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General Experiment Outline GuideFor the Scientific Method and

The Popcorn Lab• I. Title:• This should tell what the experiment is

investigating.• It is the name of the experiment and may be in

the form of a question.• Be specific.• Complete your title now

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II. Statement of the Problem

• Identify theproblem….

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III. Purpose:

• Identify thepurpose.

• Why are youdoing theexperiment?

• "To see if...."

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IV. Hypothesis• Before you do the

experiment, what do youpredict will happen?

• This should be based onObservations andPreliminary Research.

• "If..., then..., because..."• Make this quantitative• (ie: it needs a number

value)

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Hypothesis

• Work with a teammember and comeup with ahypothesis.

• Write thathypothesis onyour lab sheet.

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What are variables?

Or what changes duringexperiments….

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Independent Variables

• What is tested by the scientist• What is changed by the scientist• Also known as manipulated variables.

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Dependent VariableDependent Variable

• What is observed• What is measured• The effect caused by the independent

variable.• The data• Also called responding variables

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Controlled Variables

• Things that could change but don’t• Kept constant (the same) by scientists• These allow for a fair test.

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V. Variables & Controls:• Variable to be changed: Independent Variable What is the one condition that you changed? What are you comparing or testing?• Variable to be measured: Dependent Variable What results are you going to measure & record?• Controls:Controlled Variables (List at least 6)

List the things that you plan to keep the same duringyour experiment, so that they will not affect your results.

• If there will be a "control group" be sure to state what makes this group the "control”

• Working with your team, complete the answers to thesequestions.

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VI. Procedure: • List in a step by stepway how to do theexperiment,

like a recipe.• If you do a good job,

someone reading yourprocedure will be ableto repeat it accurately.

• You will be doing asingle bag of popcorn,but remember the entireclass is doing thisexperiment too, so therewill be 17 or 18 trialsdone.

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VII. Materials:

• List the equipmentyou need to do theexperiment.

• Be specific; list thekinds and amounts.

• With your teammembers, writeyour procedures &material list now.

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Measuring MassMeasuring Mass• Mass is the amount of

matter in an object.• It’s measured on a balance

(also called a triple beambalance).

• Mass is measured in gramsor kilograms.

• A science book is about 1.3kilograms.

• A large paperclip is about 1gram.

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Please be careful with the Balances!!!!Please be careful with the Balances!!!!• They are very delicate and prone to breakage.• NEVER pick one up by the balance beams!

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CalibratingCalibrating

• Before using abalance, check tobe sure the balanceis calibrated (orset to zero).

• Calibrate (set) thebalance to zero if itisn’t.

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Reading theReading theBalance:Balance:

You Try It!You Try It!

What does thisbalance read?

Start at themiddle:300

Go to the back:20

Move to thefront: 3.5

The final answeris: 323.5

grams

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Reading the Balance:Reading the Balance:You Try It!You Try It!

2. What doesthis balanceread?201.9 grams

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Reading the Balance:Reading the Balance:You Try It!You Try It!

3. What doesthis balanceread?509.3

grams

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MEASURING THE MASSOF THE POPCORN

• In just a moment you will measure the mass ofthe popcorn.

• Be sure to get an accurate mass measurement.• Be sure to record it on your data table.• When you have finished, you may put your

popcorn into your table microwave. Set on“popcorn” and hit start.

• While it’s cooking, get ALL the mass numbersfrom your table.

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VIII. Experimentation Observations & Results:

• Use the data table, andobservation section torecord your mass dataand observations.

• I will now giveeveryone their popcornnumber.

• Be sure to also recordthe brand on the datatable!

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VIII.Experimentation Observations &

Results:

• Immediately after thepopping is done, you need tomeasure the popped mass andrecord.

• MAKE NOCONCLUSIONS-simply record the massresults that occurred.

• Finally, you get to open yourbag of popcorn and count thepopped kernels

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VIII. Experimentation Observations & Results:

• When counting, set astandard about what is acomplete kernel and whatisn’t.

• Record all information gathered while doing your investigation.

• Record your data on theclass data table too!

• When you’re done counting,you may eat!

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Graph your results• Each team will be assigned

a team number.• When you have data to

contribute, be sure to comeup to the front and type itin.

• Every team is responsiblefor recording the data that isposted AND graphing theresults

• Include an explanation ofwhat the graph is showing

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IX. Conclusion:

• Be sure to answer ALL ofthese questions in thissection as best as you can.

• Was your hypothesiscorrect? Incorrect?

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X: Recommendations

• If you were to do this experimentagain, what would you do different ?

• Write at least 5 sentences about whatyou learned, and what you wouldchange to be more accurate and do itbetter.

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Final Notes…

• You and your team, or table group can work together toanswer those questions, but everyone is responsible forcompleting a lab.

• This lab booklet is due Next Tues/Wed- block period.• This lab is not to be typed.• Graphs are not to be computer generated, but hand

drawn. You MAY produce a computer generated graphin addition to your hand drawn graph for 5 ec pts.

• Be sure to label and explain them, PLUS have differentcolors to represent each popcorn type

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And now in slow motion…

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Front Page Answers: Sci Method Quiz

originated in Mexico, it was grown in Popcorn

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