1

VISUAL IMPRESSION OF BAMBOO STICKS AND ACRYLIC RODS COMBINATION

Based on Evaluation of Indonesian Perspective

Hari NUGRAHA*, Sim Teck CENG**, Koichiro SATO***, Fumio TERAUCHI***

* Graduate School of Chiba University 1-33, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 2638522, Japan ** Junior College of Aizu 1-1, Itsukimachi ooaza yahata kadota, Aizuwakamatsu-shi, Hukushima 9650003, Japan

*** Chiba University 1-33, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 2638522, Japan

Abstract: Traditionally, bamboo plants are used as primary materials for various needs and for making products. These materials can be combined with synthetic materials such as acrylic rods. The results of the combinations of these materials can produce a visual appearance namely the moiré effect that can present certain visual impressions on the surface of the materials. The purpose of the study is to make clear the visual impressions of woven bamboo by combining it with acrylic rods materials. The process for combining these materials, called cross-weave, is taken from the Numazu fence style pattern. The Correspondence Analysis method was used to evaluate the visual impressions of combining materials and then the cluster analysis method was utilised to classify the samples of materials based on the visual impressions they generated. The visual impression results obtained are Active, Passive, Traditional, Futuristic, Organic, Non-organic; and the samples of materials are divided into five groups based on the types of visual appearance they produce. The results of this study can be used to improve the use of bamboo materials for various purposes. Keywords: visual impression, bamboo stick, acrylic rod, material, moiré effect, woven pattern

1. Introduction Bamboo materials have a long history use in daily

life [1]. Bamboo is a typical plant that grows widely in tropical and sub-tropical climates in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. In Asia, bamboo plants can be found in countries such as Japan and Indonesia. Bamboo can grow in different environments and soil conditions, and the plants are self-sustainable [2]. Bamboo materials can be used for a variety of purposes. Bamboo materials are often used for the making of woven products such as bamboo baskets and mats [3]. Bamboo can also be processed using low-level technology [4]. The advanced use of bamboo materials in household products has been extended to industrial applications [5].

In several villages in Indonesia, these bamboo plants are famous as the materials for making traditional woven products and play significant roles in the villages’ economy and income [6]. Meanwhile, in Japan, there has been a reduction in the use of bamboo materials because

farmers are no longer motivated to maintain bamboo forests. Bamboo materials have low prices, and production costs are more expensive than the benefits. Under these conditions, most bamboo forests in Japan have been negligently managed, and bamboo plantations that are not managed properly have crept into the surrounding lands [7].

In Indonesia as well, bamboo materials that are commonly traditionally processed to become woven products are perceived as visually unappealing because lacking of visual impressions, cheap as they have low product values, and complicated as it requires additional skills to handle the materials [8].

The traditional process of weaving bamboo to produce visual impressions on the surface usually applies the conventional method by creating various combinations of weaving patterns [9] and by combining with other materials such as rattan or other fibre materials. The colouring methods are also usually used to improve the visual impressions on the surface of the

1

VISUAL IMPRESSION OF BAMBOO STICKS AND ACRYLIC RODS COMBINATION

Based on Evaluation of Indonesian Perspective

Hari NUGRAHA*, Sim Teck CENG**, Koichiro SATO***, Fumio TERAUCHI***

* Graduate School of Chiba University 1-33, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 2638522, Japan ** Junior College of Aizu 1-1, Itsukimachi ooaza yahata kadota, Aizuwakamatsu-shi, Hukushima 9650003, Japan

*** Chiba University 1-33, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 2638522, Japan

Abstract: Traditionally, bamboo plants are used as primary materials for various needs and for making products. These materials can be combined with synthetic materials such as acrylic rods. The results of the combinations of these materials can produce a visual appearance namely the moiré effect that can present certain visual impressions on the surface of the materials. The purpose of the study is to make clear the visual impressions of woven bamboo by combining it with acrylic rods materials. The process for combining these materials, called cross-weave, is taken from the Numazu fence style pattern. The Correspondence Analysis method was used to evaluate the visual impressions of combining materials and then the cluster analysis method was utilised to classify the samples of materials based on the visual impressions they generated. The visual impression results obtained are Active, Passive, Traditional, Futuristic, Organic, Non-organic; and the samples of materials are divided into five groups based on the types of visual appearance they produce. The results of this study can be used to improve the use of bamboo materials for various purposes. Keywords: visual impression, bamboo stick, acrylic rod, material, moiré effect, woven pattern

1. Introduction Bamboo materials have a long history use in daily

life [1]. Bamboo is a typical plant that grows widely in tropical and sub-tropical climates in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. In Asia, bamboo plants can be found in countries such as Japan and Indonesia. Bamboo can grow in different environments and soil conditions, and the plants are self-sustainable [2]. Bamboo materials can be used for a variety of purposes. Bamboo materials are often used for the making of woven products such as bamboo baskets and mats [3]. Bamboo can also be processed using low-level technology [4]. The advanced use of bamboo materials in household products has been extended to industrial applications [5].

