ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater...
Transcript of ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater...
![Page 1: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ORGANIZATION ANDSTRUCTURE OF GENOME:GENOME SIZE VARIATION
ORGANIZATION ANDSTRUCTURE OF GENOME:GENOME SIZE VARIATION
![Page 2: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTUREO
F GENOME: GENOME SIZEVARIATION
![Page 3: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The term genome was introduced byH.Wrinkler 1920 to denote thecomplete set of chromosomal andextra-chromosomal genes present inan organism, including a virus. Thegenome is the full complement ofgenetic information in a cell, andcontains the programme required forthat cell to function.
The term genome was introduced byH.Wrinkler 1920 to denote thecomplete set of chromosomal andextra-chromosomal genes present inan organism, including a virus. Thegenome is the full complement ofgenetic information in a cell, andcontains the programme required forthat cell to function.
![Page 4: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
•Do not contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles•Simple genome organization•Genes usually do not have introns and histone protie•circular double-stranded DNA molecule but may be a linearmolecule in some major groups•Supercoiling
Viruses Procaryotes
•Do not contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles•Simple genome organization•Genes usually do not have introns and histone protie•circular double-stranded DNA molecule but may be a linearmolecule in some major groups•Supercoiling
Viruses Procaryotes
Viral genomeBacterialchromosome
PlasmidsCapsid
![Page 5: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
GENOME IN EUKARYOTES
UNIQUE DNA
NUCLEAR ORGANELLAR
CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRIA
REPITITIVE DNA
MODERATIVELYREPITITIVE DNA
HIGHLY REPITITIVEDNA
SAT DNAVNTRTELOMERE
TRANSPOSONS RETROPOSONS
![Page 6: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Genome organization ineukaryotes
• Much greater complexity thanprokaryotes a. much more DNA incells
• Many proteins specificallyassociated with DNA• DNA in eukaryotes organized into
2 or more chromosomes• Chromosomes have roughly equal
amounts DNA & protein
• Much greater complexity thanprokaryotes a. much more DNA incells
• Many proteins specificallyassociated with DNA• DNA in eukaryotes organized into
2 or more chromosomes• Chromosomes have roughly equal
amounts DNA & protein
![Page 7: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chromosomes: The Carriersof Hereditary Material
Telomere
CentromereCentromere
![Page 8: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
DNA doublehelix
![Page 9: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
RNA in TMV
![Page 10: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
DIFFERENT MODELS FOR DNA PACKAGE INCHROMATIN FIBRE STRUCTURE
Molecuar model- TAYLOR
chromatid consists of only one DNAchain where several DNA double helicesare linked end to end by protiens
Molecuar model- TAYLOR
chromatid consists of only one DNAchain where several DNA double helicesare linked end to end by protiens
![Page 12: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Multistrand model or polynemechromosome- RIS
chromosome is multistranded i.e. it contains severalDNA double helices arranged parallel to each other
General chromosome model- CRICK
DNA in a chromatid is a longer monomer which runscontinuosly from one end to another.
Band and inter band regions are present
chromosome is multistranded i.e. it contains severalDNA double helices arranged parallel to each other
General chromosome model- CRICK
DNA in a chromatid is a longer monomer which runscontinuosly from one end to another.
Band and inter band regions are present
![Page 13: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Folded fibre model- DUPRAW
![Page 14: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ORGANIZATION OF CHROMATIN FIBREIN FOLDED FIBRE MODEL
COILED DNA MODEL- DUPRAW
NUCLEOSOME SOLENOID MODEL-
KORENBERG AND THOMAS
ORGANIZATION OF CHROMATIN FIBREIN FOLDED FIBRE MODEL
COILED DNA MODEL- DUPRAW
NUCLEOSOME SOLENOID MODEL-
KORENBERG AND THOMAS
![Page 15: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
COMPONENTS OF NUCLEOSOME
NUCLEOSOME CORELINKER DNAH1 PROTIEN
NUCLEOSOME CORELINKER DNAH1 PROTIEN
![Page 16: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Steps involved in genome organization ineukaryotes
• Nucleosome formation• Formation of Chromatin
Fiber or Solenoid Fiber• Loop formation• Chromosome
• Nucleosome formation• Formation of Chromatin
Fiber or Solenoid Fiber• Loop formation• Chromosome
![Page 19: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nucleosome formation
![Page 20: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
GENOME SIZE
• Genome size is the total amount of DNAcontained within one copy of a genome
• It is typically measured in terms of massin picograms (pg) or megabases (Mb)
• Genome size is the total amount of DNAcontained within one copy of a genome
• It is typically measured in terms of massin picograms (pg) or megabases (Mb)
![Page 22: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Plant Genome SizeNo. of genes(chromosome Status (year)no.)
Arabidopsis 130 Mbp 25,498 (5) Completed (2000)Rice 430 Mbp 37,544 (12) Completed (2004)
Maize 2.5 Gbp 32,500 (10) Completed (2009)
Sorghum 700 Mbp 34,496 (10) Completed (2007)
Pigeonpea 833.07 Mbp 48,680 (11) Completed (2011)
Soybean 950 Mbp 46,430 (20) Completed (2010)
Potato 840 Mbp 39,031 (24) Completed (2011)
Brassica 283.8 Mbp 41,174 (10) Completed (2011)Brassica 283.8 Mbp 41,174 (10) Completed (2011)
Populus 480 Mbp 41,377 (19) Completed (2006)
Papaya 372 Mbp 28,629 (9) Completed (2008)
Grapes 500 Mbp 26,346 (19) Completed (2007)Medicago 240 Mbp - Completed (2011)
Castor 320 Mbp 31237 (10) Completed (2010)Apple 742.3 Mbp 57,386 (17) Completed (2010)Lotus 450 Mbp - Completed (2008)
Foxtail Millet 406 Mbp 32,095 (9) CompletedCucumber 243.5 Mbp 26,682 (7) Completed (2009)
Brachypodium 335 Mbp 25,532 (5) Completed (2010)
![Page 23: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cvalue
• Cvalue means, it’s the total amount ofDNA in haploid genome.
• Cvalue = mass of DNA / haploidgenome. It’s characteristic of eachgenome of species.• Its measured using cot technique.
• Cvalue means, it’s the total amount ofDNA in haploid genome.
• Cvalue = mass of DNA / haploidgenome. It’s characteristic of eachgenome of species.• Its measured using cot technique.
![Page 24: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mitosis Meiosis
![Page 25: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
EukaryotesDensitometric measurements ofFeulgen -stained nuclei (previouslyusing specialized densitometers) orflow cytometry.
ProkaryotesPulsed – field gel electrophorosis andcomplete genome sequencing method
EukaryotesDensitometric measurements ofFeulgen -stained nuclei (previouslyusing specialized densitometers) orflow cytometry.
ProkaryotesPulsed – field gel electrophorosis andcomplete genome sequencing method
![Page 26: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Genome size variation
• Cell size• Cell division• Organ size• Organ complexicity• Body size developmental rate• Chromosomal mutations• Insertions and deletions• Transposable elements
• Cell size• Cell division• Organ size• Organ complexicity• Body size developmental rate• Chromosomal mutations• Insertions and deletions• Transposable elements
![Page 27: ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OFGENOME: GENOME ......Genome organization in eukaryotes •Much greater complexity than prokaryotes a. much more DNAin cells • Many proteins specifically](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071514/6135e2220ad5d2067647a92f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)