Origin of Man2
Transcript of Origin of Man2
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Mike Riddle
www.train2equip.com
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School textbooks Mechanisms for development and change
A history of apementhe track record
Neanderthals
Australopithecines and Lucy
Rearranging the data
Theme: Great claims require GREAT evidence
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Look closely at your hand. You have fiveflexible fingers. Animals with five flexible
fingers are called primates. Monkeys, apes, and
humans are examples of primates.Primates
most likely evolved from small, insect-eating
rodentlike mammals that lived about 60 million
years ago.
Biology
Visualizing Life,Johnson, Holt, Rinehart, &
Winston, 1998, p. 213.
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But all researchers agree on certain basic
facts. We know, for example, that humansevolved from ancestors we share with otherliving primates such as chimpanzees and apes.
Biology, Miller and Levine, Prentice Hall,2000, p. 757.
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Ramapithecus .. Ape
Piltdown Man .. Hoax
Nebraska Man . Pig Java Man . Gibbon
In each case the date (age)
was completely WRONG!
What about the dates?
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The second possible ancestor of apes and humanslived slightly later - from about 17 million years to7 million years ago. Called ramapithecines,
Biology: The Web of Life, Daniel D. Chiras, WestPublishing Co., 1993, p. 758.
Great claims require GREAT evidence
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A mechanism to create information (DNA) Mechanism to overcome the Second Law of
Thermodynamics
A mechanism for change (biological evolution) Natural selection
Mutations
Mechanism for natural processes to cause non-living chemicals to bond to form a living cell
(chemical evolution)
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Mutations arise either through spontaneous errors duringDNA replication or later, through the effects of physical or
chemical agents on DNA.
The Nature of Life, John Postlethwait and Janet Hopson, McGraw-
Hill, 1995, p. 256.
If there were no mutations heritable changes in the
genetic informationthere would be no evolution.
LIFE: The Science of Biology, Purves, Orians, and Heller, Sinauer
Associates, Inc., 1992, p. 261.
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Some contemporary biologists, as soon as they
observe a mutation, talk about (macro)evolution. This logical scheme is, however,unacceptable:
first, because its major premise is neither obviousnor general; second, because its conclusion doesnot agree with the facts. No matter how numerousthey may be, mutations do not produce any kind of
evolution.
Pierre Paul Grasse (Zoologist, he held the Chair ofEvolution at the Sorbonne for 30 years),Evolution of
Living Organisms, 1977, p. 88.
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But in all the reading Ive done in the life-
sciences literature, Ive never found a mutation
that added information
All point mutations that have been studied on
the molecular level turn out to reduce the
genetic information and not increase it.
Lee Spetner (Ph.D. physicsMIT),Not By Chance,1997, pp. 131, 138.
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that the development and survival of the fittestis entirely a consequence of chance mutations, or
even that nature carries out experiments by trial
and error through mutations in order to create
living systems better fitted to survive, seems to be
a hypothesis based on no evidence.
Ernst Chain (Biochemist and Nobel Prize winner),
Responsibility and the Scientist in Modern Western Society,
London: Council of Christians and Jews, 1970, p.25.
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Mutations are rare phenomena, and a simultaneouschange of even two amino acid residues in one protein is
totally unlikely. One could think, for instance, that by constantly changingamino acids one by one, it will eventually be possible tochange the entire sequence substantially
These minor changes, however, are bound to eventuallyresult in a situation in which the enzyme has ceased to
perform its previous function but has not yet begun itsnew duties. It is at this point it will be destroyed along
with the organism carrying it.
Maxim D. Frank-Kamenetski, Unraveling DNA, 1997, p. 72.
(Professor at Brown U. Center for Advanced Biotechnology andBiomedical Engineering)
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Why would the evolution process develop a
mechanism that prevents change?
DNA has a built-in mechanism to proofreaditself during replication.
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The principle of natural selection, now widely
accepted as a main mechanism behind evolution in
nature, can explain adaptations such as the long
neck of giraffes.
The Nature of Life, John Postlethwait and Janet Hopson,
1995, p. 18.
Great claims require GREAT evidence
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Ability to adapt to the environment
Survival of the fittest
Can natural selection cause one kind
(species) to become a new kind?
Natural selection ONLY works with
existing information
Genetic Variation
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Natural selection can act only on those biological
properties that already exist; it cannot create
properties in order to meet adaptational needs.
Elmer Noble, Ph.D. Zoology, Glenn Nobel, Ph.D.Biology, Gerhard Schad, Ph.D. Biology, AustinMacInnes, Ph.D. Biology, Parasitology: The Biology of
Animal Parasites, 1989, p. 516.
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I would therefore argue that the very concept
of natural selection as defined by the neo-
Darwinist is fundamentally flawed.