In several villages in Indonesia, these bamboo plants are famous as the materials for making traditional woven products and play significant roles in the villages’ economy and income [6]. Meanwhile, in Japan, there has been a reduction in the use of bamboo materials because

farmers are no longer motivated to maintain bamboo forests. Bamboo materials have low prices, and production costs are more expensive than the benefits. Under these conditions, most bamboo forests in Japan have been negligently managed, and bamboo plantations that are not managed properly have crept into the surrounding lands [7].

In Indonesia as well, bamboo materials that are commonly traditionally processed to become woven products are perceived as visually unappealing because lacking of visual impressions, cheap as they have low product values, and complicated as it requires additional skills to handle the materials [8].

The traditional process of weaving bamboo to produce visual impressions on the surface usually applies the conventional method by creating various combinations of weaving patterns [9] and by combining with other materials such as rattan or other fibre materials. The colouring methods are also usually used to improve the visual impressions on the surface of the

1

VISUAL IMPRESSION OF BAMBOO STICKS AND ACRYLIC RODS COMBINATION

Based on Evaluation of Indonesian Perspective

Hari NUGRAHA*, Sim Teck CENG**, Koichiro SATO***, Fumio TERAUCHI***

* Graduate School of Chiba University 1-33, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 2638522, Japan ** Junior College of Aizu 1-1, Itsukimachi ooaza yahata kadota, Aizuwakamatsu-shi, Hukushima 9650003, Japan

*** Chiba University 1-33, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 2638522, Japan

Abstract: Traditionally, bamboo plants are used as primary materials for various needs and for making products. These materials can be combined with synthetic materials such as acrylic rods. The results of the combinations of these materials can produce a visual appearance namely the moiré effect that can present certain visual impressions on the surface of the materials. The purpose of the study is to make clear the visual impressions of woven bamboo by combining it with acrylic rods materials. The process for combining these materials, called cross-weave, is taken from the Numazu fence style pattern. The Correspondence Analysis method was used to evaluate the visual impressions of combining materials and then the cluster analysis method was utilised to classify the samples of materials based on the visual impressions they generated. The visual impression results obtained are Active, Passive, Traditional, Futuristic, Organic, Non-organic; and the samples of materials are divided into five groups based on the types of visual appearance they produce. The results of this study can be used to improve the use of bamboo materials for various purposes. Keywords: visual impression, bamboo stick, acrylic rod, material, moiré effect, woven pattern

1. Introduction Bamboo materials have a long history use in daily

life [1]. Bamboo is a typical plant that grows widely in tropical and sub-tropical climates in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. In Asia, bamboo plants can be found in countries such as Japan and Indonesia. Bamboo can grow in different environments and soil conditions, and the plants are self-sustainable [2]. Bamboo materials can be used for a variety of purposes. Bamboo materials are often used for the making of woven products such as bamboo baskets and mats [3]. Bamboo can also be processed using low-level technology [4]. The advanced use of bamboo materials in household products has been extended to industrial applications [5].

In several villages in Indonesia, these bamboo plants are famous as the materials for making traditional woven products and play significant roles in the villages’ economy and income [6]. Meanwhile, in Japan, there has been a reduction in the use of bamboo materials because

farmers are no longer motivated to maintain bamboo forests. Bamboo materials have low prices, and production costs are more expensive than the benefits. Under these conditions, most bamboo forests in Japan have been negligently managed, and bamboo plantations that are not managed properly have crept into the surrounding lands [7].

In Indonesia as well, bamboo materials that are commonly traditionally processed to become woven products are perceived as visually unappealing because lacking of visual impressions, cheap as they have low product values, and complicated as it requires additional skills to handle the materials [8].

The traditional process of weaving bamboo to produce visual impressions on the surface usually applies the conventional method by creating various combinations of weaving patterns [9] and by combining with other materials such as rattan or other fibre materials. The colouring methods are also usually used to improve the visual impressions on the surface of the

1

VISUAL IMPRESSION OF BAMBOO STICKS AND ACRYLIC RODS COMBINATION

Based on Evaluation of Indonesian Perspective

Hari NUGRAHA*, Sim Teck CENG**, Koichiro SATO***, Fumio TERAUCHI***

* Graduate School of Chiba University 1-33, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 2638522, Japan ** Junior College of Aizu 1-1, Itsukimachi ooaza yahata kadota, Aizuwakamatsu-shi, Hukushima 9650003, Japan

*** Chiba University 1-33, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 2638522, Japan

Abstract: Traditionally, bamboo plants are used as primary materials for various needs and for making products. These materials can be combined with synthetic materials such as acrylic rods. The results of the combinations of these materials can produce a visual appearance namely the moiré effect that can present certain visual impressions on the surface of the materials. The purpose of the study is to make clear the visual impressions of woven bamboo by combining it with acrylic rods materials. The process for combining these materials, called cross-weave, is taken from the Numazu fence style pattern. The Correspondence Analysis method was used to evaluate the visual impressions of combining materials and then the cluster analysis method was utilised to classify the samples of materials based on the visual impressions they generated. The visual impression results obtained are Active, Passive, Traditional, Futuristic, Organic, Non-organic; and the samples of materials are divided into five groups based on the types of visual appearance they produce. The results of this study can be used to improve the use of bamboo materials for various purposes. Keywords: visual impression, bamboo stick, acrylic rod, material, moiré effect, woven pattern

1. Introduction Bamboo materials have a long history use in daily

life [1]. Bamboo is a typical plant that grows widely in tropical and sub-tropical climates in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. In Asia, bamboo plants can be found in countries such as Japan and Indonesia. Bamboo can grow in different environments and soil conditions, and the plants are self-sustainable [2]. Bamboo materials can be used for a variety of purposes. Bamboo materials are often used for the making of woven products such as bamboo baskets and mats [3]. Bamboo can also be processed using low-level technology [4]. The advanced use of bamboo materials in household products has been extended to industrial applications [5].

