ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The Study of Carbon Compounds. Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur.
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Transcript of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The Study of Carbon Compounds. Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The Study of Carbon Compounds
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
Carbon!• Most chemicals that make up living things
are Carbon-based.– Why?
• Easily forms molecules that are large, complex, and diverse.
• Up to 30% of a cell is made up of Carbon-based compounds.
Why is Carbon important to life?• Carbon is light weight and small• Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons.
– Can bond with other elements and itself to form unlimited (in length) chains that can even fold to form rings
Macromolecules
The Molecules of Life!
Macromolecules are…• Large polymers
(poly=many)
• Built by monomers (mono = one)
• 4 main classes (examples of carbon based biomolecules)
– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Fuel and Building Material for Life!
Carbohydrates are…
• Most abundant carbon compounds found in living things
• Sugars (example) = quick energy• Monosaccharides- simple sugars
» Glucose
• Disaccharides- sugars built of 2 monosaccharides
» Sucrose+Fructose
Monomer = 1 C: 2 H: 1 O Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
C6H12O6
Carbos cont…
• Starch (example) = Polysaccharides: act as nutrient storage-and form structural components of living things• Glycogen- stores glucose in muscle
tissue for quick energy• Cellulose- provides rigid structure
»Cell wall of plant cells
CELL WALL
LIPIDS
• Fats: gylcerol and fatty acids– Saturated
• Solidifies- bad• Ex: animal fat and butter
– Unsaturated• No solidification- good• Ex: vegetable oils
– Fats are used for energy storage• Long-term food reserves stored in adipose (fat)cells
Monomer: - Glycerol and fatty
acids
Lipids cont…
• Fat (adipose) provides insulation for warmth–Whales, seals
• Fat provides cushioning for organs
I’m Fat!
Fat Cells (adipose)
Lipids cont…
• Phospholipids– Make up cell membranes
The bilayer forms a boundary between the cell and the external environment.
Phospholipid Bilayer
Proteins
The Ultimate Polymer!
Proteins…• Monomer:
– Amino acids20 different amino acids
Amino group: -NH2Carboxyl group: -COOH
Amino Acid Codon Chart
Protein Structure
• 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bond–Hence the other name for a
protein: polypeptide chain
Structure=Function
• Protein’s specific structure (shape) determines it’s duties (job)
Four levels of organizations
Types of Proteins
• *Structural Defensive– Support -Antibodies
• Storage *Enzymes– Embryo food -catalysts
• *Transport Hormones– In and out of cell -messages
• Receptors *Contractile– Drugs -muscles
Examples of proteins
• Protein channels in cell membrane• Keratin: in fingernails and hair• Muscle fibers• Lactase
Nucleic Acids
Informational Polymers
Nucleic Acids
• 2 types– DNA-double-stranded
• Genetic material– Inherited from parents
– RNA-single-stranded• Controls protein synthesis
• Nucleic acids work together to – Build proteins
Monomer: Nucleotidespentose sugarphospate nitrogen base