Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry•The chemistry of carbon compounds

•Sometimes called carbon chemistry

Organic Chemistry•The backbone element in the molecules of all living things is carbon

Carbon Chemistry•Carbon is one of the only elements that can form long chains

•Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

Organic Chemistry•Carbon forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons•Compounds whose molecular structures contain only carbon & hydrogen

Hydrocarbons CH4 C5H10

C3H8 C18H36

C6H6 CxH2y

Nomenclature•Naming compounds

•Rules made by IUPAC•International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry

Nomenclature•Prefix: Indicates # of carbons in the group

•Suffix: Indicates the type of organic compd

Organic Prefixes•1 = meth- 6 = hex-

•2 = eth- 7 = hept-

•3 = prop- 8 = oct-

•4 = but- 9 = non-

•5 = pent- 10 = dec-

Organic Suffixes• -ane Sat hydrocarbon• -ene DB hydrocarbon• -yne TB hydrocarbon• -ol Alcohol• -one Ketone etc

Alkanes

Alkanes•Hydrocarbons containing only single covalent bonds

Alkanes•All hydrocarbons with no multiple bonds end with the suffix -ane

•Prefix: Alk- any length carbon chain

Alkanes1 = methane 6 = hexane

2 = ethane 7 = heptane

3 = propane 8 = octane

4 = butane 9 = nonane

5 = pentane 10 = decane

Drill•Name & give the molecular formula

for alkanes with 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5 carbons

Alkane Chemical Formula

CnH2n+2

Name each of the following:

C5H12

C3H8

C8H18

Saturated Hydrocarbon

•A hydrocarbon with the maximum number of hydrogens possible

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

• A hydrocarbon with less than the maximum number of

hydrogens possible

Formula Writing•Molecular Formula

C4H10

Formula Writing•Condensed structural formula, C-C & C-H

bonds understood

CH3CH2CH2CH3

Formula Writing•Condensed structural

formula, only C-H bonds understood

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

Formula Writing•Condensed structural

formula, bonds understood & repeats in ()

CH3(CH2)2CH3

Formula Writing•Carbon skeleton, C-H

bonds omitted

C-C-C-C

Formula Writing• Complete structural formula

HH H H

H C C C C H

HH H H

Stick or minimal Structures

Stick Structures•Line ends & joints represent carbons

•Hydrogens understood

•Others draw

Draw the following•Propane octane

•hexane pentane

•butane methane

•heptane ethane

Draw the following5-butyl-3-ethyl-4-cyclohexyl-,2,2-dimethyl-6-propylnonane

Name the following

Branched Alkanes

Branched Chains

•When an alkane chain gets another hydrocarbon group substituted onto it

•Branches: sidechains

Branched Chains

C

C C C C C C C C C

Naming Branched

Chains

1) Find the longest continuous carbon chain & name it as the main chain. The final name will end with the naming of the main chain

• C Hexane

•C C C C C C• C C C

2) Number each carbon in the chain; so that, the side chains will be connected to the lowest possible numbers on the carbons

• C Hexane•C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

• C C C

3) Name the side chains or substituted groups, & precede them with the # of the carbon they are connected to & a dash

• C 2-methyl

•C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

• C C C• 2-methyl 4-ethyl

4) If identical groups appear more than once, use prefixes: di for 2, tri for 3, tetra for 4, penta for 5, etc Examples: dimethyl, tripropyl, etc

• C 2,2-dimethyl

•C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

• C C C• 4-ethyl

5) Name the sidechains or groups in alphabetical order, but ignore the prefixes when doing so

·Examples: ethyl comes before dimethyl, e < m

6) Separate numbers with commas, use hyphens between words & numbers, and write the alkanes as one word

·Example: dimethylhexane

• C

•C C C C C C

• C C C• 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane

Drill: Name CH3

CH2

H3C-CH-CH2-CH-CH-CH3

CH3 CH2

CH3

Deriving Structures from Names

• Draw the main chain first–Look the name ending

• Draw the branches–Look the # & group name

Draw:• 3,4-diethyl-2-methyloctane

• 2,3,5-trimethylhexane

• 5-butyl-3-ethyl-2,6,8-trimethyl-4-propyldecane

Drill: Draw:5-butyl-3-ethyl-

2,6,8,9-tetramethyl-4,7-dipropyldecane

Isomers•Compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different shapes