In several villages in Indonesia, these bamboo plants are famous as the materials for making traditional woven products and play significant roles in the villages’ economy and income [6]. Meanwhile, in Japan, there has been a reduction in the use of bamboo materials because

farmers are no longer motivated to maintain bamboo forests. Bamboo materials have low prices, and production costs are more expensive than the benefits. Under these conditions, most bamboo forests in Japan have been negligently managed, and bamboo plantations that are not managed properly have crept into the surrounding lands [7].

In Indonesia as well, bamboo materials that are commonly traditionally processed to become woven products are perceived as visually unappealing because lacking of visual impressions, cheap as they have low product values, and complicated as it requires additional skills to handle the materials [8].

The traditional process of weaving bamboo to produce visual impressions on the surface usually applies the conventional method by creating various combinations of weaving patterns [9] and by combining with other materials such as rattan or other fibre materials. The colouring methods are also usually used to improve the visual impressions on the surface of the

Based on Evaluation of Indonesian Perspective

Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 2020 49

Original ArticlesReceived April 25, 2019; Accepted December 23, 2019

2

bamboo woven. The colouring techniques including pressurised vacuum dipping and dying methods [10] are used, and the final finishing touch for the woven surface is by adding coating on the top of it [11].

This common method produces a visual appearance that exposes the material’s surface with a flat, plain effect. In addition to the usual method, another way to produce woven bamboo materials with a different visual impression appearance can be done by combining them with synthetic materials such as acrylic rods. The results of the combination can produce a visual effect that is an optical illusion known as the moiré effect.

The purpose of the present study is to make clear the visual impressions of woven bamboo by combining it with acrylic rods materials. In this study, visual impressions are based on perceptions expressed by Indonesians. 2. Method 2.1. Materials

The primary material used to create this combination is a Japanese bamboo called Madake bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides). The bamboo material is shaped into cylindrical sticks with a diameter of 2 mm in order to produce visual impression and to reveal the natural colour. The other material used for the combination is polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), also known as acrylic; this material can achieve the maximum optical effect by using transparent colour rods [12], cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of 2 mm (Figure 1). The other material used is an epoxy resin, an adhesive material that enabled us to weave bamboo sticks with acrylic rods.

2.2. Materials combination method The combination of bamboo sticks and acrylic rods

is intended to create visual impressions with the moiré effect. The principle involves repeatedly positioning two layers of overlapping lines and then moving them intermittently to produce specific pattern effects [13]. In Figure 2, we can see the moiré effect arises from the combination of bamboo sticks and acrylic rods in an overlapping direction with a diagonal pattern. From the experiment result in Figure 2, then the woven technique is used to combine the bamboo and acrylic materials.

The woven pattern that we used is taken from the Numazu fence style pattern (Figure 3), also called Numazugaki or Ajirogaki [14], originating from the Numazu area (Shizuoka prefecture) [15]. Today, this type of fence is no longer commonly used for gardening. The woven pattern that we used resembles a type of wickerwork fence that is made by cross-weaving techniques using a combination of bamboo strips or bamboo sticks [16]. The woven sample is created in a rectangular shape with a dimension of 25 cm × 25 cm (Figure 4). 2.3. Methods for evaluating visual impressions from

the results of material combinations The evaluation process and classifying the types of

visual impressions generated from the combined materials of bamboo sticks and acrylic rods relating to the visual impression appearance refer to three comparisons of the combined compositions, which are compositions of bamboo 30%, 50%, and 80%.

Based on the results of combining bamboo sticks and transparent acrylic rods shown in Figure 2, the visual appearance is present. The moiré effect is influenced by the slopes of the bamboo sticks and the acrylic rods.

Type of sample composition is then broken down into six types of sample variants, based on the slope of the weave (10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 45°, and 90°) (Table 1). The three types of the compositions of materials combinations and their variants are shown in Figure 5–7.

