Origin of Tetrapods - indiana.edu
Transcript of Origin of Tetrapods - indiana.edu
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Eurypos , early Permian temnospondyl (painting by Douglas Henderson, 1990)
Reading: Benton Chapters 4 and 5
and life in the Carboniferous and Permian
Origin of Tetrapods
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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Osteichthyes
Tetrapoda
Sarcopterygia
Acti
no
pte
rygia
Co
elo
ca
nth
s
Dip
no
an
s (
lun
gfi
sh
)
Osteolepis
Eusthenopteron
Pandericthyes
Icthyostega
Acanthostega
De
rive
d t
etr
ap
od
s
After Coates and Ruta, 2007. Fins into Limbs.
Phylogeny of Bony FishCrown coelocanths
and dipnoansStem
TetrapodaCrown
Tetrapoda
Tetrapoda: vertebrates more closely related to living amphibians and amniotes than to their nearest living relatives
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Osteichthyes
Tetrapoda
Sarcopterygia
Acti
no
pte
rygia
Co
elo
ca
nth
s
Dip
no
an
s (
lun
gfi
sh
)
Osteolepis
Eusthenopteron
Pandericthyes
Icthyostega
Acanthostega
De
rive
d t
etr
ap
od
s
Synapomorphies
• muscular pectoral and pelvic limbs with substantial limb bones• one or more squamosal bones• one or more splenial bones
• flattened head• enlarged ribs• humerus with anterior keel for muscle attachment
• carpus and tarsus• up to eight digits• broad contact between jugal and quadratojugal
• reduction to five digits
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Coates, M. I., M. Ruta, and M. Friedman. 2008. Ever since Owen: changing perspectives on the early evolutio of tetrapods. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 39: 571-592.
Transformation of thelimb during origin of TetrapodaTransformation of early tetrapod limb involves modification of bones, loss of some bones, addition of other bones
Formation and growth of these bones is regulated by gene expression during development. Changes in the regulation result in evolutionary changes in the adult.
In earliest development, the precursors of the bones are similar in tetrapods and their closest relatives.
Developmental biology (ontogeny) is an important aid to paleontologists for identifying or confirming homologies in radically transformed groups
Sauripterusfinned tetrapod
Baramedafinned tetrapod
Tiktaalikfinned tetrapod
Eusthenopteronfinned tetrapod
Gogonasusfinned tetrapod
Sterropterygionfinned tetrapod
Rhizodopsisfinned tetrapod
Acanthostegalimbed tetrapod
Tulerpetonlimbed tetrapod
Greererpetonlimbed tetrapod
Westlothianalimbed tetrapod
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Coates, M. I., M. Ruta, and M. Friedman. 2008. Ever since Owen: changing perspectives on the early evolutio of tetrapods. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 39: 571-592.
Skeletal transformations in early tetrapodsLobe-fin bones include humerus, radius and ulna. These are transformed into weight bearing limbs.
Hyomandibula attaches hyoid arch (the support skeleton between jaws and gill arches) to neurocranium. Transformed into massive stapes at otic region of braincase.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Challenges for a fish out of waterRespiration. Fine structure of gills collapse in air, reducing surface area and inhibiting gas exchange. Solution: cutaneous respiration, lung respiration.
Support against gravity. Original vertebrate skeleton not really evolved for supporting the body off the ground. Solution: derived limbs and vertebral column.
Sensory perception. Ever see a fish with ears? Solution: transformation of hyomandibula to stapes, reorganization of skull for lateral sight, improvements to olfactory system.
Reproduction 1. Fish typically spawn. Solution: internal fertilization.
Reproduction 2. Egg desiccation. Solution: amniotic membrane surrounding embryo in egg to prevent desiccation.
Communication. Ever hear a fish scream? Solution: vocalizations in conjunction with hearing, new olfactory chemical signals, new visual signals.
Food. Fish are typically predatory and have prey capture strategiesthat often involve sucking prey into mouth with water. Solution: reorganization of jaws, neck, new dietary types.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Phylogeny of basal tetrapods
Coates, M. I., M. Ruta, and M. Friedman. 2008. Ever since Owen: changing perspectives on the early evolutio of tetrapods. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 39: 571-592.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Laurin, 2010. How Vertebrates Left the Water.
