Organisation Of Peripheral Nervous System

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THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM www.freelivedoctor.com

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Transcript of Organisation Of Peripheral Nervous System

Page 1: Organisation Of Peripheral Nervous System

THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

BRAINSPINAL CORD

CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM (CNS)

PERIPHERALNERVOUS SYSTEM

AFFERENT

NERVES

EFFERENT

NERVES

EXTERO-RECEPTORS

INTERO-RECEPTORS

SOMATIC AUTONOMIC

EFFECTORORGANS

SKELETALMUSCLES

SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLES AND GLANDS

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NEOCORTEX

THALAMUS

LIMBICCORTEX

BRAINSTEM

SPINALCORD

NOSE

EYE

TONGUE

EAR

SKIN

SMELL

VISION

TASTE

AUDITION

SOMATIC

SENSORY INFORMATION TRAVELSTO THE BRAIN VIA SPECIALIZED PATHWAYS

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SENSORY MODALITIES AND RECEPTOR CELLS

MODE RECEPTOR ORGANWARMTH NERVE ENDINGS SKINCOLD NERVE ENDINGS SKINPAIN NAKEDNERVE

ENDINGSSKIN

JOINTMOVEMENT &POSITION

NERVE ENDINGS VARIOUS

MUSCLELENGTH

NERVE ENDINGS MUSCLESPINDLE

MUSCLETENSION

NERVE ENDINGS GOLGI TENDONORGAN

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GRADED VS ALL OR NONE

• A RECEPTOR’S RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS IS GRADED

• IF THRESHOLD IS EXCEEDED, THE ACTION POTENTIAL RESULTING IS ALL OR NONE

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SENSORY MODALITIES AND RECEPTOR CELLS

MODE RECEPTOR ORGANVISION RODS,CONES EYEHEARING HAIR CELLS EARMOTION HAIR CELLS VESTIBULAR

APPARATUS

SMELL OLIFACTORYNEURONS

OLIFACTORYMUCOUS MEMB.

TASTE TASTE RECEPTORCELLS TASTE BUDS

TOUCH-PRESSURE

NERVE ENDINGS SKIN

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SENSORY TRANSDUCTION

ADEQUATE STIMULUS

MEMBRANECONDUCTANCE

CHANGE

GENERATORPOTENTIAL

ACTIONPOTENTIAL

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LOCALIZATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND ACUITY

• CODING OF LOCATION DEPENDS ON RECEPTOR LOCATION

• AREA COVERED BY RECEPTORS IN A SENSORY UNIT IS A RECEPTIVE FIELD

• ACUITY DEPENDS ON THE DENSITY OF RECEPTORS

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SLOW PAIN

• OCCURS AFTER A SECOND OR MORE

• OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DESTRUCTION

• SUBJECTIVELY DESCRIBED AS BURNING, ACHING,THROBBING, NAUSEOUS, OR CHRONIC

• C FIBERS WHICH SYNAPSE IN THE SUBSTANTIA GELITANOSA

• FINAL PROJECTION IS THE FRONTAL CORTEX

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MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PAIN

• FAST PAIN IS GENERALLY MECHANICAL OR THERMAL

• SLOW PAIN CAN BE ALL THREE• CHEMICAL PAIN RECEPTORS:

BRADYKININ, SEROTONIN, HISTAMINE, POTASSIUM IONS, ACIDS, ACETYL CHOLINE AND PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES

• PROSTAGLANDINS ENHANCE PAIN SENSATION

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BRAIN STRUCTURES AND PAIN

• COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE SENSORY CORTEX DOES NOT DESTROY THE ABILITY TO PERCIEVE PAIN

• STIMULATION OF THE SENSORY CORTEX EVOKES A SENSATION OF PAIN

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PAIN CONTROL (ANALGESIA)

• THE ANALGESIA SYSTEM

• THE BRAIN’S OPIATE SYSTEM

• INHIBITION OF PAIN BY TACTILE STIMULATION

• TREATMENT OF PAIN BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION

• REFERED PAIN

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THE ANALGESIA SYSTEM

• PREAQUEDUCTAL GRAY

• RAPHE MAGNUS NUCLEUS

• PAIN INHIBITORY COMPLEX IN DORSAL HORNS

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PAIN INHIBITORY COMPLEX: PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION

PAINRECEPTOR

BRAIN STEM.NEURON

INHIBITORY NEURON

ANTEROLATERALPATHWAY

DORSAL HORN OFSPINAL CORD

+

-

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PAIN TRANSMISSION AND INHIBITION

• SUBSTANCE P IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER: BUILDS UP SLOWLY IN THE JUNCTION AND IS SLOWLY DESTROYED

• PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION BY INHIBITORY NEURON BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF SUBSTANCE P (ENKEPHALIN)

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THE BRAIN’S OPIATE SYSTEM

• OPIATE RECEPTORS EXIST IN MANY CENTERS OF THE BRAIN, ESPECIALLY IN THE ANALGESIA SYSTEM

• AMONG THE NATURAL SUBSTANCES WHICH ACTIVATE THESE RECEPTORS ARE: ENDORPHINS, ENKEPHALINS, AND MORPHINE

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INHIBITION OF PAIN BY TACTILE STIMULATION

• STIMULATION OF LARGE SENSORY FIBERS FOR TACTILE SENSATION INHIBITS PAIN TRANSMISSION FOR SAME REGION

• RUBBING OFTEN EASES PAIN

• LINAMENTS, OIL OF CLOVE, ETC.

• POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR ACUPUNCTURE?

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TREATMENT OF PAIN BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION

• STIMULATION OF LARGE SENSORY NERVES

• ELECTRODES IN SKIN OR SPINAL IMPLANTS

• INTRALAMINAR NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS

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REFERED PAIN

• VISCERAL PAIN FIBERS SYNAPSE ON SAME SECONDARY NEURONS AS RECEIVE PAIN FIBERS FROM SKIN

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THE VISUAL SYSTEM

D. C. MIKULECKYPROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY

ANDFACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

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THE VISUAL SYSTEM SENSES ELEECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

• ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR) SPANS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (EMS)

• FROM RADIO WAVES (VERY LONG) TO -RADIATION (VERY SHORT)

• VISIBLE LIGHT IS A SMALL PORTION OF THE SPECTRUM

• PHOTONS OF LIGHT INTERACT WITH MATTER

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ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION

• THE EYE• CORNEA AND LENS: BEND LIGHT RAYS

AND FOCUS THEM ON THE RETINA• CILLIARY MUSCLES LOSSEN OR TIGHTEN

TO ADJUST LENS THICKNESS• RETINA: SITE OF PHOTORECEPTORS• FOVEA: MOST SENSITVE PART OF RETINA

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TEAR DUCTANDDRAINAGECANAL

PUPIL IRISSCLERA

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OPTIC DISC

OPTIC NERVE

BLOOD VESSELS

FOVEA

SCLERA

RETINA

CHOROID

VITREOUS HUMOR

AQUEOUS HUMOR

CORNEA

LENS

PUPIL

IRIS

CONJUNCTIVACILIARY BODY

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTEXTERNAL EYEMUSCLE

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

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THE PHOTORECEPTORS• RODS:

CYLLINDRICALLY SHAPED- BROAD RANGE OF WAVELENGTHS, NIGHT

• CONES: CONICALLY SHAPED-NARROW WAVELENGTH RANGE, COLOR

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BEFORE A PHOTON ARRIVES

•RHODOPSIN ABSORBS PHOTON AND CHANGES SHAPE

•A SEQUENCE OF BIOCHEMICAL STEPS

•MEMBRANE HYPERPOLARIZED

AFTER A PHOTON ARRIVES

MEMBRANE POLARIZED NORMALLY

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PATHWAYS FOR VISUAL INFORMATION

• OPTIC NERVE (GANGLION CELLS FROM RETINA)

• LEAVES THROUGH “BLIND SPOT”

• LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS: PROJECTS TO CORTEX

• PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

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VISUAL ORIENTATION COLUMNS

• CELLS IN VARIOUS COLUMNS OF CORTEX RESPOND TO DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS

• THESE DEVELOP DURING THE EARLY VISUAL EXPERIENCES OF YOUNG ANIMALS

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COLOR VISION

• TRICHROMATIC: RED, BLUE, GREEN

• PARVOCELLULAR NEURONS CARRY INFORMATION

• DIFFERENT CELL TYPES

• COLOR CONTRAST

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THREE KINDS OF CONES

• RED, BLUE, AND GREEN

• CONNECT TO SMALL GANGLION CELLS

• TRANSMIT COLOR INFORMATION TO PARVOCELLULAR NEURONS IN LGN

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COLOR NEURONS

• BROAD BAND: SINGLE COLOR, + INSIDE, - OUT

• SINGLE - OPPONENT: EXITED BY ONE COLOR IN CENTER, INHIBITED WHEN ANOTHER COLOR IN PERIPHERY

• DOUBLE OPPONENT: OPPOSING COLORS IN BOTH CENTER AND PERIPHERY

• ANNULAR FIELDS OVERLAP TO RECTANGULAR IN CORTEX

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LENS DEFECTS

• FOCUSING IN FRONT OF RETINA

• NEARSIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA)

• USUALLY DUE TO WEAK CILIARY MUSCLES

• FOCUSING BEHIND THE RETINA

• FARSIGHTEDNESS(HYPEROPIA)

• LENS TOO STIFF (AGING)

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NEARSIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA)

UNCORRECTED

CORRECTED

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FARSIGHTEDNESS (HYPEROPIA)

UNCORRECTED

CORRECTED

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VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS

• OPTIC NERVE:VISUAL FIELD ON SAME SIDE

• OPTIC CHIASM:OUTER HALF OF BOTH VISUAL FIELDS

• OPTIC TRACT: OPPOSITE HALF IN BOTH VISUAL FIELDS

• OPTIC RADIATIONS:LOWER OR UPPER QUADRANT ON OPPOSITE SIDE

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THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THE CHEMICAL SENSES

D. C. MIKULECKYPROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY

ANDFACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

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THE NATURE OF SOUND

• COMPRESSION AND RARIFICATION OF AIR

• WAVES OF HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE

• TRANSMIT MECHANICAL FORCES

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRESSURE WAVE

A

T = WAVELENGTH

A = AMPLITUDE

f = 1/T FREQUENCY www.freelivedoctor.com

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ANATOMY OF THE EAR

• OUTER EAR

• MIDDLE EAR

• INNER EAR

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OUTER EAR

• ACTS TO FOCUS SOUND WAVES ON THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

• SHAPED LIKE A SOUND CONE

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OUTER EAR

PINNA

CANAL

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MIDDLE EAR

• THREE BONES LINK TYMPANIC MEMBRANE TO OVAL WINDOW

• VIBRATIONS TRANSMITTED MECHANICALLY

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MIDDLE EAR

TYMPANICMEMBRANE

OVALWINDOW

BONES OFMIDDLE EAR COCHLEAR

FLUIDSOUNDWAVE IN EAR CANAL

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INNER EAR

• SITE OF TRANSDUCTION

• VIBRATION OF COCHLEAR FLUID CAUSES BASILAR MEMBRANE TO VIBRATE

• HAIR CELLS ARE DEFORMED

• AUDITORY NERVE BECOMES EXCITED AS HAIR CELLS DEPOLARIZE

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INNER EAR

OVALWINDOW

COCHLEA

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STRUCTURE OF THE COCHLEA

SCALA VESTIBULI

COCHLEAR DUCT

SCALATYPANI

OVALWINDOW

ROUND WINDOW www.freelivedoctor.com

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STRUCTURE OF COCHLEAR DUCT

BASILAR MEMBRANE

TECTORIAL MEMBRANEORGAN OF CORTI

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TRANSDUCTION MECHANISM

BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES

TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY

STEROCILIA

AUDITORY NERVE

HAIRCELLS

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TRANSDUCTION MECHANISM

TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY

BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES

STEROCILIABEND

AUDITORY NERVE HAIR

CELLS

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FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION: LOCALIZATION OF DISPLACEMENT OF

BASILAR MEMBRANEBASE APEX

HIGH

LOW

MID

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AUDITORY PATHWAYS

COCHLEA

VENTRALCOCHLEARNUCLEUS MIDLINE

VENTRALCOCHLEARNUCLEUS

SUPERIOROLIVE

INFERIOR

COLLICULUS

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AUDITORY PATHWAYS (CONT.)

