Organic wastes: Quantities, composition, collection and present treatment Håkan Jönsson Professor...

Organic wastes: Quantities, composition, collection and present

treatment Håkan Jönsson

[email protected]

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

Waste terminology• Waste (avfall) - items, materials and substances which

the owner discards of, intends to discard of or is obliged to discard of according to directive 91/156/EEG

• Household waste (Hushållsavfall) – Normal waste from a household – In Sweden latrine and sludge from septic tanks are included (and so is source separated urine)

• Biowaste (compostable, lätt nedbrytbart avfall, komposterbart)– biologically degradable waste

• Kitchen waste, food waste (Köksavfall, matavfall) – Biodegradable waste from kitchens, from food preparation and left-overs.

• Latrine (latrin) – mixture of urine and faeces• Bulky waste (grovavfall) – household waste that is to

bulky to be collected in bags or bins

Waste terminology – 2• Combustible waste (brännbart avfall)–

Waste which can burn by itself – waste with a certain energy content.

• Hazardous waste (farligt avfall) – Waste according to directive 91/689/EEG – certain properties and/or content

Waste terminology – 3• Reusability (återanvändning) – components• Recyclability, recoverability (återvinning och

materialåtervinning) – material and substances • Recycling centre (återvinningscentral) –

Large manned centre for recovering recyclable and recoverable materials, hazardous waste etc.

• Recycling station (återvinningsstation) – Small unmanned station for recovering recyclable and recoverable materials, hazardous waste etc.

EU Waste hierarchyEU council - parliament compromise 20/10/2008 and

new waste directive1. Prevent generation (Minimera uppkomst)2. Reuse product/component (Återanvänd produkt) -e.g.

bottles3. Recycle materials (Återvinn material) - glas, plastics,

compost, digestion residue)4. Other recovery - energy etc. (Annan återvinning,

energi etc.) – incinerate, digest (förbränn, röta)5. Safe and environmentally safe disposal (Säkert slutligt

bortskaffande) landfilling of inert waste (deponering av icke nedbrytbart avfall)

Member States shall take measures to encourage the options that deliver the best overall environmental outcome – i.e. the hierarchy can be diverged from.

EU Waste Goals and MeansEU coucil - parlament compromise 20/10/20081. 2011 Eco-design policy focusing on durable, reusable

and recyclable products. 2. 2014 Setting waste prevention and decoupling

objectives for 2020.3. Annual review of progress in the implementation of

waste prevention program.

EU Waste GoalsEU council - parliament compromise 20/10/2008Reuse and recycling1. By 2015 separate collection at least of paper, metal, plastic and

glass.2. By 2020 re-use and recycling of at least paper, metal, plastic and

glass from households minimum overall 50% by weight.3. By 2020 re-use, recycling and other material recovery, including

backfilling of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste minimum 70% by weight.

4. Bio-waste: Member States must encourage the separate collection of bio-waste with a view to the composting and digestion of bio-waste.

5. End-of-waste: Criteria should be considered at least for paper, glass, metal, tires and textiles.

6. Reclassification of hazardous waste as non-hazardous waste may not be achieved by diluting or mixing the waste with the aim of lowering the initial concentrations of hazardous substances.

Separate collection of biowaste

Waste – Swedish goals16 national environmental quality goals (wordings under revision)

Objectives: good health, environment and resource efficiency• Limited effect on the climate

• Emissions of green house gases - Average for 2008-2012 should be 4% less than 1990.

• Good built environment (God bebyggd miljö)– Decreased waste

• Landfilling halved – Should decrease by 50% 1994 to 2005• Waste generation should not increase• 35% of food waste from households should be treated biologically by 2010,

and 100% of suitable corresponding industrial waste• 60% of sewage phosphorus should be recycled to productive land by 2015.

• Non-toxic environment (Giftfri miljö)• 2015 should the exposure of the population to Cd be at a safe level• Ban from 2007 on Hg and persistent bio-accumulating carcinogenic,

mutagenic and reproduction disruptive substances• Ban from 2010 on Cd and Pb and other persistent bio-accumulating organic

substances

Waste – Swedish means• Waste must be sorted (illegal to incinerate or landfill

unsorted waste) • Illegal to landfill sorted combustible waste from 2002• Illegal to landfill biowaste from 2005• Landfill tax (2000 250 SEK/ton, 2005 370 SEK SEK/ton,

and since 2006 435 SEK/ton). • Tax on the fossil energy content going to waste

incineration (2006 71- 487 SEK/ton) depending on how energy is utilized (was removed Oct 2010).