The whole samples are analysed using the Kansei engineering approach. The first step is to create a questionnaire to obtain and record impressions as words. The questionnaire participants were selected randomly: 12 men and 13 women from 20 to 30 years of age. All of them were from Indonesia because bamboo materials are traditionally popular in Indonesia and play a significant role as a source of income for small and medium

(a) Bamboo sticks

(b) Transparent acrylic rods

Figure 1 (a) Bamboo sticks, (b) Transparent acrylic rods Figure 1. Materials

Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 202050

3

(b) 10º rotate (a) 0º rotate

(f) 45º rotate (e) 40º rotate

(d) 30º rotate (c) 20º rotate

Figure 2 The experiments result of moiré effect

Figure 3 Numazu fence style Figure 4 The woven of bamboo and transparent acrylic combination

Table 1. Types and variant combinations of bamboo and acrylic materials compositions

sample

Material composition Sub-sample

(Degrees of woven direction) Acrylic Bamboo

1 70% 30% 10° 20° 30° 40° 45° 90°

2 50% 50% 10° 20° 30° 40° 45° 90°

3 20% 80% 10° 20° 30° 40° 45° 90°

Table 2 The final result of the impression words 1. Normal 11. Dynamic 21. Modern 2. Beautiful 12. Classic 22. Regular 3. Moving 13. Neat 23. Complicated 4. Transparency 14. Traditional 24. Strong 5. Interesting 15. Luxury 25. Static 6. Simple 16. Glass 26. Reflection 7. Dizzy 17. Futuristic 27. Irregular 8. Solid 18. Boring 28. Unique 9. Ancient 19. Natural 29. Patterned 10. Rigid 20. Narrow

Figure 2. The experiments result of moiré effect

Figure 3. Numazu fence style Figure 4. The woven of bamboo and transparent acryliccombination

3

(b) 10º rotate (a) 0º rotate

(f) 45º rotate (e) 40º rotate

(d) 30º rotate (c) 20º rotate

Figure 2 The experiments result of moiré effect

Figure 3 Numazu fence style Figure 4 The woven of bamboo and transparent acrylic combination

Table 1. Types and variant combinations of bamboo and acrylic materials compositions

sample

Material composition Sub-sample

(Degrees of woven direction) Acrylic Bamboo

1 70% 30% 10° 20° 30° 40° 45° 90°

2 50% 50% 10° 20° 30° 40° 45° 90°

3 20% 80% 10° 20° 30° 40° 45° 90°

Table 2. The final result of the impression words 1. Normal 11. Dynamic 21. Modern 2. Beautiful 12. Classic 22. Regular 3. Moving 13. Neat 23. Complicated 4. Transparency 14. Traditional 24. Strong 5. Interesting 15. Luxury 25. Static 6. Simple 16. Glass 26. Reflection 7. Dizzy 17. Futuristic 27. Irregular 8. Solid 18. Boring 28. Unique 9. Ancient 19. Natural 29. Patterned 10. Rigid 20. Narrow

Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 2020 51

4

(f) 90° (e) 45° (d) 40° Bamboo Stick Transparent Acrylic Rod

(a) 10° (c) 30° (b) 20°

Figure 5 Bamboo composition 30% and sample variants

Figure 6 Bamboo composition 50% and sample variants

(d) 40° (e) 45° (f) 90°

Bamboo Stick Transparent Acrylic Rod

(c) 30° (a) 10° (b) 20°

Figure 5. Bamboo composition 30% and sample variants

Figure 6. Bamboo composition 50% and sample variants

Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 202052

5

enterprises in the country [17]. Furthermore, this study will be applied in Indonesia.

The questionnaire participants directly and visually observed the surface appearance of the combination of bamboo and acrylic transparent materials and then described their visual impressions.

The questionnaires yielded 135 impression words, which were selected based on the similarities in meanings, and were then reduced by the average value of the frequency of the words. Ultimately, 29 impression words remained (Table 2).

The next step was to apply the correspondence analysis, and finally to use cluster analysis to obtain relationships between impression words and types of samples. The final result of the analysis process provides the classification and grouping of visual impressions based on the combinations of bamboo and transparent acrylic.

3. Result and Discussion

To make clear the visual impressions of woven bamboo by combining it with acrylic rods materials, the data of impression words were analysed by using a statistical method within the IBM SPSS software. From the summary of the analysis results in Table 3, it shows only the first dimension until the third that has a

cumulative ratio is more than 10%. The inertia/eigenvalues for the first, second, and third dimensions were 0.347, 0.328, and 0.168, respectively. The diversity of data that can be presented is 28.4% in the first dimension, 26.8% in the second dimension, and 13.7% in the third dimension. The total data in the first dimension until third dimension that can be analysed is 68.9%. The p-value was < 0.001, indicating that the results were significant.

The results of the correspondence analysis for the first and second dimensions were then visualised and presented as a scatter plot that shows the classification of the visual impressions that have relationships with the samples of material combinations (Figure 8).

3.1. Visual impressions interpretation in dimensions 1 and 2 The clarity of the visual impressions from the

combined material samples is explained in the results of

(a) 10° (b) 20° (c) 30°

Bamboo Stick

Figure 7 Bamboo composition 80% and sample variants (d) 40° (e) 45°

Transparent Acrylic Rod (f) 90°

Table 3. Summary of the analysis results

Dimension Singular Value Inertia Chi

Square

Sig.

Proportion of Inertia

Accounted for 1 0.589 0.347 0.284 2 0.572 0.328 0.268 3 0.410 0.168 0.137

Total 0.843 540 .000a 0.689 a. 126 degrees of freedom

Figure 7. Bamboo composition 80% and sample variants

Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 2020 53

6

the scatter plot in Figure 8. It shows that the distribution of impression words in Dimension 1 (first axis) of the right side position which consists of the ‘Irregular’ words, and which is adjacent to the sample composition of 30% bamboo with 90 degrees of woven slope, can be interpreted as passive visual impressions.