Structure of the tetrapod middle earInner ear housed in prootic and opisthotic bones of braincase
Hyomandibula transformed into stapes, which connects opening in wall of braincase to tympanum in skin
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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Early development of the centrum in the chick (from Patten, 1958. Foundations of Embryology.)
Early vertebral development
Somites
Vertebrae are modeled around notochord from somite tissue
Each vertebra develops between somites, receiving tissue from one in front and one behind
Directly related to evolutionary transformations in vertebrae of early tetrapods
9 day mouse embryo, before skeletal development begins
Neural tube
Heart
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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(tree from Coates, et al. 2008. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 39: 571-592)
Vertebral evolution in early tetrapodsLissamphibians retain intercentrum, amniotes retain pleurocentrum
Neural arch
Intercentrum
Pleurocentrum
Mastodontosaurus
Eryops
Icthyostega
Seymouria
Amniote
Anterior
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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Stayton, C.R. and M. Ruta. 2006. Palaeontology, 49: 307-337.
TemnospondylsClose relatives to crown-group Amphibians
Long-lived group, Early Carboniferous (ca. 330 mya) to Early Cretaceous (ca. 120 mya)
Origin of crown-group amphibia associated with stereospondyls
Possess stereospondylous form of vertebrae, with the body composed of the intercentrum like in living amphibians
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Amniota and skull fenestrae Names of fenestrae:Temporal fenestraSupratemporal fenestraInfratemporal fenestraAntorbital fenestraMandibular fenestration
Diapsida
Amniota
Archosauria
Dinosauria
Synapsida
Lepidosauria
Saurischian
Aves
Ornithischian
Living Mammals
Living Lizards and Snakes Living Crocodiles
and Alligators
Bird-hipped dinosaurs
Lizard-hipped dinosaurs Living Birds
Reptilia
Crurotarsi
Turtles
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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from Carroll, 2009. The Rise of Amphibians
Non-amniote tetrapod skull: Proterogyrinus
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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(from Romer, 1966, Vertebrate Paleontology)
Amniote Skull: Early Anapsid Reptile
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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Protogyrinus
DiadectesCaptorhinus
Youngina
Kuhneosaurus
EdmontosaurusArchaeopteryx
Titanophoneus Dimetrodon
Diapsida
Amniota
Archosauria
Dinosauria
Synapsida
Lepidosauria
Aves
Cladogram of selected amniotesand outgroups
Outgroups to Amniota
1. Supratemporal fenestra2. Infratemporal fenestra
1. Single temporal fenestra not bounded by quadratojugal
Synapomorphies of Diapsida
Node
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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Protogyrinus
DiadectesCaptorhinus
Youngina
Kuhneosaurus
EdmontosaurusArchaeopteryx
Titanophoneus Dimetrodon
Amniota
AmniotaReduction or loss of the posterior bones of the cranium associated with origin of the neck: tabular, postparietal, supratemporal, infratemporal.
Outgroup state: large tabular, postparietal, supratemporal, infratemporal
Ingroup state: small or absent tabular, postparietal, supratemporal, infratemporal, often positioned on posterior of cranium
Non-amniotes Amniotes
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
SynapsidaOpening of the synapsid fenestra between the jugal, squamosal and post-orbital bones, not bounded by quadratojugal. (Note is in a different place than in diapsids).
Surangular, articular, and quadratojugal reduced in size.
Outgroup state: No opening exclusively between squamosal, jugal, and postorbital. Surangular and quadratojugal major parts of skull.
Ingroup state: Opening between postorbital, squamosal and jugal. Quadratojugal and surangular reduced and moved posteriorly.
SynapsidsNon-synapsids
Protogyrinus
DiadectesCaptorhinus
Youngina
Kuhneosaurus
EdmontosaurusArchaeopteryx
Titanophoneus Dimetrodon
Synapsida
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(from Romer, 1966, Vertebrate Paleontology)
Synapsid Amniote Single temporal fenestra bounded by postorbital, jugal, and squamosal
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(from Romer, 1966, Vertebrate Paleontology)
Synapsid Amniote
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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Romer, 1966, Vertebrate Paleontology
Synapsids - dominant land vertebrates of the Permian
Gauthier, Kluge, and Rowe, 1988. Amniote phylogeny.
