Organic Compounds & The Cell

Chapters 3 and 4

Learning Objectives

• Characteristics of our 4 Organic Macromolecules

• The Cell and its Organelles (with function)

• Metabolism (Catabolism & Anabolism) of Organic Macromolecules

• Cell Division and Mitosis

Organic Macromolecules

• Contain C, H, and O• 4 Classes:1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates: “Energy”

• *Building block: monosaccharides

– Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose, Ribose

• Combine 2 monosaccharides to form a disaccharides

– Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Carbohydrates: “Energy”

• Lots of monosaccharides bound together make polysaccharides

– “Stored energy”

• Humans make Glycogen

• Plants make Starch and Cellulose

Lipids: “Energy and Structure”

• *Building block: fatty acids and glycerol

• Triglyceride = store energy!

• Phospholipids = makes up cell membrane!

• Steroid = hormones and cholesterol!

Proteins: “Structural & lots of functions!”

• *Building blocks: Amino acids• Special bond = peptide!• Bound together to form polypeptides =

proteins!• Structure = Function!!• Examples: Hemoglobin, enzymes,

fibers, albumin, etc

Proteins: “Structure, lots of functions!”

• Essential Amino Acids: have to consume, cannot make!• Non-essential Amino Acids:

do not need to consume, can make on your own!• Change Amino Acid? Change

function of protein (Ex: Sickle Cell)

Nucleic Acids: “Stores Information”

• *Building blocks: nucleotides• Ex: DNA and RNA• Found where?• Has information to

make proteins!

Nucleic Acids: “Information”

Any Questions?

Chapters 3 and 4

The Cell

Chapters 3 and 4

The Cell: Basic Unit to Life

• Consists of:1. Plasma

membrane2. Cytoplasm3. Organelles

“little organs”4. Cytoskeleton

Plasma Membrane• Semipermeable• Made of phospholipids and

proteins• Holds cell together

Cytoplasm

• “Gel in the cell”• Cytoplasm =

cytosol and all organelles

• Cytosol = intracellular fluid

Organelles

• “Little organs” of the cell

• Each organelle has specific role

• Know name and function!

Nucleus

• Contains:1. Nucleolus :

makes ribosomes

2. Chromatin: DNA + protein

Ribosomes

• Make proteins• Found in

cytoplasm or attached to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• DNA – RNA - Protein

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Rough or Smooth• Rough has

ribosomes!• Rough ER:

modifies proteins • Smooth ER: Makes

glycogen, phospholipids, steroids

Golgi Apparatus

• “UPS Center”• Puts final

touches on protein

• Packages into vesicle (box)

• Exocytosis out of cell (ships)

Mitochondria• “Powerhouse”• Uses oxygen and glucose to

make ATP!!• Aerobic respiration! (see later)

Lysosome

• “Garbage disposal”• Enzymes• Break down debris, old

organelles, bacteria

Cytoskeleton

• “Cell skeleton”• Provides

structure and movement• Helps form

structures during mitosis

On the Cell Membrane

• Microvilli and Cilia• Microvilli =

absorption! (digestive tract)• Cilia =

movement! (respiratory tract)

Trachea

Flagella

• Similar to cilia• Move sperm

GROUP ACTIVITY TIME!

Cellular Metabolism

• Anabolism: “build up”• Catabolism: “break

down”–Use macromolecules

for energy–ATP

Metabolism of Glucose

• Glucose can be:1.Burned for energy2.Stored as glycogen3.Stored as fat4.Gluconeogenesis

Aerobic v Anaerobic

• Turn Glucose into ATP two ways:

1. Aerobic: requires O2, makes lots of ATP, uses mitochondria

2. Anaerobic: No O2, little ATP, uses cytoplasm

Aerobic v Anaerobic

• End Productsi.Aerobic = CO2, lots ATPii.Anaerobic = Lactic Acid, little ATP

• CO2 goes to lungs • Lactic Acid goes

to liver

Catabolism of Lipids

• “Most bang for buck”–Lots of ATP per gram compared

to glucose

• Use mitochondria• Waste—Ketoacids

Catabolism of Proteins

• “Last resort!”• Can use for

energy, makes toxic by-product– Ammonia– Liver makes Urea– Send to Kidneys

Anabolism: “Building up”

• Turning lots of glucose into glycogen• Building proteins• Storing fat• Glucose -> Glycogen

Anabolism of Proteins

• Make from amino acids

• Get directions from genes in DNA

• RNA goes to Ribosome

• Ribosome makes polypeptide (protein)

Cell Cycle

Interphase: Most of Time

• Normal functions of cell• Prepares for

Mitosis:i. Doubles in cell

sizeii. Doubles DNA

Mitosis: Making 2 cells• Two identical cells• Same organelles, same chromosomes (46)• We start as one cell and become trillions of

cells. How? –Mitosis!

• Differentiated cells• Stem Cells

Tumors: Abnormal Growth

• Too much Mitosis! Uncontrolled• Benign v Malignant• Metastasize

GROUP ACTIVITY TIME!