For the opposite position on the left side of the axis, the word ‘Dizzy’ is related to the sample consisting of 50% bamboo material with woven slope directions of 10° and 20°. This axis is interpreted as ‘Active visual

impressions.’ For the second axis in the upper direction, the

sample consisting of 80% bamboo with a variant of woven slope directions of 90° and 45° was associated with traditional words, and interpreted as a ‘Traditional visual impression.’ On the axis of the bottom side direction, the words ‘Interesting,’ ‘Luxury,’ and ‘Futuristic’ are related to the sample consisting of 30% bamboo, with the variant of woven slope directions of 10° and 20°. This axis can be interpreted as a ‘Futuristic

Figure 8 Scatter plot in dimension 1 and 2 Figure 8. Scatter plot in dimension 1 and 2

Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 202054

7

visual impression.’ The position of sample consisting of 80% bamboo

with woven slope directions of 10°, 20°, and 30° is approaching the midpoint of the axis and relates closely to the word ‘Natural,’ which represents the overall visual impressions on axis 1 and 2.

A composition of 50% bamboo materials, balanced with the transparent acrylic rods, with woven slope directions of 10° and 20°, tends to be associated with an Active impression. This condition occurs because the transparent acrylic materials are dominant. Besides that, when the positions of the woven slope directions are 10°

and 20°, the acrylic rod materials produce the maximum moiré effect on the surface of the material.

For the sample consisting of 30% bamboo with a woven slope direction of 90°, the transparent acrylic rods cannot present the moiré effect optimally, and the visual impression is Passive. 3.2. Interpretation of visual impressions in dimensions 1 and 3

Next, we present the clarity of visual impression results in dimensions 1 and 3 (Figure 9). In dimensions 1 and 3, the first axis on the right and left are interpreted similarly to the scatter plot results in the first axis on

Figure 9 Scatter plot in dimension 1 and 3

7

visual impression.’ The position of sample consisting of 80% bamboo

with woven slope directions of 10°, 20°, and 30° is approaching the midpoint of the axis and relates closely to the word ‘Natural,’ which represents the overall visual impressions on axis 1 and 2.

A composition of 50% bamboo materials, balanced with the transparent acrylic rods, with woven slope directions of 10° and 20°, tends to be associated with an Active impression. This condition occurs because the transparent acrylic materials are dominant. Besides that, when the positions of the woven slope directions are 10°

and 20°, the acrylic rod materials produce the maximum moiré effect on the surface of the material.

For the sample consisting of 30% bamboo with a woven slope direction of 90°, the transparent acrylic rods cannot present the moiré effect optimally, and the visual impression is Passive. 3.2. Interpretation of visual impressions in dimensions 1 and 3

Next, we present the clarity of visual impression results in dimensions 1 and 3 (Figure 9). In dimensions 1 and 3, the first axis on the right and left are interpreted similarly to the scatter plot results in the first axis on

Figure 9. Scatter plot in dimension 1 and 3

Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 2020 55

9

combinations of bamboo sticks and acrylic rods material compositions following the woven slope directions from the sample variants related to the similarity of visual impressions perception, we conducted hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward’s method). The cutting point of samples group classifications is described in Figure 10.

The results reveal five groups of samples that are interrelated with the types of visual impressions. The dendrogram graph explains that group 1, a sample consisting of 50% bamboo with a variant of woven slope directions of 10°–90°, can be defined as ‘Traditional,’ ‘Active,’ and ‘Non-organic’ visual impressions. Group 2 is a sample consisting of 80% bamboo with a variant of woven slope directions of 10°, 20°, and 30°; this sample group has a ‘Non-organic’ and ‘Traditional’ visual impression. Group 3 is a sample consisting of 80% bamboo with a variant of woven slope directions of 40°, 45°, and 90°, and is considered a ‘Traditional’ and ‘Passive’ visual impression. Group 4 is a type of sample consisting of 30% bamboo with a variant of woven slope directions of 10°, 20°, and 30°, with an ‘Organic’ and ‘Futuristic’ visual appearance. Group 5 is a type of sample consisting of 30% bamboo with a variant of woven slope directions of 40°, 45°, and 90°; it is considered a ‘Non-organic’ and ‘Passive’ visual impression.

4. Conclusion

The purpose of this study is to make clear the visual impressions of combining bamboo sticks with transparent acrylic rods using weaving methods. The combined materials can produce the moiré effect that shows a specific pattern effect which appears on the surface of the material. These visual impression perceptions were obtained from Indonesian people and can be categorised into six types: Active, Passive, Traditional, Futuristic, Organic, and Non-organic.

The combinations of bamboo sticks and transparent acrylic rods samples can be divided into five groups based on the types of visual appearance they produce; Group 1 - Traditional, Active, and Non-organic; Group 2 - Non-organic and Traditional; Group 3 - Traditional and Passive; Group 4 - Organic and Futuristic; and Group 5 - Non-organic and Passive.