Edaphosaurus
“Pelycosaurs”
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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Romer, 1966, Vertbrate Paleontology.
Derived synapsids
Gauthier, Kluge, and Rowe, 1988. Amniote phylogeny.
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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Hopson, in Wake et al., Hyman’s Comparative Anatomy.
Transformations of the middle ear in synapsidsQuadrate and articular become smaller as muscular focus shifts anteriorly to dentary
Quadrate and articular join the stapes (formerly hyomandibula) as small bones in the middle ear
Angular bone holds tympanum, becomes tympanic annulus
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
DiapsidaOpening of temporal fenestra between jugal, quadratojugal, and squamosal (postorbital sometimes involved).
Opening of second fenestra between parietal, postfrontal, and squamosal (postorbital sometimes involved).
Outgroup state: No fenestrae in diapsid positions.
Ingroup state: two temporal fenestrae, one between jugal, quadratojugal and squamosal, one between parietal, postfrontal and squamosal.
Non-diapsids
Diapsids
Protogyrinus
DiadectesCaptorhinus
Youngina
Kuhneosaurus
EdmontosaurusArchaeopteryx
Titanophoneus Dimetrodon
Diapsida
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(from Romer, 1966, Vertebrate Paleontology)
Early Diapsid Amniote
Double temporal fenestra: top bounded by parietal, postfrontal, postorbital, and squamosal; bottom bounded by postorbital, jugal, quadratojugal, and squamosal (postorbital sometimes inserts between, as in this skull)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(from Romer, 1966, Vertebrate Paleontology)
Lepidosaur Diapsid
Loss of quadratojugal opens lower temporal fenestra on inferior side (allows for more mobility in lower jaw)
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
(from Romer, 1966, Vertebrate Paleontology)
Ornithischian Dinosaurs
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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(from Romer, 1966, Vertebrate Paleontology)
Avian Theropod Dinosaur
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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Pangeathe Late Permian
(260 mya) Single continentMassive global extinction
Reconstruction by Ron Blakeyhttp://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/index.html
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
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60% 57% 82% 53%
47%
Permo-Triassic extinctionca. 251 million years ago
Marine diversity
Tetrapod diversity
83%
Bernard et al, 2010. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 55: 229-239
Nearly 95% of the Earth’s species became extinct.
Eruption of Siberian traps peaked 251 mya, covering at least 1.6 million square km, an area the size of Europe, with 400 to 3000 m of flood basalt, lasting 600,000 years.
Oxygen isotope data suggest rapid global rise in temperature of 6C, which combined with Pangea continent configuration, reduces ocean circulation and dissolved oxygen to create anoxic conditions on the floor.
Carbon isotope excursions indicate that CO2 increased in atmosphere through production by the Siberian Traps, which raised global temperature enough to melt gas hydrate deposits, which further increased atmospheric CO2 and temperature... “runaway greenhouse effect”.
Tetrapods hard hit, with the dicyondont Lystrosaurus being one of the few found in fossil record for millions of years after extinction. Forest communities absent until Middle Triassic.
Siberian traps - basalt formations left by surficial lava flow
Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University (c) 2011, P. David Polly
G404 Geobiology
Scientific papers for further readingBenton, M.J. and R.J. Twitchett. 2003. How to kill (almost) all life: the end-Permian extinction event. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18: 358-365.
Coates, M. I., M. Ruta, and M. Friedman. 2008. Ever since Owen: changing perspectives on the early evolution of tetrapods. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 39: 571-592.
Smith, R.M.H. and P.D. Ward. 2001. Pattern of vertebrate extinctions across an event bed at the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Geology, 29: 1147-1150.
Stayton, C.R. and M. Ruta. 2006. Geometric morphometrics of the skull roof of stereospondyls (Amphibia: Temnospondyli). Palaeontology, 49: 307-337.