MIDLINE

SUPERIOROLIVE

INFERIOR COLLICULUS

INFERIOR COLLICULUS

MEDIAL GENICULATE

MEDIAL GENICULATE

TEMPORALCORTEX

TEMPORALCORTEX

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRESSURE WAVE

A

T = WAVELENGTH

A = AMPLITUDE

f = 1/T FREQUENCY www.freelivedoctor.com

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PROPERTIES OF AUDITORY NERVE CELLS

• EACH AUDITORY NERVE FIBER HAS AN OPTIMUM FREQUENCY

• THIS TONOTOPIC ORGANIZATION ARISES FROM POSITION IN THE COCHLEA

• TONIC AND PHASIC NEURONS IN EACH AREA• SOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN FREQUENCY• SOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN AMPLITUDE

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SOUND LOCALIZATION

• INTERAURAL TIME DIFFERENCE

• TIME DELAY BETWEEN TWO EARS

• ALSO INTENSITY DIFFERENCES

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DISORDERS OF AUDITION

• LOSS OF HAIR CELLS: FREQUENCY SPECIFIC

• TINNITUS: RINGING

• CONDUCTIVE:l DAMAGE TO MIDDLE EAR

• CENTRAL: BRAIN TUMORS AND LESIONS

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THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

• SEMICIRCULAR CANALS: HAIR CELLS SENSE MOTION

• THREE COORDINATE PLANES: SUPERIOR, INFERIOR, AND HORIZONTAL

• UTRICLE AND SACCULE DETECT LINEAR ACCELERATION IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICLE PLANES

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THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: UTRICLE & SACCULUS

ONE CANAL IN EACHCOORDINATEPLANE

AMPULLAUTRICLE&SACCULUS

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THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS

HAIR CELLSNERVE

CELLS

OTOLITHICMEMBRANE-GELATINOUSLAYER

OTOCONIA(CALCIUMCARBONATECRYSTALS)

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THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS

HAIR CELLSNERVE

CELLS

OTOLITHICMEMBRANE-GELATINOUSLAYER

OTOCONIA(CALCIUMCARBONATECRYSTALS)

HEAD MOVEMENT

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THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

ONE CANAL IN EACHCOORDINATEPLANE

AMPULLAUTRICLE&SACCULUS

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THE AMPULLA

HAIR CELLSNERVE

CELLS

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THE AMPULLA

HAIR CELLSBENT

NERVECELLSFIRE

INERTIAL FLUID MOVEMENT

MOVEMENT OF HEAD

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TASTE SENSATION

• GUSTATORY RECEPTORS

• GUSTATORY PATHWAYS

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GUSTATORY RECEPTORS

• TASTE BUDS ON TONGUE LOCALIZED

• SWEET: TIP

• BITTER:BACK

• SOUR SIDES

• SALT: FRONT

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GUSTATORY PATHWAYS

• VII, IX, X CRANIAL NERVES

• TO GUSTATORY NUCLEUS IN BRAIN STEM

• VPM NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS

• GUSTATORY AREA OF NEOCORTEX

• VIA LIMBIC SYSTEM TO HYPOTHALAMUS

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THE OLIFACTORY SYSTEM

• RECEPTOR CELLS IN OLIFACTORY MUCOSAL MEMBRANE

• AXONS CROSS CRIBIFORM PLATE AND TERMINATE ON MITRAL CELLS IN OLIFACTORY BULB-FORM OLIFACTORY TRACT

• OLIFACTORY TRACT GOES TO LIMBIC SYSTEM AND TO ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX

• CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH EATING AND MATING BEHAVIOR

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THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

• TWO NEURON CHAINS

• SYMPATHETIC

• PARASYMATHETIC

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TWO NEURON CHAINS

SPINEEFFECTOR

ORGAN

PRESYNAPTICNEURON

POSTSYNAPTICNEURON

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SYMPATHETIC

• GANGLION NEAR SPINE

• SHORT PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS

• LONG POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS

• FLIGHT OR FIGHT

• POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ARE ADRENERGIC

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PARASYMPATHETIC

• GANGLION NEAR EFFECTOR ORGAN

• LONG PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS

• SHORT POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS

• “COUCH POTATO”

• POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ARE CHOLINERGIC

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EFFECTS OF ANSORGAN S PHEART + -BLOODVESSELS

CONSTRICT(MOSTORGANS)

DILATE (HEART

AND SKELETAL)

DILATE (PENISAND CLITORIS)

BRONCHIOLES DILATE CONSTRICT

PUPIL DILATE CONSTRICT

DIGESTION INHIBIT ENHANCE

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