• Producer responsibility for products newsprint, office paper, packaging materials, electric & electronic, cars & tyres)

Biowaste - Sweden

• 35% of food waste from households should be treated biologically (including home composting) by 2010, and 100% of suitable corresponding industrial waste

• Estimated amount 350.000 ton, 39 kg/pers,yr• Estimated additional cost 155 mill SEK/yr

Reasons• Save fossil resources – recycle nutrients and humus• Minimize landfilling• Small scale – less transports• Encourages environmental conscience and thus a non-

toxic environment• Improves incinerator utilization

Responsibilities

• Municipality – responsible for all household waste (including septic sludge, source separated urine etc.) and similar waste from activities, but excluding source separated producer responsible waste

• Producers for waste with product responsibility (newsprint, office paper, packaging, electric & electronic, cars & tires) – but municipalities are responsible for the historic electric waste of the households

• Enterprises and businesses – responsible for their own waste, except for the hazardous waste in municipalities which have decided to enlarge their responsibility to all hazardous waste in the municipality

Materials & wastes 1998

•

Non-specific industrial waste

Parc & garden waste

Household waste

Straw, DM

Crop residues, DMManureOthers

Food industry

Wood industry

Steel & iron

MiningTotal 129 million ton/yr

Household waste, 1000 of ton/yr

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

1985

1990

93-9

4

1998

2002

2004

2006

2008

2008 - 511 kg/person, yr

Landfilling, 1000 of ton/yr

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

7 000

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Landf, totLandf, hh

2008 – 15.2 kg/person hh waste

Landfill

Treatment of household waste 2008

Metals from hh3%

Recycled paper13%

Elect., fridges3%

Hazardous1%

Biological treat.13%

Landfill3%

Incineration48%

Packaging16%

Material recycling 35% + 13% biotreatment=48%

Material recovery

Type of material 2008 Requirement

Newsprint 89% 75%

Office print 68% 50% (volontary)

Paper packaging, mtrl/tot 74% 65%

Metal packaging 67% 70%

Glas packaging 94% 70%

Plastic packaging , mtrl/tot 60%/30% 70%/30%

White goods, freezers etc. 95%

Electric & electronic 80%

Metals from households 95%

Incineration, 1000 of ton/yr

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

1999 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

OtherHh waste

248 kg/pers hh waste 2008

GRAABS plant, Gothenburg

Waste incineration 2008

– 29 incineration plants for household waste, 4.6 Mton/yr, of which 2.3 Mton/yr household waste

• Sizes; > 200 000/yr 7 plants (Sthlm, Gbg, Lin, Mö, Stje, Svall, Ua), 100 000 - 200 000/yr 4 plants and <100 000/yr 18 plants

– Energy recovery 12.2 TWh heat (29% of district heating) & 1.5 TWh electricity (1% of electricity use)

– Mass decreases by 75%, volume by 90%.• Residues: slag 20%, fly ash 3-5% (hazardous waste)• Initially introduced for mass and volume reduction

Air emissions

Substance 1985 1996 2002 2005 2008 Reduction85-08

Particles,ton 420 33 35 39 30 93%

HCl, ton 8400 412 143 98 39 100%

SOx, ton 3400 1121 790 310 154 95%

NOx, ton 3400 1463 1815 1904 2190 35%

Hg, kg 3300 77 21 33 44 99%

Cd, kg 400 8 15 (Cd+Tl)

21 (Cd+Tl)

6 (Cd+Tl)

>98%

Pb, kg 25 000 214 138 77 136 99%

Dioxins, g 90 2 1.1 1.1 0,8 99%

Digestion, 1000 of ton/yr

0

100

200

300

400

500

2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2008

Source sep hhw Manure & slaugth Other

2008: 18 digestion plants for waste, total 0,41 Mton/yr, of which 0.068 Mton/yr household waste

New classification from 2004

Anaerobic digestion

Energy from biowaste – anaerobic digestion

• 2008: 18 digestion plants for waste, total 0,41 Mton/yr, of which 0.068 Mton/yr household waste

• 50% plants 10 000-70 000/yr, 50% <10 000• In addition, approx 120 digestion plants for sewage

sludge

• Biogas 55-70% CH4, 30-45% CO2, H2S, H2O, NH3

• Gas treatment needed depends on biogas use– Heat – no/minimal cleaning, removal of H2S good

– Electricity+heat - H2S cleaning

– Mobile fuel (mainly buses) - CO2 and H2S cleaning

Composting, 1000 of ton/yr

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2002 2003 2004 2006 2008

Food waste Garden+other

2008: >31 municipalities, 5 >20.000 ton, 9 10-20.000 ton/yr


Biologically treated household waste, 1000 of ton/yr

Goal 2010 35% of food waste treated biologically2008 approx 20% was treated biologically, 133 of 290 municipalities collect food waste separately


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2002 2003 2004 2006 2008

Home compost Central compost Digestion

Biodegma plant –Goretex roof

Quality Assurance System• Compost plants: 3 compost plants

• AD plants: 8 plants

• 30 AD plants in voluntary agreement on minimizing methane emissions

Quality Assurance levels(mg/kg DM)

Country Quality Standard of Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn

AT Biowaste Ordinance Class A 1 70 150 0,7 60 120 500

BE (Fland.) Agricultural Ministry 1,5 70 90 1 20 120 300

DK Agricultural Ministry 0,4 - 1000 0,8 30 120 4000

D Biowaste Ordinance Type II 1,5 100 100 1 50 150 400

IRE Draft 1,5 100 100 1 50 150 350

LUX Environmental Ministry 1,5 100 100 1 50 150 400

NL Second Class ?Compost? 1 50 60 0,3 20 100 200

ES (Cata.) Class A (draft) 2 100 100 1 60 150 400

SWE Quality assurance organisation 1 100 100 1 50 100 300

UK TCA Quality Label 1,5 100 200 1 50 150 400

Ref: European Compost Network, http://www.compostnetwork.info/index.php?id=10

Swedish waste economy

Cost• Municipality – household waste management 2008

– Single houses, 26 collections/yr, approx 1980 SEK/hh, yr; Apartments 1300 SEK/hh, yr. On average 675 SEK/pers, yr

• Producers – miljöavgift– Producer responsibility fees (2001) : Single houses – 220-400 SEK/hh, yr

Treatment fees 2008

Landfilling 700-1200 kr/ton

Incineration 550-1100 kr/ton

Biologal treatment 400-800 kr/ton

Waste generation Western EU

Source: Waste and material flows 2004Current situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia

Waste generation central & eastern Europe


Household waste vs GDP 2005

Energy from waste - An international perspective, ISSN 1103-4092

Waste generation in developing countries

Waste composition developing countries

Zurbrügg. 2002. Urban Solid Waste Management in Low –Income Countries of Asia How to Cope with the Garbage Crisis

Packaging put on market


Packaging recovered


Municipal waste treatment EUSource: Waste and material flows 2004Current situation for Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia

Energy from waste – Europe

Sweden recovers 2,5 MWh/tonNetherlands 1,4 MWh/tonUK ~ 0,6 MWh/ton


Biogas and

Landfill gas in EU


Biogas and Landfill gas use in EU


Plant nutrients, g/pers, yr

4015

3814

329876 256

543

548

164

183

32961

60

431

129

190 219 128

36500

840252

142 336 80

80

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Nitrogen Plant av N Phosphorus Potassium Sulphur Wet Weight

Urine Faeces Greywater BiowasteRef: Jönsson et al. 2005

Anthropogenic nitrogen

Pollutant –ca 50 SEK/kg Resource 5-10 SEK/kg

N to sea 2006 (tot 60900 t/yr)

Agriculture40%

Atm. Deposit.18%

Storm water1%

Wastewater37%

Forestry4%

SEPA report 5815, 2008

Background load 59 800 t/yr

Anthropogenic phosphorus

Pollutant 100s of SEK/kg Resurce app 15 SEK/kg

P to water 2006 (tot 2090 t/yr)

Storm water, deposition

5%

Forestry1%

WWTP20%

Factories17%

Agriculture45%

On site treatment12% Background load 2860 t/yr

SEPA report 5815, 2008

Waste, manure etc.Produkt N Plant

avail-N P K S Wet weight

Urine 35900 34100 2900 7800 2300 4 913 600

Faeces 4900 1500 1600 2900 500 536 000

Latrine 40800 35600 4500 10700 2800 5 449 600

Greywater 3800 1700 2000 1100 326 081 700

Hh-wastewater 44600 35600 6200 12700 3900

Kitchen waste, hh 7500 2300 1300 3000 700 717 400

Restaurant, catering & trade waste

900 300 200 500 100

Latrine + kitchen waste 49 200 38 200 6 000 14 200 3 600

WWTP sludge 2000(SCB) 7881 2561 5986 959 1962 1 000 000

Chem fertilizers, 2005 157 910 157 910 13 520 27 770 ~22400

Crop residues 50 000 10 000 100000

Manure, 2001 74 580 32 830 20 990 91 300 23 000 000

Nutrients kg/ton wet weight

Product N Plant avail-N

P K S

Urind, conc 7,4 7,0 0,6 1,6 0,5 Urine, measured 2,8 2,7 0,2-0,3 0,6 0,2 Faeces 9,2 2,8 3,1 5,5 1,0 Latrine 7,6 6,6 0,8 2,0 0,5 Greywater 0,014 0,004 0,005 0,010 0,004 Kitchen waste, hh 10,5 3,1 1,8 4,2 1,0 WWTP sludge 7,9 2,6 6,0 1,0 2,0 Manure 5,9 1,1 1,0 3,6

Values SEK/ton

Product Plant avail-N Phosphorus Potassium Total

Urine, conc 60 7 8 74

Urine, measured 23 3 3 29

Feaces 23 34 27 84

Latrine 56 9 10 75

Greywater, 0,03 0,06 0,03 0,12

Kitchenwaste, hh 27 20 21 67

WWTP sludge 22 66 5 92 Manure 9 11 18 38

N: 8,50 SEK/kg; P: 11 SEK/kg; K: 5 SEK/kg; S: 0 SEK/kg

Prices 2005!


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Organic wastes: Quantities, composition, collection and present treatment Håkan Jönsson Professor...

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