Future studies can be carried out to improve the use of materials for various purposes. Furthermore, these studies could be performed using other weaving methods to combine the materials, thereby producing visual

impressions that differ from the usual ones, and yielding results of visual impression evaluations based on Japanese perceptions.

References

[1 ] Xiaobing Yu, Bamboo: Structure and Culture Utilizing Bamboo in The Industrial Context With Reference To Its Structural and Cultural Dimensions, 2007

[2 ] Maxim Lobovikov, Shyam Paudel, Marco Piazza, Hong Ren, Junqi Wu, World Bamboo Resources A Thematic Study Prepared in The Framework of The Global Forest Resources Assessment, 2005

[3 ] Ministry of Commerce Republic of Indonesia, Indonesian Basket-Endless Creativity, 28, 2008

[4 ] Yuan Xinping, Ji Chenhao, Wang Xueying, Luo Zilong, Jin Yucheng, Research on the Applicability of Low-tech Bamboo Architecture in New Rural Construction, MATEC Web of Conferences, 175, 2018

[5 ] Pannipa Chaowana, Nakorn Sri Thammarat, Bamboo: An Alternative Raw Material for Wood and Wood-Based Composites, Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2013

[6 ] Tia Setiawati, Asep Zainal Mutaqin, Budi Irawan, Azifah An’amillah, Johan Iskandar, Species diversity and utilization of bamboo to support life’s the community of Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Sub-District of Cianjur, Indonesia, Biodiversitas Journal, Volume 18, Number 1, 58-64, 2017

[7 ] Shibata Shozo, Bamboo Resources for New Usage in Japan, Proceedings of 10th Word Bamboo Congress, Korea 2015

[8 ] Ambar Mulyono, Investigation Into Laminated Bamboo Fabrication by Small Industry for Product Development Case Study: Small Industry in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Bulletin of JSSD, Vol.1 No.2, 2017

[9 ] Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia, Training Manual for Bamboo Craft (Module II: Weaving &Woven Products), 24-25, 2005

[10 ] Sim Tech Cheng, Study on Structure Dyeing Methods of Bamboo & Impression Evaluation on Dyed Bamboos, Bulletin of JSSD Vol.63 No.6, 2017

[11 ] S. Shukla, S. Gupta and V.S. Kishan Kumar, Staining Effects on Moisture Resistance and Gloss of Lacquer Coated Bamboo Surfaces, Jornal of Bamboo and Rattan, Vol. 14, No. 1-4, 53-62, 2015

[12 ] International Polymer Solutions Inc, Acrylic Rod

8

dimensions 1 and 2. As for the third dimension in the upper direction, the

impression words ‘Natural,’ ‘Interesting,’ ‘Luxury,’ and ‘Unique’ are closely related to the sample consisting of 80% bamboo with a variant weaved slope direction of 20° and 30°, and the sample consisting of 30% bamboo with a slope direction of 10°, which can be interpreted as an ‘Organic’ visual impression.

For the lower axis, the position of the impression word ‘Complicated’ is at the bottom of the left side and relates to a sample consisting of 50% bamboo with variant weaved slope directions of 40° and 45°.

Meanwhile, on the bottom right side, the sample consisting of 30% bamboo with variant weaved slope directions of 40° and 45° is close to the impression words ‘Static’ and ‘Transparency.’ This axis direction can be interpreted as a ‘Non-organic’ visual impressions.

On dimensions 1 and 3, with directions of 10°, 20°, and 30° (80% bamboo material), the sample presents an Organic impression. These conditions mean that the bamboo material is dominant over the transparent acrylic material, which produces only a minor moiré effect. 3.3. Classification of samples image

To clarify the classification and grouping of the

Figure 10 Dendrogram graph and cutting point

Gro

up 1

Trad

ition

al, A

ctiv

e, a

nd

Non

-Org

anic

visu

al

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 2

Non

-org

anic

and

Tr

aditi

onal

visu

al

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 5

Non

-org

anic

and

pa

ssiv

e vi

sual

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 3

Trad

ition

al an

d Pa

ssiv

e vi

sual

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 4

Org

anic

and

Fu

turis

tic v

isual

impr

essio

n

8

dimensions 1 and 2. As for the third dimension in the upper direction, the

impression words ‘Natural,’ ‘Interesting,’ ‘Luxury,’ and ‘Unique’ are closely related to the sample consisting of 80% bamboo with a variant weaved slope direction of 20° and 30°, and the sample consisting of 30% bamboo with a slope direction of 10°, which can be interpreted as an ‘Organic’ visual impression.

For the lower axis, the position of the impression word ‘Complicated’ is at the bottom of the left side and relates to a sample consisting of 50% bamboo with variant weaved slope directions of 40° and 45°.

Meanwhile, on the bottom right side, the sample consisting of 30% bamboo with variant weaved slope directions of 40° and 45° is close to the impression words ‘Static’ and ‘Transparency.’ This axis direction can be interpreted as a ‘Non-organic’ visual impressions.