Neil Broom,How Blind Is the Watchmaker, 2001, p.165. (Ph.D. Chemical and Materials Engineering)
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While Darwins model of natural selection is the
one usually presented in basic textbooks of
biology, it has been much criticized recently for avariety of reasons. It has a fatal flaw when it
comes to the question of the gradual development
of biological systems
Ariel Roth (Ph.D. Biology),In Six Days, 2000, p. 90.
Continued next page
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The parts do not function until all theinterdependent parts are present and the system
works and provides some survival value to the
organism.
The problem is that the very system of natural
selection which Darwin proposed will tend toeliminate the interdependent parts of complex
systems as these systems develop.
Great claims require GREAT evidence
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12000
10000
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1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999
If evolution is true
Natural selection
eliminates harmfuldisordersMuta
tionsand
disorders
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12000
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0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999
MIME
ntries
Mendelian
Inheritance in Man
Observed data
encyclopedia of human
genes and the disorders
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Macroevolution
Microevolution
Genetic variation
Natural selection
Random errors in DNA, NOT
evolution
One species changing into anew species
Variability within kind
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Original Drawing of Neanderthal
Illustrated in the London News 1909
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A new version ofNeanderthal based on thesame skeleton. Published in1911 in theIllustrated
London News
Neandertal: From
Biology The Web of Life
textbook, 1993
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Neanderthal man,
reconstructed from askull found in La
Chapelle-aux-Saints,
France
Reconstruction of a four
year old Neanderthal childfound at Gibraltar
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Constructed to look ape-like
Brain capacity about 100-200 cc larger
Used jewelry
Used musical instruments Did cave paintings
Capable of speech
Buried their dead
Initial construction discovered to be wrong
First found near Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856
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What makes a Neandertal a Neandertal is not its
size or its strength or any measure of its nativeintelligence, but a suite of exquisitely distinctphysical traits, most of them in the face and
cranium.James Shreve, The Neandertal Enigma,1995, p. 2.
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Lower jaw 30 mm (over an
inch) out of the socket
Flat, human
appearance
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Thick brow
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B. Endo, Experimental Studies on the MechanicalSignificance of the Form of the Human Facial Skeleton,J. Fac. Univ. Tokyo, 1966.
Biochemical models have
demonstrated that chewing muscles
working through the teeth generatesintensive concentration of compression
in the nasal and forehead regioni.e. a
bigger brow ridge.
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Hooten and Dupertuis, Age Changes and SelectiveSurvival in Irish Males, Studies on Physical
Anthropology, American Assoc of Physical
Anthropology and Wenner-Gren Foundation, 1951.
In 1951, two scientists using 10,000 men,
discovered that continued facial growthcontinued into the sixth decade.
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Appearing first in Europe about 120,000 yearsago, the Neandertals flourished through the
increasing cold of an approaching ice age,
James Shreve, The Neandertal Enigma, 1995, p. 5.
The shaded
area indicatesthe known
range of
Neanderthals
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If early human populations were very small andisolated from one another, gradually each would
accumulate different losses [in mitochondrialDNA] until they all came to look really differentfrom each other because of the drift.
Nothing in the new data rules out the possibilitythat Neandertals interbred with ordinaryHomosapiens, which would make them part of the samespecies.
R. Ward and C. Stringer, A molecular handle on the
Neanderthals,Nature,p. 225226.
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Neanderthal anatomy differences are extremely
minor and can be for the most part explained as aresult of a genetically isolated people that lived a
rigorous life in a harsh, cold climate.
Dave Phillips (Physical Anthropologist), NeanderthalsAre Still Human, Impact Article #223, May, 2000
Cold climates, Eskimos, and Neanderthals Stocky body build and short extremities
Body weight larger
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Lucy discovered in 1974 About 40% of the fossil was found
Claimed to be 3.5 million years old
Claimed to bipedal (walked upright)
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No similarity in appearance to humans Long arms are identical to chimpanzees
Jaws are similar to chimpanzees
Upper leg bone is similar to chimpanzees Lucys legs were very ape-like
Brain size (400-500 cc) overlaps chimpanzees
Large back muscles for tree dwelling Hands similar to pygmy chimpanzee
Feet were long and curved
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Drawing fromLife: The
Science of Biology,
Purves, Orians, andHeller, 1992, p. 604.
This restoration must have come as something of asurprise to anatomists Jack Stern and Randall Susman,
who, in their 1983 study published in theAmerican Journal
of Physical Anthropology, described the anatomy of Lucys
speciesAstralopithecus afarensis. They described Lucyshands and feet as being long and curved, typical of a tree-
dwelling ape.
Richard Milton, Shattering the Myths of Darwinism, 1997, p. 207.
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1987, Charles Oxnard (Professor of Anatomyand Human Biology) Computer analysis
1992,American Journal of PhysicalAnthropology, Walked like chimpanzees
1993, Christine Tardieu, (Anthropologist)reported, Its locking mechanism was notdeveloped.
