Orientation and Identity of community architecture

8/12/2019 Orientation and Identity of community architecture

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ORIENTATION AND IDENTITY

IN COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

Presented by:

SAMIM BAUNTA

KAREN MARIE M. CABANTE

JONAMAE D. PACTORES


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Dozens of exercises exist to cultivate collaborative development planning

and action. These are the tools with which social scientists and other

development practitioners encourage and enables take holder

participation. These brief descriptions are intended to provide the

reader with a glossary of terminology that practitioners of participatorydevelopment use to describe the tools of their trade.

Access to resources

Analysis of tasks

Focus group meetings Force field analysis

Health-seeking behavior

Logical Framework or LogFRAME

Mapping Needs assessment

Participant observation

Pocket charts

Preference ranking

Role playing

Seasonal diagrams or seasonalcalendars

Secondary data review

Semi structured interviews

Socio-cultural profiles

Surveys

Tree diagrams Village meetings

Wealth ranking

Workshops


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Access to resources

A series of participatory exercises that allows development practitioners

to collect information and raises awareness among beneficiaries aboutthe ways in which access to resources varies according to gender and

other important social variables. This user-friendly tool draws on the

everyday experience of participants and is useful to men, women,

trainers, project staff, and field-workers.

Analysis of tasks

A gender analysis tool that raises community awareness about the

distribution of domestic, market, and community activities according to

gender and familiarizes planners with the degree of role flexibility that isassociated with different tasks. Such information and awareness is

necessary to prepare and execute development interventions that will

benefit both men and women.


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Relatively low-cost, semi structured, small group (four to

twelve participants plus a facilitator)consultations used to explore

peoples' attitudes, feelings, or preferences, and to build consensus.Focus group work is a compromise between participant observation,

which is less controlled, lengthier, and more in-depth, and preset

interviews, which are not likely to attend to participants' own concerns.

Focus group meetings

Force field analysisA tool similar to one called "Story With a Gap," which engages

people to define and classify goals and to make sustainable plans

by working on thorough "before and after" scenarios. Participants

review the causes of problematic situations, consider the factorsthat influence the situation, think about solutions, and create

alternative plans to achieve solutions. The tools are based on

diagrams or pictures, which minimize language and literacy

differences and encourage creative thinking.


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Health-seeking behavior

A culturally sensitive tool for generation of data about health care and

health related activities. It produces qualitative data about the reasons

behind certain practices as well as quantifiable information about beliefs

and practices. This visual tool uses pictures to minimize language and

literacy differences.

Logical Framework or Log FRAMEA matrix that illustrates a summary of project design,

emphasizing the results that are expected when a project is

successfully completed. These results or outputs are presented in

terms of objectively verifiable indicators. The Logical Framework

approach to project planning, developed under that name by the

U.S. Agency for International Development, has been adapted for

use in participatory methods such as ZOPP (in which the tool is

called a project planning matrix) and Team UP.


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MappingA generic term for gathering in pictorial form baseline data on a variety

of indicators. This is an excellent starting point for participatory work

because it gets people involved in creating a visual output that can beused immediately to bridge verbal communication gaps and to generate

lively discussion. Maps are useful as verification of secondary source

information, as training and awareness raising tools, for comparison, and

for monitoring of change. Common types of maps include health maps,

institutional maps (Venn diagrams), and resource maps.

Needs assessment

A tool that draws out information about people's varied needs, raisesparticipants' awareness of related issues, and provides a framework for

prioritizing needs. This sort of tool is an integral part of gender analysis

to develop an understanding of the particular needs of both men and

women and to do comparative analysis.


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Participant observation

A fieldwork technique used by anthropologists and sociologists to

collect qualitative and quantitative data that leads to an in-depthunderstanding of peoples' practices, motivations, and attitudes.

Participant observation entails investigating the project

background, studying the general characteristics of a beneficiary

population, and living for an extended period among

beneficiaries, during which interviews, observations, and analysesare recorded and discussed.

