Organizational Behaviour - Revised 190110

8/7/2019 Organizational Behaviour - Revised 190110

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UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD, U.K.

&

MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF SINGAPORE

DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

Lecturer: MS TRICIA ANG

ASSIGNMENT DONE BY

NAME : Khoo Eng Tze, AlvinNRIC : S8625925GBatch No : DBMEM 0965BMOBILE : 9026 1377

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CONTENTS

Introduction ..

3

Definitions of Personality .

4

Determinants of Personality ..

6

Environmental Factors ...

7

Locus of control .......8

Self Esteem Test .....

10

Type A or B Personality Test 11

Implicit Personality Theory .

14

Personality Difference

15

The Four Personalities

17

Personality Strengths and Weaknesses ..

18

References .

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Internet Sites ..

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Question 2: What is Personality? Discuss the determinants of

personality. Describe your personality by using any four personality type

instruments.

Introduction

What is Personality?

Personality Each individual brings to an organization a different personality a

unique combination of personal skills and abilities that contributes to successful

job performance.

Workers experience their work environments from their own particular

perspectives. They bring their personal expectations to their jobs presume that

these jobs will provide them something they value. Employees do not like to do

the same things, nor do they all see the same things as being important.

Along with personal characteristics of individual workers comes a set of

corresponding behaviours. For instance, an entry-level accountant who viewsusing spreadsheet applications as tedious and boring and wishes to do

something else may lack commitment to that particular job. As a result, he or she

may come to work late, frequently call in sick, or even quit. But another

accountant who likes to work with spreadsheets and sees the job as a stepping

stone to a business manager position may flourish. Research has shown that

unless individuals are working in a job that gives them the opportunity to develop

a positive self-concept and do the things they think are important, their success

may be limited. (See K. Onstad, December 1995. J. Aley, February 5, 1996)

Personality is the supreme realization of the innate idiosyncrasy of a living being.

It is an act of high courage flung in the face of life, the absolute affirmation of all

that constitutes the individual, the most successful adaptation to the universal

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condition of existence coupled with the greatest possible freedom for self-

determination. (Carl Gustav Jung, 1934)

Definition of Personality

Lay usage of the term "personality"

We use the term personality frequently but what does it actually mean?

She has a wonderful personality.

He has no personality.

He has personality plus.

We seem to have a personality conflict.

Its just her personality.

She has her mothers personality.

Hes a real personality.

Personality comes from the Greek word "persona", meaning "mask"

The word personality derives from the Latin word persona which means mask.

The study of personality can be understood as the study of masks that people

wear. These are the personas that people project and display, but also includesthe inner parts of psychological experience which we collectively call our self.

"I" is for personality

According to Adams (1954, cited in Schultz & Schultz, 1994) personality is I.

Adams suggested that we get a good idea of what personality is by listening to

what we say when we use "I". When you say I, you are, in effect, summing up

everything about yourself - your likes and dislikes, fears and virtues, strengths

and weaknesses.

The word I is what defined you as an individual, as a person separate from all

others. (Schultz & Schultz, 1994, p.8)

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Various definitions of personality

"Deceptive masquerade or mimicry."

"The entire organization of a human being at any stage of development."

"Levels or layers of dispositions, usually with a unifying or integrative

principle at the top."

"The integration of those systems or habits that represent an individuals

characteristic adjustments to the environment."

"The way in which the person does such things as remembering, thinking

or loving."

"Those characteristics that account for consistent patterns of behaviour"

"Personality is not an existing substantive entity to be searched for but a

complex construct to be developed and defined by the observer."

(Smith & Vetter, 1982, p.5)

A contemporary definition for personality is offered by Carver and Scheier

(2000, p.5): Personality is a dynamic organization, inside the person, of

psychophysical systems that create a persons characteristic patterns of

behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Carver & Scheier (2000, p.5)

o Dynamic Organization: suggests ongoing readjustments,

adaptation to experience, continual upgrading and maintaining

Personality doesnt just lie there. It has process and its organized.

o Inside the Person: suggests internal storage of patterns, supporting

the notion that personality influences behaviours, etc.

o Psychophysical systems: suggests that the physical is also involved

in who we are

Characteristic Patterns: implies that consistency/continuity which

are uniquely identifying of an individual

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o Behaviour, Thoughts, and Feelings: indicates that personality

includes a wide range of psychological experience/manifestation:

that personality is displayed in MANY ways.

Carver & Scheier (2000, p.5) suggest that the word personality conveys a

sense of consistency, internal causality, and personal distinctiveness.