1994,Journal of Human Evolution,ABiochemical Study of the Hip and Thigh
1999, a new discovery causes doubt about Lucy
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I walked over to the cabinet, pulled out Lucy, andshazam!she had the morphology that was classicfor knuckle walkers.E. Stokstad, Hominid Ancestors May Have Knuckle Walked,Science, 2000.
Regardless of the status of Lucys knee joint,new evidence has come forth that Lucy has themorphology of a knuckle-walker.
Richmand and Strait, Evidence that Humans Evolved from
Knuckle-Walking Ancestor,Nature, 2000.
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Lucy seemed to be more of a promotion to
convince the public that Johansons fossilswere more important than Richard Leakeysrather than an attempt to present an
evenhanded assessment of currentpaleoanthropology.
William Fix, The Bone Peddlers, 1984, p. xxii.
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In 1977, human footprints were found atLaetoli by Mary Leakey (northern Tanzania)
Dated between 3.5 and 3.8 myo
A total of 69 prints over 30 yards
Mary Leakey described them as Remarkably
similar to those of modern man.
Mary Leakey, Footprints in the Ashes of Time,
National Geographic, April 1979, p. 446.
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The uneroded footprints show a total
morphological pattern like that seen in modern
humans.
T. D. White,Lucy, the Beginnings of Mankind, p. 250.
Make no mistake about it, They are like
modern human footprints.
T. D. White, Science, 1980, p. 175.
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In sum, the 3.5 million-year-old footprint traits atLaetoli site G resemble those of habitually unshodmodern humans. None of their features suggest thatthe Laetoli hominids were less capable bipeds thanwe are.
If the G footprints were not known to be so old, wewould readily conclude that they were made by amember of our genusHomo.
R. H. Tuttle,Natural History, March 1990, pp. 61-64.
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In 1965, the lower end of an upper arm bone
was found in Kanapoi, northern KenyaKP
271 fossil
Dated at 4.5 myoWhat was it?
Computer analysis revealedThe results show that the Kanapoi specimen,
which is 4 to 4.5 million years old, is
indistinguishable from modern Homo sapiens
Henry McHenry, Fossils and the Mosaic Nature ofHuman Evolution, Science, 1975, p. 428.
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The humeral fragment from Kanapoi, with a date of
about 4.4 million, could not be distinguished fromHomo sapiensmorphologically or by multivariateanalysis by Patterson and myself in 1967.
We suggested that it might representAustralopithecusbecause at that time allocation toHomo seemed preposterous, although it would be thecorrect one without the time element.
William Howells, Homo erectusin Human Decent: Ideasand Problems,Homo erectus: Papers in Honor of
Davidson Black, 1981, pp. 79-80.
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The fossils provide much more discouragement
than support for Darwinism when they areexamined objectively, but objective examinationhas rarely been the object of Darwinistpaleontology.
The Darwinist approach has consistently been tofind some supporting fossil evidence, claim it asproof for evolution, and then ignore all the
difficulties.
Philip Johnson,Darwinism on Trial, 1991, p. 84.Graduate of Harvard U., Law Professor at U. of Berkeley
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Watusi
Pygmy
Dwarfism
Basketball players
Eskimo (Inuit)
Billy Barty
3-foot-9
Shaquille
Oneal
7-foot -1
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Claims of facts that were wrong Misinterpretation of data
Not reporting data
Censorship of data Incorrect information in textbooks
Rearranging data to support evolution
How trustworthy are evolutionists claims?
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Rather, they have gone there, weighed natural
selection for what it truly isa simple deductive
formulaand came away empty-handed.
William Dembski (Ph.D. Mathematics) and James
Kushiner, Signs of Intelligence, 2001, p. 143.
Thus, those biologists who argue, like the
Austrian evolutionary theorist Gerhard Muller,
that the origin of new morphological characters is
still unexplained by the current synthetic theory,
have not neglected to read Darwin or Dawkins.
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Lack of factual intermediates
No mechanism for change
No explanation for increased specified
complexity and information
The history (fossil record) of humans
and apes supports:
In the Beginning God created
Great claims require GREAT evidence
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One of the main reasons our youth are
leaving the church is that they cannot defend
a belief in the Bible
What can be done?
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Video course: Three hours of
instructional video
Student manual
Instructor guide
CD-ROM with teaching
tools
Student Manual
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How many generations would it take for a
creature like Lucy to evolve into a modern
human?
Background Information
Lucy is claimed to be 3.5 million years old
Apes are claimed to be 3% different from
humans
A Case Study
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Let each generation be 20 years
Triple the time to 10 million years
Let every generation get one beneficial
mutation for 500,000 generations
10 million years
20 years =500,000
generations
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A human DNA molecule contains about
3-billion bits of information
3% of 3-billion = 90 million differences
One beneficial mutation per generation (every20 years) for 500,000 generations (10 million
years) affects less than 1% of the genome
It would take 180 beneficial related mutations
per generation