On dimensions 1 and 3, with directions of 10°, 20°, and 30° (80% bamboo material), the sample presents an Organic impression. These conditions mean that the bamboo material is dominant over the transparent acrylic material, which produces only a minor moiré effect. 3.3. Classification of samples image

To clarify the classification and grouping of the

Figure 10. Dendrogram graph and cutting point

Gro

up 1

Trad

ition

al, A

ctiv

e, a

nd

Non

-Org

anic

visu

al

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 2

Non

-org

anic

and

Tr

aditi

onal

visu

al

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 5

Non

-org

anic

and

pa

ssiv

e vi

sual

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 3

Trad

ition

al an

d Pa

ssiv

e vi

sual

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 4

Org

anic

and

Fu

turis

tic v

isual

impr

essio

n

Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 202056

9

combinations of bamboo sticks and acrylic rods material compositions following the woven slope directions from the sample variants related to the similarity of visual impressions perception, we conducted hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward’s method). The cutting point of samples group classifications is described in Figure 10.

The results reveal five groups of samples that are interrelated with the types of visual impressions. The dendrogram graph explains that group 1, a sample consisting of 50% bamboo with a variant of woven slope directions of 10°–90°, can be defined as ‘Traditional,’ ‘Active,’ and ‘Non-organic’ visual impressions. Group 2 is a sample consisting of 80% bamboo with a variant of woven slope directions of 10°, 20°, and 30°; this sample group has a ‘Non-organic’ and ‘Traditional’ visual impression. Group 3 is a sample consisting of 80% bamboo with a variant of woven slope directions of 40°, 45°, and 90°, and is considered a ‘Traditional’ and ‘Passive’ visual impression. Group 4 is a type of sample consisting of 30% bamboo with a variant of woven slope directions of 10°, 20°, and 30°, with an ‘Organic’ and ‘Futuristic’ visual appearance. Group 5 is a type of sample consisting of 30% bamboo with a variant of woven slope directions of 40°, 45°, and 90°; it is considered a ‘Non-organic’ and ‘Passive’ visual impression.

4. Conclusion

The purpose of this study is to make clear the visual impressions of combining bamboo sticks with transparent acrylic rods using weaving methods. The combined materials can produce the moiré effect that shows a specific pattern effect which appears on the surface of the material. These visual impression perceptions were obtained from Indonesian people and can be categorised into six types: Active, Passive, Traditional, Futuristic, Organic, and Non-organic.

The combinations of bamboo sticks and transparent acrylic rods samples can be divided into five groups based on the types of visual appearance they produce; Group 1 - Traditional, Active, and Non-organic; Group 2 - Non-organic and Traditional; Group 3 - Traditional and Passive; Group 4 - Organic and Futuristic; and Group 5 - Non-organic and Passive.

Future studies can be carried out to improve the use of materials for various purposes. Furthermore, these studies could be performed using other weaving methods to combine the materials, thereby producing visual

impressions that differ from the usual ones, and yielding results of visual impression evaluations based on Japanese perceptions.

References

[1 ] Xiaobing Yu, Bamboo: Structure and Culture Utilizing Bamboo in The Industrial Context With Reference To Its Structural and Cultural Dimensions, 2007

[2 ] Maxim Lobovikov, Shyam Paudel, Marco Piazza, Hong Ren, Junqi Wu, World Bamboo Resources A Thematic Study Prepared in The Framework of The Global Forest Resources Assessment, 2005

[3 ] Ministry of Commerce Republic of Indonesia, Indonesian Basket-Endless Creativity, 28, 2008

[4 ] Yuan Xinping, Ji Chenhao, Wang Xueying, Luo Zilong, Jin Yucheng, Research on the Applicability of Low-tech Bamboo Architecture in New Rural Construction, MATEC Web of Conferences, 175, 2018

[5 ] Pannipa Chaowana, Nakorn Sri Thammarat, Bamboo: An Alternative Raw Material for Wood and Wood-Based Composites, Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2013

[6 ] Tia Setiawati, Asep Zainal Mutaqin, Budi Irawan, Azifah An’amillah, Johan Iskandar, Species diversity and utilization of bamboo to support life’s the community of Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Sub-District of Cianjur, Indonesia, Biodiversitas Journal, Volume 18, Number 1, 58-64, 2017

[7 ] Shibata Shozo, Bamboo Resources for New Usage in Japan, Proceedings of 10th Word Bamboo Congress, Korea 2015

[8 ] Ambar Mulyono, Investigation Into Laminated Bamboo Fabrication by Small Industry for Product Development Case Study: Small Industry in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Bulletin of JSSD, Vol.1 No.2, 2017

[9 ] Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia, Training Manual for Bamboo Craft (Module II: Weaving &Woven Products), 24-25, 2005

[10 ] Sim Tech Cheng, Study on Structure Dyeing Methods of Bamboo & Impression Evaluation on Dyed Bamboos, Bulletin of JSSD Vol.63 No.6, 2017

[11 ] S. Shukla, S. Gupta and V.S. Kishan Kumar, Staining Effects on Moisture Resistance and Gloss of Lacquer Coated Bamboo Surfaces, Jornal of Bamboo and Rattan, Vol. 14, No. 1-4, 53-62, 2015

[12 ] International Polymer Solutions Inc, Acrylic Rod

8

dimensions 1 and 2. As for the third dimension in the upper direction, the

impression words ‘Natural,’ ‘Interesting,’ ‘Luxury,’ and ‘Unique’ are closely related to the sample consisting of 80% bamboo with a variant weaved slope direction of 20° and 30°, and the sample consisting of 30% bamboo with a slope direction of 10°, which can be interpreted as an ‘Organic’ visual impression.