This issue of personal distinctiveness is very important. There are certain

universal characteristics of the human race and particular features of

individuals. We all for example experience stress and the elevated cortical

that goes with it, and we all suffer the immune suppressive effects thereof.

But each of us is unique too.

Determinants of Personality

Personality is the outcome of a continuous personal quality development

process. The role of personality becomes clear in a particular situation.

Personality is recognised in a situation. It is the result of personal quality

interaction in a particular condition. The major determinants of personality of an

individual are given below:

Biological Factors

Heredity: Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception.

Physical stature, facial attractiveness, sex, temperament, muscle composition

and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are

generally considered to be either completely or substantially influenced by who

your parents were; that is, by their biological, physiological, and inherent

psychological makeup. The contribution of heredity to personality development is

vividly clear for developing external appearance, behaviour, social stimuli, self

inner awareness, organising traits, etc.

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Brain: Brain has a great impact on personality. The psychologists are unable to

prove empirically the contribution of human brain in influencing personality.

Father and children generally adopt the same type of brain stimulation. The

differences are caused by environment. Electrical stimulation of brain (ESB) and

split brain psychology (SBP) are the outcome of genetic transmission. They are

helpful in moulding employee's behaviour. ESB is used for motivating employees

towards better performances. Managers are trained to use SBP for mobilising

employees for proper behaviour.

Physical Features: Perhaps the most outstanding factor that contributes to

personality is the physical stature of an individual. An individual's external

appearance is proved to be having a tremendous effect on personality. For

example, the fact that a person is short or tall, fat or thin, handsome or ugly,

black or whitish will undoubtedly influence the person's effect on others and in

turn will affect the self-concept. A person's physical characteristics may be

related to his approach to the social environment, to the expectancies of others,

and to their reactions, to him. These in turn may have impact on personality

development.

Environmental Factors

Cultural Factors: The accepted norms of social behaviour are known as culture.

Culture was traditionally considered as the major determinant of an individual's

personality. The way in which people behave with others and the driving force of

such functions are considered significant components of culture. The ideology of

the culture is imitated by the following generations. The personality attributes of

independence, aggression, competition and cooperation are the outcomes of

cultural interaction.

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Religion: Religion plays a significant role in shaping one's personality. Hindus

have different personalities from those of Sikhs and Muslims. Children in Hindu

societies learn from the very beginning about hard work and god-fearing

attitudes. Christians are open, independent and cooperative.

Family: Children learn from their parents, sisters and brothers. Family is the first

factor affecting personality development, after hereditary characteristics are

endowed. Rich people have different personalities from those of poor. Children

nurtured under a warm, loving environment are positive and active as compared

to children neglected by their parents.

Parental Influences: The positive and negative personalities of children are

dependent on their parents characteristics and mutual behaviour. Children

develop negative personalities if their parents don't have good relationship.

Proper parental guidance to children makes them active and efficient.

Situation Factors

Situation further influences the effects of heredity and environment onpersonality. An individual's personality, while generally stable and consistent,

does change in different situations. Different demands in different situations call

forth different aspects of one's personality.

It has been observed that many arrogant and indiscipline employees become

humble and disciplined in a particular situation. Those having a criminal

background may become powerful and strong administrators, dominant

politicians, etc.

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Locus of control

Locus of control is a personality construct referring to an individual's perception

of the locus of events as determined internally by his/her own behavior vs. fate,

luck, or external circumstances.

Some research (McCombs, 1991) suggests that what underlies the internal locus

of control is the concept of "self as agent." This means that our thoughts control

our actions and that when we realize this executive function of thinking we can

positively affect our beliefs, motivation, and academic performance. "The self as

agent can consciously or unconsciously direct, select, and regulate the use of all

knowledge structures and intellectual processes in support of personal goals,

intentions, and choices" (p. 6). McCombs asserts that "the degree to which one

chooses to be self-determining is a function of one's realization of the source of

agency and personal control" (p. 7). In other words, we can say to ourselves, "I

choose to direct my thoughts and energies toward accomplishment. I choose not

to be daunted by my anxieties or feelings of inadequacy. (McCombs, B., 1991).

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Self Esteem Test

This self esteem test is quick and simple, answer TRUE or FALSE to each

question (if you cannot answer 100% TRUE then answer FALSE - check below

how to score):

1. Other people are not better off or more fortunate than me.

2. I accept myself as I am and am happy with myself.

3. I enjoy socializing.

4. I deserve love and respect.

5. I feel valued and needed.

6. I don't need others to tell me I have done a good job.

7. Being myself is important.

8. I make friends easily.

9. I can accept criticism without feeling put down.

10. I admit my mistakes openly.

11. I never hide my true feelings.

12. I always speak up for myself and put my views across.

13. I am a happy, carefree person.

14. I don't worry what others think of my views.15. I don't need others' approval to feel good.

16. I don't feel guilty about doing or saying what I want.

TEST SCORE: Total number of TRUE answers you gave, EACH ONE POINT:

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15 - 16 Points - You have a high level of self esteem!

