Organisms

Naming Organisms

• Naming any organism scientists use a Binomial naming system. EX: Homo Sapien Genus Species

• 5 Kingdoms

1. Animals 2. Plants 3. Fungi (mushroom) 4. Protista (single celled organism)

5. Movera (bacteria)

Naming Organisms Cont.

General

Specific

Kingdom

Phylum-Sub

Class-Sub

Order-Sub

Family-Sub

Genus

Species-Some Sub

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Proifera

• Pore bearing (many holes) sponges

• Simplest multicellular animals

• Each cell can form a new colony around itself (asexual). Reproduces by budding

• As an adult the sponge is sessile, or attached to the bottom

• Entirely marine species

Phylum Proifera

• Classified according to spicule typesClass Calcarea

Spicules are composed of calcium carbonate. Very rigid. Ex: Limy Sponges

Cl. HexactinelidaSpicules are composed of silicaDeep water tropical spongesEx: Glass Sponges

Phylum Proifera

Cl. Demospongiae

Spicules are composed of a combination of silica and a flexible substance called spongin. Ex: Bath sponges

Phylum Coelenterata

• Jellyfish

• Hollow intestine

Phylum Cnidaria

• Stinging animal cells

• Body form (basic)- Hollow sac closed at one end and open with a ring of tentacles at the other end

• Most coelenterata have alternating forms– Polyp- Sessile– Medusa- Free floating

Phylum Cnidaria Cont.

• The three classes are classified by their body shape which the animal has during the majority of its life cycle.

Cl. Hydrozoa- Polyp stage most obvious. Ex: Hydroad

Cl. Scyphozoa- medusa stage obvious. Ex: Jellyfish

Cl. Anthozoa- Polyp entire life. Ex: Sea anemones, most coral

Phylum Coelenterata/Cnidaria

• Sting cells called nematocysts, which are cells with spring loaded pin-like structures. Most carry a type of chemical poison to kill or wound its prey.

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Phylum Ctenophora

• Comb Jellies

• Only difference from cnidaria is that they don’t have a nematocyst

• Have bristle like comb along body from top to bottom in rows

• 2 ClassesClass Tentaculata- with tentacles

Have a sticky mucous on tentacles.

Ex: Goose Berry

Phylum Ctenophora

Class Nuda- without tentaclesVarious carnivores. Ex: Mnemiopsis (found in

Pamlico Sound)

Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Flat-worm

• Most primitive worm

• Found in marine and fresh water

• Some organisms are parasitic

• Have ability to regenerated damaged or lost tissue.

• Hermaphrodites but no (x) fertilizing

Phylum Platyhelminthes Cont.

Cl. Turbellaria-free living flat worms. Ex: Planaria

Cl. Trematoda-flukes. Live in gills of horseshoe crabs and fish

Cl. Cestoda-tape worms. Are found in perch. Live in clams.

• Phylum Nemertea-Ribbon worm

• Phylum Nematoda-Round worm

• Phylum Annelida

Phylum Annelida

• Segmented worms• Complete mouth to anus digestive system• Hermaphroditic• Most have setae or parapodiaCl. Polychaeta-Many-bristle. Body is

divided into segments. Ex: NereisCl. Oligochaeta-Few bristle. Generally

lacks parapodia. Ex: Earth WormsCl. Hirundinae Ex: Leeches

Phylum Mollusca

• Mollis- Soft (soft footed)

• Three main parts: 1)Visceral mass 2)Mantle 3) Muscular foot

• Most have an external or internal shell

• Most of the 80,000 organisms are living. Others are preserved in fossil record.

• Many have a unique rasping device (tounge like) radula

Phylum Mollusca

Cl. Polyplacophora-Chitons. Are the most primitive of living mollusks. Are marine organisms which creep over the surface. Posses eight overlaping plates (shells) which allow it to roll into a ball.

Cl. Scaphopoda-Tusks shell, Tooth shell. Modified for digging.

Phylum Mollusca

Cl. GastropodUnivalvesLargest class in phylumCoiled shapeAnus is above headSea slugs lose shell as adults

Sea butterflies (Nudibranchs) Page 118Foot is modified into fin like structures

used as oars

Phylum Mollusca

Cl. PelecypodsHatchet footBivalvesFoot is modified for rapid diggingFilter feedersSome bivalves swim (Scallop)

Phylum Mollusca

Cl. CephalopodaFused footEx: Squid/OctopusShell is typically internal.Female chambered nautilus has external shellEight to ten armsChange colorLarge eyes (Predators)Parrot like beak crushes prey

Phylum Mollusca

Swim by jet propulsion

Phylum Anthropoda

• Jointed feet

• Greatest number of species

• Distributed across the earth

• Jointed appendages

• Exoskeleton of chiton

• Distinct body regions– Cephalic– Thoracic– Abdominal

Fused

Phylum Anthropoda

• Reproduction system is distinctly divided into male and female

Subphylum CnelicerataCl. Pyconogonida Ex: Sea SpiderCl. Merostomata Ex: Horseshoe Crab- Oldest

living fossil

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Phylum Anthropoda

Subphylum MandibulataCl. Insecta- “Bugs”Cl. Crustacea

Order Copepoda