Organization of the Human Body Chapter 1 Visualizing A & P.

Organization of the Human BodyChapter 1

Visualizing A & P

Copyright © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy Science of body structure and the relationships

among structures Physiology

Science of body function Both are studied together as a unit

Body structures are designed specifically to carry out a specific function

The structural design of a body part determines what kind of function it can perform


Levels of Organization: Atom to Organism Atoms: building blocks of matter

Ex. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon Molecules: two or more combined atoms

Perform biochemical functions Cells: building blocks of a living organism

Composed of molecules Tissues: cells that do similar functions together

Ex. muscle tissue, epithelial tissue Organs: tissues that work together to perform a function

together Ex. heart, lungs

Body system: related organs that work together to perform a function Ex. digestive system, nervous system

Organism: made up of all body systems Ex. human being


Levels of Organization


Integumentary System Skin, hair, and nails Internal body systems

protection/barrier Outside environment

sensor Body temperature

regulation Metabolic waste

elimination


Skeletal System

Bones and joints Framework for organs

and body systems Blood cell production Mineral storage site


Muscular System

Muscles Framework (skeletal

system) movement Force production


Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves Rapid internal/external

environmental stimuli sensor

Information processing Communication/

coordination center between body systems


Endocrine System

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, gonads

Coordination of body functions through chemical communication with target organs


Cardiovascular System

Heart and blood vessels Pumping system for blood

Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells

Removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes


Lymphatic System

Lymph vessels and nodes

Filtration of debris from interstitial fluid

Survey of interstitial fluid for pathogens

Production of pathogen-fighting cells


Respiratory System Pharynx, trachea,

bronchial passageways, lungs

Ventilation system for oxygen intake and blood carbon dioxide removal

Blood pH maintenance Sound production

(larynx)


Digestive System Mouth, esophagus,

stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

Absorption of nutrients Solid waste elimination


Urinary System Kidneys, ureters,

bladder, urethra Filtration and

regulation of blood/body fluid ion concentration

Elimination of metabolic wastes


Reproductive System Male: Testes, seminal

vesicles, prostate, penis Female: Ovaries, uterine

tubes, uterus, vagina Male: Production and

delivery of sperm Female: Production of

eggs, sperm reception, egg fertilization, fetus incubation, and delivery of neonate


Six Essential Life Processes Metabolism

All chemical processes occurring in the body Responsiveness

Ability to detect and respond to internal and external environmental stimuli

Movement Motion; whole body, organ, cellular, and organelle levels

Growth Increase in body size due to increase in cellular size, quantity, or

surrounding cellular matrix Differentiation

Process of cell specialization of structure and function Reproduction

Production of a new individual New cell formation for growth, repair, replacement


Essential Life Processes


Homeostasis Maintenance of stable conditions within the

body, by responding to changes both inside and outside the body

Two homeostatic control systems Nervous system (fast response)

Sends nerve impulses directly to organs to counterbalance detected changes

Endocrine system (slow response) Secretes chemicals (hormones) into blood; hormones then

travel to organs to counterbalance detected changes


• Communication, Regulation and Homeostasis

Homeostasis Interactions Animations

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Steady State Steady state

Set of conditions that remains constant over some period of time

Homeostasis maintains steady state; however steady state can be different for different situations Ex. Average heart rate is different during rest vs.

exercise


Navigating Through the Body Anatomical position

Standard view of the body

Body is standing erect Body is facing the

observer Head level, eyes

forward Feet flat on floor,

directed inward Arms at sides, palms

turned forward


Directional Terms

Prone - body lying face down Supine - body lying face up Anterior/ventral - face view of body Posterior/dorsal - back view of body


Anterior and Posterior Views of Body Landmarks


Major Body Regions

Head Cephalic - skull and face

Neck Cervical - supports head and attaches to trunk

Thoracic Thoracic - chest and back Abdominal - abdomen Pelvic - pelvis and buttock


Major Body Regions Upper limb

Scapular - shoulder Axillary - armpit Brachial - arm Antebrachial - forearm Carpal - wrist Palmar - palm

Lower limb Gluteal - buttock Thigh - femoral Ankle - tarsal Foot - pedal


Directional Terms Trunk

Medial - toward the midline Lateral - away from the midline Superior/rostral - toward the head Inferior - away from the head


Directional Terms

Limbs Proximal - toward the point of attachment or trunk Distal - away from the point of attachment or trunk

Trunk and Limbs Superficial - toward the surface of the body Deep - away from the surface of the body


Planes

Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that help divide or section the body Sagittal Frontal/coronal Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal Oblique


Planes

Sagittal Divides into right and left sides Midsagittal

Divides into equal right and left sides; passes through midline of body

Parasagittal Divides into unequal left and right sides


Planes Frontal/coronal

Divides into anterior and posterior sides Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal

Divides into superior and inferior sides Oblique

Divides body in a diagonal fashion; at an angle between the transverse and sagittal planes or transverse and frontal planes


Planes


Body Cavities Body cavities

Spaces in the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs

Ventral cavity (contains visceral organs) Thoracic cavity

Left and right pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic cavity Dorsal cavity (contains brain and spinal cord)

Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity


Body Cavities

Diaphragm divides abdominal and pelvic cavities


Viscera Viscera

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, such as the lungs, heart, digestive organs

Serous membrane A double-layered membrane covering the viscera Pleura

Serous membrane of lungs Pericardium

Serous membrane of heart Peritoneum

Serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity


Divisions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Helps describe location of organs in the cavity more precisely

9 grid region


End Chapter 1

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publishers assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.

Organization of the Human Body Chapter 1 Visualizing A & P.

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