12 - 14 Points - Not bad but room for you to improve

8 - 11 Points - Low self esteem is holding you back

Below 8 Points - Your esteem is drastically low!

Type A vs Type B Personality Test

Type A Type B

Hyper active Easy going

Short tempered Calm

Impatient Patient

Always pressurized Hardly stressed

Aggressive Complaisant

Competitive Reflective

Very ambitious Do not mind losing

Personality Test

1. When facing an unfamiliar problem, what do you usually do?

o Address the problem immediately.

o Think about what to do and then take action.

o Sit back and let things work out for themselves.

2. If you have to wait for someone or something for about thirty minutes,

what do you do?

o Keep checking the watch.

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o Get impatient and somewhat angry.

o Do not mind; spend your time looking around.

3. Someone does something nice for you. How do you react? What are your

immediate thoughts?

o You wonder what it is that they want.

o You feel a little uncomfortable but definitely appreciate the gesture.

o You think it's very kind of them and go out of your way to return the

favour.

4. What is a normal day in your life like?

o Full of problems.

o A mixture of problems and fun.

o There are never enough things to keep me busy.

5. There is something good in every person, you think of this statement as:

o Over-rated.

o Yes, because you have experienced it.

o Absolutely true.

6. Do you often finish other people's sentences because they speak too

slowly?

o Yes, frequently

o Yes, sometimes

o No, never

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7. What do you think of praising others?

o Shouldn't praise, as praise makes people proud and lazy.

o Should praise sometimes.

o Should always be praised, as it helps boost their performance.

8. Do you keep a daily schedule plan?

o Yes

o Once in a while

o No

9. Do you think scientific approach is the best approach to anything?

o Yes, definitely

o Depends on the situation

o No

10.When conversing with someone, who has less knowledge than you

(e.g. lower education level) you:

o

Feel superior

o Find an excuse to end the conversation.

o Try to adjust your speech to make him/her comfortable.

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Maximum A's mean your personality type is 'A', maximum 'B's mean you are a

mixed personality i.e. AB and maximum 'C's mean you are type B personality.

Implicit Personality Theory

Where do such misguided judgements come from? As suggested by Aschs

research on central traits, our knowledge about people is structured by our prior

set of beliefs about which traits go together, and the resulting personality

judgements we make often defy the rules of cold logic. These assumptions or

nave belief systems that we have about the associations among personality

traits are called an implicit personality theory. In these personality assumptions,

we tend to assume that all good things occur together in persons and that all bad

things do as well, with little overlap between the two. Believing that an individual

possesses one trait leads to the inference of other traits or behaviors assumed to

be associated with the observed trait (Leyens, 1991). This is why many young

adults perceive that someone whom they know and like could not be HIV-

positive. This conslusion is arrived at because the alternative judgment isinconsistent with their assumptions about the relationships among traits and

behaviors.

In an implicit personality theory, as in impression formation generally, there

appears to be operating a principle of evaluative consistency a tendency to

view others in a way that is internally consistent. Even when contradictory

information is made available, we still generally persist in viewing people as

either consistently good or bad. In this effort toward consisitency, we will often

distort or explain away contradictory information.

Although implicit personality theories are commonly employed in making

social judgments, some people rely on them more than others. Research by Chi-

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yue Chiu and his coworkers (1997) indicates that implicit theories are used more

often by people who believe that personality consists of fixed, static traits than by

those who believe that personality is dynamic and changing. This relation was

found both in the individualist culture of the United States and in collectivist Hong

Kong. These findings are important because they suggest that although implicit

personality theories may used by people around the world, there is a good deal

of individual variation in the extent to which they are used. Additionally, findings

by Chiu et al. point toward a possible cultural variation in the use of implicit

personality theories. They found that more Americans than Chinese believe in

fixed personality traits, which suggests that implicit personality theories are used

more often by Americans.

Personality Difference

Even though our attraction to others appears to be part of out genetic makeup,

there is clear evidence, both anecdotal and scientific, that we differ in our

motivation to seek social contact (Wong & Csikzsentmihalyi, 1991).

People who have a high need for affiliation tend to be very active in pursuingsocial contacts and place a high premium on positive outcomes in such pursuits

(Crouse & Mehrabian, 1997).

In contrast, those with a low need for affiliation are less likely to respond

negatively when their social interactions become less rewarding (Hill, 1991).