For the lower axis, the position of the impression word ‘Complicated’ is at the bottom of the left side and relates to a sample consisting of 50% bamboo with variant weaved slope directions of 40° and 45°.

Meanwhile, on the bottom right side, the sample consisting of 30% bamboo with variant weaved slope directions of 40° and 45° is close to the impression words ‘Static’ and ‘Transparency.’ This axis direction can be interpreted as a ‘Non-organic’ visual impressions.

On dimensions 1 and 3, with directions of 10°, 20°, and 30° (80% bamboo material), the sample presents an Organic impression. These conditions mean that the bamboo material is dominant over the transparent acrylic material, which produces only a minor moiré effect. 3.3. Classification of samples image

To clarify the classification and grouping of the

Figure 10 Dendrogram graph and cutting point

Gro

up 1

Trad

ition

al, A

ctiv

e, a

nd

Non

-Org

anic

visu

al

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 2

Non

-org

anic

and

Tr

aditi

onal

visu

al

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 5

Non

-org

anic

and

pa

ssiv

e vi

sual

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 3

Trad

ition

al an

d Pa

ssiv

e vi

sual

impr

essio

n

Gro

up 4

Org

anic

and

Fu

turis

tic v

isual

impr

essio

n

[1] Liese, W and Michael, K.(Eds.): Bamboo the Plant and its Uses, Springer, 169, 2015

[2] Lobovikov, M. et al.: World Bamboo Resources A Thematic Study Prepared in The Framework of The Global Forest Resources Assessment, FAO, 1, 2005

[3] Ministry of Trade of The Republic of Indonesia: Indonesian Basket-Endless Creativity, 28, 2008

[4] Xinping, Y. et al., Research on the Applicability of Low-Tech Bamboo Architecture in New Rural Construction, Proceedings of IFCAE-IOT 2018 (2018)

[5] Chaowana, P. and Nakorn, S., Bamboo An Alternative Raw Material for Wood and Wood-Based Composites, Journal of Materials Science Research, 2(2), 90-102, 2013

[6] Setiawati, T. et al., Species Diversity and Utilization of Bamboo to Support Life’s the Community of Karangwangi Village, Cidaun Sub-District of Cianjur, Indonesia, Journal of Biodiversitas, 18(1), 58-64, 2017

[7] Shibata, S., Bamboo Resources for New Usage in Japan, Proceedings of 10th Word Bamboo Congress 2015 (2015)

[8] Mulyono, A., Investigation Into Laminated Bamboo Fabrication by Small Industry for Product Development Case Study: Small Industry in Yogyakarta Indonesia, Journal of the Science of Design, 1(2), 31-40, 2017

[9] Salam, K. et al.: Training Manual for Bamboo Craft (Module II: Weaving &Woven Products), Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia, 24-25, 2005

[10] Cheng, T, S., Study on Structure Dyeing Methods of Bamboo & Impression Evaluation on Dyed Bamboos, Journal of the Science of Design, 63(6), 65-72, 2017

[11] Shukla, S. and Kumar, K., Staining Effects on Moisture Resistance and Gloss of Lacquer Coated Bamboo Surfaces, Journal of Bamboo and Rattan, 14(1-4), 53-62, 2015

[12] International Polymer Solutions Inc: Acrylic Rod & Tube technical data, 1-3, 2000

Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 2020 57

10

& Tube technical data, 1-3, 200 [13 ] Emin Gabrielyan, Switzernet Sàrl, The Basics of

Line Moiré Patterns and Optical Speedup, 2010 [14 ] Isao Yoshikawa, Bamboo Fences, 20-21, 2009 [15 ] Numazugaki:http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/n/

numazugaki.htm (Accessed 10 Maret 2019) [16 ] Kamesh Salam, Susan C S, Antony William, Nibu

George, Arjun NJ, Prajeesh Kumar T. K, Ranjit Debbarma, Shridhar H, Training Manual for Bamboo Craft Module II: Weaving &Woven Products, 34-35, 2005

[17 ] Ministry of Commerce Republic of Indonesia, Warta Ekspor, 10-12, 2011

[13] Gabrielyan, E. and Sàrl, S., The Basics of Line Moiré Patterns and Optical Speedup, 2010

[14] Yoshikawa, I: Bamboo Fences , Princeton Architectural Press, 20-21, 2009

[15] Numazugaki: http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/n/numazugaki.htm (Accessed 10 Maret 2019)

[16] Yoshikawa, I: Building Bamboo Fences, Japan Publications Trading, 9-10, 2001

[17] Nafed, K: The Opportunities for Export of Bamboo Products, Warta Ekspor, 10-12, 2011 (In Indonesia)

Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 202058