Pocket charts

Investigative tools that use pictures as stimuli to encourage people toassess and analyze a given situation. Through a "voting' process,participants use the chart to draw attention to the complex elements ofa development issue in an uncomplicated way. A major advantage of thistool is that it can be put together with whatever local materials areavailable.


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Preference ranking

Also called direct matrix ranking, an exercise in which people identify

what they do and do not value about a class of objects (for example, treespecies or cooking fuel types). Ranking allows participants to understand

the reasons for local preferences and to see how values differ among

local groups. Understanding preferences is critical for choosing

appropriate and effective interventions.

Role playing

Enables people to creatively remove themselves from their usual

roles and perspectives to allow them to understand choices and

decisions made by other people with other responsibilities.

Ranging from a simple story with only a few characters to an

elaborate street theater production, this tool can be used to

acclimate a research team to a project setting, train trainers, and

encourage community discussions about a particular development

intervention.


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Seasonal diagrams or seasonal calendars

Show the major changes that affect a household, community, or regionwithin a year, such as those associated with climate, crops, labor

availability and demand, livestock, prices, and so on. Such diagrams

highlight the times of constraints and opportunity, which can be critical

information for planning and implementation.

Secondary data review

Also called desk review, an inexpensive, initial inquiry that provides

necessary contextual background. Sources include academic theses and

dissertations, annual reports, archival materials, census data, lifehistories, maps, project documents, and so on.


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Semi structured interviews

Also called conversational interviews, interviews that are partially

structured by a flexible interview guide with a limited number of

preset questions. This kind of guide ensures that the interviewremains focused on the development issue at hand while allowingenough conversation so that participants can introduce anddiscuss topics that are relevant to them. These tools are adeliberate departure from survey-type interviews with lengthy,

predetermined questionnaires.

Socio-cultural profiles

Detailed descriptions of the social and cultural dimensions that in

combination with technical, economic, and environmental dimensions serve

as a basis for design and preparation of policy and project work. Profilesinclude data about the type of communities, demographic characteristics,economy and livelihood, land tenure and natural resource control, socialorganization, factors affecting access to power and resources, conflictresolution mechanisms, and values and perceptions. Together with aparticipation plan, the socio-cultural profile helps ensure that proposedprojects and policies are culturally and socially appropriate and

potentially sustainable.


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Village meetings

Meetings with many uses in participatory development, including

information sharing and group consultation, consensus building,prioritization and sequencing of interventions, and collaborative

monitoring and evaluation. When multiple tools such as resource

mapping, ranking, and focus groups have been used, village meetings are

important venues for launching activities, evaluating progress, and

gaining feedback on analysis.

Wealth ranking

Also known as wellbeing ranking or vulnerability analysis, a technique

for the rapid collection and analysis of specific data on social

stratification at the community level. This visual tool minimizes literacyand language differences of participants as they consider factors such as

ownership of or use rights to productive assets, lifecycle stage of

members of the productive unit, relationship of the productive unit to

locally powerful people, availability of labor, and indebtedness.


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Workshops

Structured group meetings at which a variety of key stakeholder groups,

whose activities or influence affect a development issue or project,share knowledge and work toward a common vision. With the help of aworkshop facilitator, participants undertake a series of activitiesdesigned to help them progress toward the development objective(consensus building, information sharing , prioritization of objectives,team building, and so on). In project as well as policy work, from

preplanning to evaluation stages, stakeholder workshops are used toinitiate, establish, and sustain collaboration.


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CREATING & IDENTIFYING THE SENSE OF

PLACE & THE SENSE OF TIME

A growing number of planners and architects areseeking to design communities that have a stronger"sense of place." Their ideas focus on promoting: amore compact pattern of development;

mixed use (where residential areas are not isolatedfrom places of employment and commerce); a strongpedestrian orientation; active civic and community

life; closer links between public transit and land use;and higher housing densities.

Orientation and Identity of community architecture

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