High need for affiliation individuals are indeed people persons they dont like

being alone and when interacting, they seek approval and avoid conflict (Stewart

& Chester, 1982).

Their desire for affiliation is also associated with being less competitive and less

likely to talk negatively about others (McClelland et al.,1982).

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Social affiliation model proposes that the process underlying everyday affiliation

operates according to a homeostatic principle, meaning that we all seek to

maintain an optimal range of social contact, but what is optimal differs for each of

us. Compared with those who have a low need for affiliation, people with a high

need simply have a higher optimal affiliation range. According to this model,

when we deviate from our optimal affiliation range, we seek to re-establish it.

Thus, excess contact causes us to seek solitude, while too much solitude causes

us to pursue affiliation. (Shawn OConnor and Lorne Rosenbloods, 1996)

THE FOUR PERSONALITIES

SANGUINE CHOLERIC

KEYWORD:Popular

KEYWORD:Powerful

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BEST AT:Making initial contact with peopleCreating enthusiasm and excitementEncouraging and uplifting othersInsuring the group has fun

PRESENTS AS:Outgoing and engaging

MAJOR NEEDS:Fun and adventure

BEST AT:Motivating people to actionGiving quick and clear instructionGetting it doneLeading

PRESENTS AS:Authoritative and convincing

MAJOR NEEDS:Action and excitement

PHLEGMATIC MELANCHOLY

KEYWORD:Peaceful

BEST AT:Staying calm and functionalNot over reacting to a negative situationEffective listenerMaking sure the group is relaxed andcomfortable

PRESENTS AS:Believable

MAJOR NEEDS:Rest and quiet time

KEYWORD:Perfect

BEST AT:Planning and explaining the detailsDoing it rightSensitive to the needs of othersGood with numbers, charts, graphs, etc.

PRESENTS AS:Accurate and sincere

MAJOR NEEDS:Order and understanding

PERSONALITY STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES

POPULAR SANGUINE

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STRENGTHS

HOME

Appealing personalityTalkative, storytellerLife of the partyGood sense of humor

Memory for colorPhysically holds on to listenerEmotional and demonstrativeEnthusiastic and expressiveCheerful and bubbling overCuriousGood on stageLives in the presentChangeable dispositionMakes friends easilyLoves people

Thrives on complimentsSeems excitingEnvied by othersDoesnt hold grudgesPrevents dull momentsLikes spontaneous activities

WEAKNESSES

HOME

Compulsive talkerExaggerates and elaboratesDwells on triviaCant remember names

Scares others offToo happy for someHas restless energyEgotisticalNaive, gets taken inHas loud voice and laughControlled by circumstancesSeems phony to someHates to be aloneNeeds to be center stageWants to be popular

Looks for creditDominates conversationsInterrupts and doesnt listenAnswers for othersForgetful

WORK

Volunteers for jobsThinks up new activitiesLooks great on the surfaceCreative and colorfulHas energy and enthusiasmStarts in a flashy wayInspires others to joinCharms others to work

WORK

Would rather talk

Forgets obligationsDoesnt follow throughConfidence fades fastUndisciplinedPriorities out of orderDecides by feelingsEasily distractedWastes time talking

POWERFUL CHOLERIC

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STRENGTHS

HOME

Born leaderDynamic and activeCompulsive need for changeMust correct wrongsStrong willedand decisiveNot easily discouragedIndependent and self-sufficientExudes confidenceHas little need for friendsWill work for group activity

Will lead and organizeIs usually right

WEAKNESSES

HOME

BossyImpatientQuick temperedCant relax

Too impetuousEnjoys controversy & argumentsWont give up when losingComes on too strongInflexibleIs not complimentaryDislikes tears and emotionsIs unsympatheticTends to use peopleDominates othersDecides for others

Knows everythingCan do everything betterIs too independentPossessive of friends and mateCant say, Im sorryMay be right but unpopular

WORK

Goal-orientedSees the whole pictureOrganizes wellSeeks practical solutionsMoves quickly to actionDelegates workInsists on productionMakes the goalStimulates activityThrives on opposition

WORK

Little tolerance for mistakesDoesnt analyze detailsBored by triviaMay make rash decisionsMay be rude or tactlessManipulates peopleDemanding of othersEnd justifies the meansWork may become his godDemands loyalty in the ranks.

