Organic Compound Nomenclature Chapter 22. Key Categories Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Alcohols Esters...
-
Upload
emmeline-tucker -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of Organic Compound Nomenclature Chapter 22. Key Categories Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Alcohols Esters...
Organic Compound Organic Compound NomenclatureNomenclature
Chapter 22
Key CategoriesKey Categories
AlkanesAlkenesAlkynesAlcoholsEstersAldehydesKetones
Carboxylic Acids
AromaticsAmines
AlkanesAlkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons– All carbon bonds are single bonds to carbon or hydrogen
Naming is based on length of longest carbon chain– 1 carbon = methane– 2 carbon = ethane– 3 carbon = propane– 4 carbon = butane– 5 carbon = pentane– 6+ carbon follows number sequences (hex, hept, oct, etc)
AlkanesAlkanesOpen-chain alkanes (without rings) all have the general formula CnH2n + 2, where n equals the number of carbon atoms
AlkylsAlkyls
An Alkyl is an alkane with one open bond, usually bonded to a non-carbon item
Examples:– Methane becomes a methyl unit– Methyl bromide is methane where bromine
replaces one hydrogen (CH3Br)
Alkenes and AlkynesAlkenes and Alkynes
Unsaturated Carbon Bonds = Not all carbon bonds are bonded to hydrogen
Alkenes contain at least one double bondAlkynes contain at least one Triple bond
EthyleneEthyne
AlcoholsAlcohols
Alcohols have an –OH bond attached to an end-of-chain carbon
IsomersIsomers
2 types – Stereo and structural– Stereo-isomer has to do with location of the end
elements relative to other ends– Structural isomers are where the differentiation
is attached
Example: iso-propanol
Propanol
Isopropanol
IsomersIsomers
Structural Isomers are named by which carbon the active unit is attached to.– The n- isomer is the straight chain (propanol,
also called propyl alchohol)– Isopropanol is really 2-isopropanol because the
alcohol is attached to the 2 carbon.
Aldehydes and KetonesAldehydes and KetonesAldehydes and ketones contain a Carbonyl
GroupIn a ketone, the carbonyl group is bonded to
2 other carbonsIn an Aldehyde, the carbonyl group is
bonded to at least one hydrogen atom
AcetoneFormaldehyde
Generic Aldehyde
Esters & Carboxylic AcidsEsters & Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group at the end of the carbon chain– COOH– Generally weak acids
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form an ESTER where the carboxyl group (COO) is in the middle of the chain.– Usually have sweet fruity odors
Esters and Carboxylic acidsEsters and Carboxylic acids
AminesAmines
An Amine is a carbon chain with an NH3 attached.– A derivative of ammonia where one N-H bond
is replaced with a N-C bond.– Naming uses amino- as prefix to name the
compound
2-aminobutane
AromaticsAromaticsAromatic hydrocarbons is a special class of
unsaturated cyclic compounds– Simplest is benzene (C6H6)
– Best description utilizes hybridized sp2 orbitals to form C-C bonds and C-H bonds, while the remaining 2p orbital is used to create a delocalized pi (double) bond.
Benzene Toluene