PEACEFUL PHLEGMATIC

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STRENGTHS

HOME

LowkeypersonalityEasygoing and relaxedCalm, cool, and collected

Patient, wellbalancedConsistent lifeQuiet, but wittySympathetic and kindKeeps emotions hiddenHappily reconciled to lifeAllpurposepersonEasy to get along withPleasant and enjoyableInoffensive

Good listenerDry sense of humorEnjoys watching peopleHas many friendsHas compassion and concernUnenthusiastic

WEAKNESSES

HOME

Fearful and worried

IndecisiveAvoids responsibilityQuiet will of ironToo shy and reticentToo compromisingSelfrighteousDampens enthusiasmStays uninvolvedIs not excitingIndifferent to plansJudges others

Sarcastic and teasingResists change

WORK

Competent and steadyPeaceful and agreeableHas administrative abilityMediates problemsAvoids conflictsGood under pressureFinds the easy way

WORK

Not goalorientedLacks selfmotivationHard to get movingResents being pushedLazy and carelessWould rather watch

PERFECT MELANCHOLY

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STRENGTHS

HOME

Deep and thoughtfulAnalyticalSerious and purposefulGeniusprone

Talented and creativeArtistic or musicalPhilosophical and poeticAppreciative of beautySensitive to othersSelfsacrificingConscientiousIdealisticMakes friends cautiouslyContent to stay in backgroundAvoids causing attention

Faithful and devotedWill listen to complaintsCan solve others problemsDeep concern for other peopleMoved to tears with compassion

WEAKNESSES

HOME

Remembers the negativesMoody and depressedOff in another world

Low selfimageHas selective hearingSelfcenteredToo introspectiveGuilt feelingsPersecution complexTends to hypochondriaLives through othersInsecure sociallyWithdrawn and remoteCritical of others

Holds back affectionDislikes those in oppositionSuspicious of peopleAntagonistic and vengefulFull of contradictions

WORK

ScheduleorientedPerfectionist, high standardsDetailconsciousPersistent and thoroughOrderly and organizedNeat and tidyEconomicalSees the problemsFinds creative solutionsNeeds to finish what he startsLikes charts, graphs, figures,lists

WORK

Not peopleorientedDepressed over imperfectionsChooses difficult workHesitant to start projectsSpends too much time planningPrefers analysis to workSelfdeprecatingHard to pleaseStandards often too highDeep need for approval.

Source :http://www.mensfraternity.com/assets/documents/text/LeaderGuide_WH_Four%20Personalities%20Handout.pdf

References

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o See K. Onstad (December 1995). No Jobs? No Problem!. Canadian

Business.

o J. Aley (February 5, 1996). Wall Streets King Quant. Fortune.

o Crouse, B. B., & Mehrabian, A. (1977) Affiliation of opposite-sexedstrangers. Journal of Research in Personality

o Hill, C. A. (1991) Seeking emotional support: The influence of affiliative

need and partner warmth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

o Stewart, A.J., & Chester, N. L. (1982). Sex differences in human social

motives: Achievement, affiliation and power. In A. J. Stewart (Ed.), Motivationand society. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

o Leyens, J.-P. (Ed.). (1991). Prolegomena for the concept of implicit

theories of personality. European Bulletin of Conitive Psychology.

o Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000). Perspectives on personality(4th

ed.) Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

o Burger, J. M. (1993). Personality(3rd ed.) Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

o Ridley, M (1999). Genome: The autobiography of a species in 23

chapters. London: Fourth Estate.

o Schultz, D., & Schultz, S.E. (1994). Theories of personality(5th ed.)

Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

o McCombs, B. (1991). Metacognition and motivation in higher level

thinking. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American EducationalResearch Association, Chicago, IL.

Internet Sites

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http://www.mensfraternity.com/assets/documents/text/LeaderGuide_WH_Four%20Personalities%20Handout.pdf

http://wilderdom.com/personality/L5-1WhatIsPersonality.html

http://www.more-selfesteem.com/test.htm
http://www.mensfraternity.com/assets/documents/text/LeaderGuide_WH_Four%20Personalities%20Handout.pdfhttp://www.mensfraternity.com/assets/documents/text/LeaderGuide_WH_Four%20Personalities%20Handout.pdfhttp://wilderdom.com/personality/L5-1WhatIsPersonality.htmlhttp://wilderdom.com/personality/L5-1WhatIsPersonality.htmlhttp://www.more-selfesteem.com/test.htmhttp://www.mensfraternity.com/assets/documents/text/LeaderGuide_WH_Four%20Personalities%20Handout.pdfhttp://www.mensfraternity.com/assets/documents/text/LeaderGuide_WH_Four%20Personalities%20Handout.pdfhttp://wilderdom.com/personality/L5-1WhatIsPersonality.htmlhttp://www.more-selfesteem.com/test.htm

Organizational Behaviour - Revised 190110

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